Cited by 735Balance, Gait, and Falls PreventionFrailty in Older AdultsMotor Control and Adaptation

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Normative Values for the Unipedal Stance Test with Eyes Open and Closed

Springer, Barbara A., Marin, Raul, Cyhan, Tamara, Roberts, Holly, Gill, Norman W.·2007·Journal of Geriatric Physical Therapy

DOI 10.1519/00139143-200704000-00003

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Abstract

Purpose Limited normative data are available for the unipedal stance test (UPST), making it difficult for clinicians to use it confidently to detect subtle balance impairments. The purpose of this study was to generate normative values for repeated trials of the UPST with eyes opened and eyes closed across age groups and gender. Methods This prospective, mixed-model design was set in a tertiary care medical center. Healthy subjects (n= 549), 18 years or older, performed the UPST with eyes open and closed. Mean and best of 3 UPST times for males and females of 6 age groups (18-39, 40-49, 50-59, 60-69, 70-79, and 80+) were documented and inter-rater reliability was tested. Results There was a significant age dependent decrease in UPST time during both conditions. Inter-rater reliability for the best of 3 trials was determined to be excellent with an intra-class correlation coefficient of 0.994 (95% confidence interval 0.989-0.996) for eyes open and 0.998 (95% confidence interval 0.996-0.999) for eyes closed. Conclusions This study adds to the understanding of typical performance on the UPST. Performance is age-specific and not related to gender. Clinicians now have more extensive normative values to which individuals can be compared.

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Authors: Springer, B. A., Marin, R., Cyhan, T., Roberts, H., & Gill, N. W.
Affiliations: Walter Reed National Military Medical Center (US)
Corresponding author: Springer, Barbara A.
ORCID: Roberts, Holly
Gill, Norman W.
Venue: Journal of Geriatric Physical Therapy
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Published: 2007-04
Volume: 30
Issue: 1
Pages: 8-15
ISSN: 1539-8412 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1519/00139143-200704000-00003
OpenAlex: W2054134869
Semantic Scholar: de24e8ffef02e14df4926b12a3927e09f64504c5
Cited by: 735
References: 55
Citations by year: 2026: 69 · 2025: 81 · 2024: 74 · 2023: 60 · 2022: 65 · 2021: 74 · 2020: 54 · 2019: 58 · 2018: 39 · 2017: 37 · 2016: 32 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 25 · 2013: 19 · 2012: 7
FWCI: 12.38
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Geriatric Physical Therapy (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Health Professions › Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation › Balance, Gait, and Falls Prevention
Health Sciences › Medicine › Geriatrics and Gerontology › Frailty in Older Adults
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Motor Control and Adaptation
Keywords: reference values, balance disorders, postural stability, eyes open and closed, age-related decline, inter-rater reliability, healthy adults, gender differences
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Analysis of Variance, Cross-Sectional Studies, Postural Balance, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Prospective Studies, Reference Values, Vision, Ocular, Confidence Intervals

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Normative Values for the Unipedal Stance Test with Eyes Open and Closed

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