The DOI matches its Crossref record; 102 of the 102 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Humans: Still Vital After All These Years of Automation
Abstract
Objective: The authors discuss empirical studies of human-automation interaction and their implications for automation design. Background: Automation is prevalent in safety-critical systems and increasingly in everyday life. Many studies of human performance in automated systems have been conducted over the past 30 years. Methods: Developments in three areas are examined: levels and stages of automation, reliance on and compliance with automation, and adaptive automation. Results: Automation applied to information analysis or decision-making functions leads to differential system performance benefits and costs that must be considered in choosing appropriate levels and stages of automation. Human user dependence on automated alerts and advisories reflects two components of operator trust, reliance and compliance, which are in turn determined by the threshold designers use to balance automation misses and false alarms. Finally, adaptive automation can provide additional benefits in balancing workload and maintaining the user's situation awareness, although more research is required to identify when adaptation should be user controlled or system driven. Conclusions: The past three decades of empirical research on humans and automation has provided a strong science base that can be used to guide the design of automated systems. Application: This research can be applied to most current and future automated systems.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“First, when considering tasks for AI-enabled automation organizational decision makers need to recognize that work tasks can be sub-divided into specific stages.”
From Artificial Intelligence (AI): Multidisciplinary perspectives on emerging challenges, opportunities, and agenda for research, practice and policy (2021) · cites this paper as Parasuraman and Wickens, 2008
Citations
Cites
Posner, M. I. (1980) · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1080/00335558008248231 · Cited by 9,670 · cited 1×
“Whether information is relevant or not can be ambiguous, so a potential performance cost may occur if the cueing of the highest-priority target is imperfect (Posner, 1980; Metzger & Parasuraman, 2005).”
Trust in Automation: Designing for Appropriate Reliance
Lee, J. D., & See, K. A. (2004) · Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society · doi:10.1518/hfes.46.1.50_30392 · Cited by 6,605
Designing the user interface: Strategies for effective human-computer interaction
(1993) · Applied Ergonomics · doi:10.1016/0003-6870(93)90471-k · Cited by 5,592
Designing the user interface strategies for effective human-computer interaction
Shneiderman, B. (1998) · SIGB · doi:10.1145/25065.950626 · Cited by 4,680
Humans and automation: Use, misuse, disuse, abuse
Parasuraman, R., & Riley, V. (1997) · Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society · doi:10.1518/001872097778543886 · Cited by 4,554
Self-citationA model for types and levels of human interaction with automation
Parasuraman, R., Sheridan, T. B., & Wickens, C. D. (2000) · IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics - Part A: Systems and Humans · doi:10.1109/3468.844354 · Cited by 4,195 · cited 1×
“Parasuraman, Sheridan, and Wickens (2000) accordingly proposed an extension of the LOA concept to four information-processing stages: (a) information acquisition, (b) information analysis, (c) decision making, and (d) action, with each stage having its own LOA scale (for similar scales, see Endsley & Kaber, 1999; Ends…”
BackgroundSelf-citationGarg, A. X., Adhikari, N. K. J., McDonald, H., Rosas-Arellano, M. P., Devereaux, P. J., Beyene, J., Sam, J., & Haynes, R. B. (2005) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.293.10.1223 · Cited by 2,936
Multiple resources and performance prediction
Wickens, C. D. (2002) · Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science · doi:10.1080/14639220210123806 · Cited by 2,621 · cited 1×
“…terms, the former are mediated by posterior brain regions (occipito-temporo-parietal cortex) and the latter by anterior areas (frontal cortex), with these brain regions possibly defining different mental resources (Para-suraman & Wilson, 2008 [this issue]; Wickens, 2002, 2008 [this issue]).”
Self-citationMultiple Resources and Mental Workload
Wickens, C. D. (2008) · Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society · doi:10.1518/001872008x288394 · Cited by 2,164
Self-citationTrust, control strategies and allocation of function in human-machine systems
LEE, J., & MORAY, N. (1992) · Ergonomics · doi:10.1080/00140139208967392 · Cited by 1,459
Research works printed but not linked: 25
- Ahlstrom, V., 2005, Human factors design guide (DOT/FAA/CT-02-11)
- Bagheri, N., 2004, HPSAA, 54
- Billings, C.E. & Woods, D.D. (1994). Concerns about adaptive automation in aviation systems. In M. Mouloua & R. Parasuraman (Eds.), Human performance in automated systems: Current research and trends (pp. 24-29). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
- Crocoll, W.M., Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 34th Annual Meeting
- Dornheim, M., 1999, Aviation Week and Space Technology, 46
- Hancock, P., Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics
- Hilburn, B., Jorna, P.G., Byrne, E.A. & Parasuraman, R. (1997). The effect of adaptive air traffic control (ATC) decision aiding on controller mental workload. In M. Mouloua & J. Koonce (Eds.), Human-automation interaction: Research and practice (pp. 84-91). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum .
