The DOI matches its Crossref record; 8 of the 8 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Neurotoxic Effects and Biomarkers of Lead Exposure: A Review
Open accessAbstract
Lead, a systemic toxicant affecting virtually every organ system, primarily affects the central nervous system, particularly the developing brain. Consequently, children are at a greater risk than adults of suffering from the neurotoxic effects of lead. To date, no safe lead-exposure threshold has been identified. The ability of lead to pass through the blood-brain barrier is due in large part to its ability to substitute for calcium ions. Within the brain, lead-induced damage in the prefrontal cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and cerebellum can lead to a variety of neurologic disorders. At the molecular level, lead interferes with the regulatory action of calcium on cell functions and disrupts many intracellular biological activities. Experimental studies have also shown that lead exposure may have genotoxic effects, especially in the brain, bone marrow, liver, and lung cells. Knowledge of the neurotoxicology of lead has advanced in recent decades due to new information on its toxic mechanisms and cellular specificity. This paper presents an overview, updated to January 2009, of the neurotoxic effects of lead with regard to children, adults, and experimental animals at both cellular and molecular levels, and discusses the biomarkers of lead exposure that are useful for risk assessment in the field of environmental health.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Functional neurogenesis in the adult hippocampus
van Praag, H., Schinder, A. F., Christie, B. R., Toni, N., Palmer, T. D., & Gage, F. H. (2002) · Nature · doi:10.1038/4151030a · Cited by 2,853
The blood-brain barrier/neurovascular unit in health and disease
Hawkins, B. T., & Davis, T. P. (2005) · Pharmacological Reviews · doi:10.1124/pr.57.2.4 · Cited by 2,661
Lanphear, B. P., Hornung, R., Khoury, J., Yolton, K., Baghurst, P., Bellinger, D. C., Canfield, R. L., Dietrich, K. N., Bornschein, R., Greene, T., et al. (2005) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp.7688 · Cited by 2,205
Intellectual Impairment in Children with Blood Lead Concentrations below 10 μg per Deciliter
Canfield, R. L., Henderson, C. R., Cory-Slechta, D. A., Cox, C., Jusko, T. A., & Lanphear, B. P. (2003) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa022848 · Cited by 2,081
Blood–brain Barrier: Structural Components and Function Under Physiologic and Pathologic Conditions
Persidsky, Y., Ramirez, S. H., Haorah, J., & Kanmogne, G. D. (2006) · Journal of Neuroimmune Pharmacology · doi:10.1007/s11481-006-9025-3 · Cited by 922
Wright, J. P., Dietrich, K. N., Ris, M. D., Hornung, R. W., Wessel, S. D., Lanphear, B. P., Ho, M., & Rae, M. N. (2008) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0050101 · Cited by 467
Picomolar concentrations of lead stimulate brain protein kinase C
Markovac, J., & Goldstein, G. W. (1988) · Nature · doi:10.1038/334071a0 · Cited by 440
Protein kinase C overactivity impairs prefrontal cortical regulation of working memory
Birnbaum, S. G., Yuan, P. X., Wang, M., Vijayraghavan, S., Bloom, A. K., Davis, D. J., Gobeske, K. T., Sweatt, J. D., Manji, H. K., & Arnsten, A. F. T. (2004) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1100021 · Cited by 318
Cited by
Wani, A. L., Ara, A., & Usmani, J. A. (2015) · Interdisciplinary Toxicology · doi:10.1515/intox-2015-0009 · Cited by 1,964
State of the Art Review: Poverty and the Developing Brain
Johnson, S. B., Riis, J. L., & Noble, K. G. (2016) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.2015-3075 · Cited by 624
Goniewicz, M. L., Smith, D. M., Edwards, K. C., Blount, B. C., Caldwell, K. L., Feng, J., Wang, L., Christensen, C., Ambrose, B., Borek, N., et al. (2018) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2018.5937 · Cited by 564
Metal Toxicity Links to Alzheimer's Disease and Neuroinflammation
Huat, T. J., Camats-Perna, J., Newcombe, E. A., Valmas, N., Kitazawa, M., & Medeiros, R. (2019) · Journal of Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2019.01.018 · Cited by 470
Clinical and molecular aspects of lead toxicity: An update
Mitra, P., Sharma, S., Purohit, P., & Sharma, P. (2017) · Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences · doi:10.1080/10408363.2017.1408562 · Cited by 389
Metadata
- Authors
- Sanders, T., Liu, Y., Buchner, V., & Tchounwou, P. B.
- Venue
- Reviews on Environmental Health
- Publisher
- Walter de Gruyter GmbH
- Published
- 2009-01
- Volume
- 24
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 15-45
- ISSN
- 0048-7554 (ISSN-L)
- 2191-0308
- OpenAlex
- W2047814923
- Cited by
- 1,076
- References
- 8
- FWCI
- 10.51
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Neurotoxic Effects and Biomarkers of Lead Exposure: A Review. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1515/reveh.2009.24.1.15
- The paper
- Sanders, T., Liu, Y., Buchner, V., & Tchounwou, P. B. (2009). Neurotoxic Effects and Biomarkers of Lead Exposure: A Review. Reviews on Environmental Health. https://doi.org/10.1515/reveh.2009.24.1.15
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