- Joint Planning and Development Office (JPDO)., 2007, Concept for operations of the next generation air transportation system (Vol. 2)
- Lee, J.D., 1992, Ergonomics, 22, 671
- 10.1518/hfes.46.1.50.30392 · DOI · Paper page
- Mouloua, M., Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 37th Annual Meeting
- Mundra, A., 1989, A new automation aid for air traffic controllers for improving airport capacity (MP-89W00034)
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)., 2008, National research announcement #IAFD
- Opperman, R., 1994, Adaptive user support
- Parasuraman, R., 2007, International Journal of Command and Control, 1, 43
- Parasuraman, R., Mouloua, M. & Hilburn, B. (1999). Adaptive aiding and adaptive task allocation enhance human-machine interaction. In M. W. Scerbo & M. Mouloua (Eds.), Automation technology and human performance: Current research and trends (pp. 119-123). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
- Riley, V.A., Proceedings of the World Aviation Congress and Exposition
- Sarter, N., Woods, D. & Billings, C.E. (1997). Automation surprises. In G. Salvendy (Ed.), Handbook of human factors and ergonomics (2nd ed., pp. 1926-1943). New York: Wiley.
- Sorkin, R.D., 1989, Human Factors Bulletin, 32, 3
- U.S. Army., 2007, THAAD Theatre High Altitude Area Defense Missile System
- Warwick, K., 2004, I, cyborg
- Wickens, C.D., 2000, Imperfect and unreliable automation and its implications for attention allocation, information access and situation awareness (Tech. Rep. ARL-00-10/NASA-00-2)
- Wickens, C.D., Paper presented at the 13th International Symposium on Aviation Psychology
- Wickens, C.D., 2008, Addressing the alert problem in air traffic control (Air Traffic Control Facilities Annual Report, FAA Grant #20070271)
- Wickens, C.D., Imperfect reliability in unmanned airvehicle supervision and control
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Dwivedi, Y. K., Hughes, L., Ismagilova, E., Aarts, G., Coombs, C., Crick, T., Duan, Y., Dwivedi, R., Edwards, J., Eirug, A., et al. (2021) · International Journal of Information Management · doi:10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2019.08.002 · Cited by 4,611
“For example, information processing tasks comprise of (1) information acquisition; (2) information analysis; (3) decision and action selection; and (4) action implementation (Parasuraman & Wickens, 2008).”
BackgroundComplacency and Bias in Human Use of Automation: An Attentional Integration
Parasuraman, R., & Manzey, D. H. (2010) · Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society · doi:10.1177/0018720810376055 · Cited by 1,710
Self-citationToward a Framework for Levels of Robot Autonomy in Human-Robot Interaction
Beer, J. M., Fisk, A. D., & Rogers, W. A. (2014) · Journal of Human-Robot Interaction · doi:10.5898/jhri.3.2.beer · Cited by 636
Human–Autonomy Teaming: A Review and Analysis of the Empirical Literature
O’Neill, T., McNeese, N. J., Barron, A. H., & Schelble, B. G. (2020) · Human Factors The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society · doi:10.1177/0018720820960865 · Cited by 681
Haptic shared control: smoothly shifting control authority?
Abbink, D. A., Mulder, M., & Boer, E. R. (2011) · Cognition Technology & Work · doi:10.1007/s10111-011-0192-5 · Cited by 525
Metadata
- Authors
- Parasuraman, R., & Wickens, C. D.
- Affiliations
- George Mason University (US)
- Alion Science and Technology (United States) (US)
- Venue
- Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2008-06
- Volume
- 50
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 511-520
- ISSN
- 0018-7208 (ISSN-L)
- 1547-8181
- OpenAlex
- W2043515850
- Cited by
- 401
- References
- 102
- Citations by year
- 2026: 18 · 2025: 24 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 34 · 2020: 29 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 21 · 2016: 30 · 2015: 24 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 23 · 2012: 30
- FWCI
- 25.87
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Human Factors The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Human Factors and Ergonomics › Human-Automation Interaction and Safety
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Social Robot Interaction and HRI
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Usability and User Interface Design
- Keywords
- human-automation interaction, levels of automation, reliance on automation, adaptive automation, operator trust, false alarms, situational awareness, workload, safety-critical systems, automation design
- MeSH terms
- Automation, Humans, Ergonomics, Man-Machine Systems, Research
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
