The DOI matches its Crossref record; 55 of the 55 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Normative Values for the Unipedal Stance Test with Eyes Open and Closed
Abstract
Purpose Limited normative data are available for the unipedal stance test (UPST), making it difficult for clinicians to use it confidently to detect subtle balance impairments. The purpose of this study was to generate normative values for repeated trials of the UPST with eyes opened and eyes closed across age groups and gender. Methods This prospective, mixed-model design was set in a tertiary care medical center. Healthy subjects (n= 549), 18 years or older, performed the UPST with eyes open and closed. Mean and best of 3 UPST times for males and females of 6 age groups (18-39, 40-49, 50-59, 60-69, 70-79, and 80+) were documented and inter-rater reliability was tested. Results There was a significant age dependent decrease in UPST time during both conditions. Inter-rater reliability for the best of 3 trials was determined to be excellent with an intra-class correlation coefficient of 0.994 (95% confidence interval 0.989-0.996) for eyes open and 0.998 (95% confidence interval 0.996-0.999) for eyes closed. Conclusions This study adds to the understanding of typical performance on the UPST. Performance is age-specific and not related to gender. Clinicians now have more extensive normative values to which individuals can be compared.
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“Single Leg Stance Test (SLS) is widely used in elderly (16) and in people with neurological disorders, such as Parkinson’s disease (17).”
From The instrumented single leg stance test detects early balance impairment in people with multiple sclerosis (2023) · cites this paper as [16]
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“- Unipodal balance (13): Participants stood on one leg for as long as possible (max: 60 sec.”
Jones, C., Siever, J. E., Knuff, K., Bergen, C. V., Mick, P., Little, J. P., Jones, G. R., Murphy, M.-A., Kurtz, D., & Miller, H. B. (2019) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2018-026169 · Cited by 36
“Social subscale 26 (16 , 32) 18 (12 , 30) 24 (14 , 30)”
Functional Performance With Age: The Role of Long-Term Strength Training
Unhjem, R., van den Hoven, L. T., Nygård, M., Hoff, J., & Wang, E. (2017) · Journal of Geriatric Physical Therapy · doi:10.1519/jpt.0000000000000141 · Cited by 36
Larsen, L. R., Jørgensen, M. G., Junge, T., Juul‐Kristensen, B., & Wedderkopp, N. (2014) · BMC Pediatrics · doi:10.1186/1471-2431-14-144 · Cited by 35
“The sway tests were selected on the basis of their varying difficulty, suitability for the age group and common use [12,13,21].”
Does total hip replacement impact on postural stability?
Wareńczak, A., & Lisiński, P. (2019) · BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders · doi:10.1186/s12891-019-2598-9 · Cited by 35
Blodgett, J. M., Hardy, R., Davis, D. H. J., Peeters, G. M. E. E., Kuh, D. J., & Cooper, R. (2022) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2022.07.002 · Cited by 37
Pérez‐Cruzado, D., González‐Sánchez, M., & Cuesta‐Vargas, A. (2014) · BioMedical Engineering OnLine · doi:10.1186/1475-925x-13-127 · Cited by 34
“The test is timed (in seconds) from the moment the participant gets into the test position, until the other foot touches the ground or until the arms are separated from the hips [21].”
BackgroundA systematic review of one-legged balance performance and falls risk in community-dwelling adults
Blodgett, J. M., Ventre, J. P., Mills, R., Hardy, R., & Cooper, R. (2021) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2021.101501 · Cited by 35
Lim, H., Jani, N. D. B., Pang, W. T., & Lim, E. C. W. (2024) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-024-05150-7 · Cited by 35
“…rise test [28], and Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) chair rise score [29], functional balance measures such as timed one-legged stance [30] and SPPB balance score [29], gait speed such as 4-to 6-m walk test [31–33] and SPPB gait score [29], Timed Up And Go test [34], SPPB overall…”
MethodLower Quarter Y-Balance Test in healthy women 50–79 years old
Freund, J. E., Stetts, D. M., Oostindie, A., Shepherd, J., & Vallabhajosula, S. (2018) · Journal of Women & Aging · doi:10.1080/08952841.2018.1510248 · Cited by 35
“…is important because normative values by decade for timed single leg stance demonstrated very similar times for women 50–59 compared to those 40–49 years old; however, there was a 10.5 s decrease in those 60–69 years old and an additional 14 s decrease in those aged 70–79 (Springer et al., 2007).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialJamal, A., Ahmad, I., Ahamed, N. M. B., Azharuddin, M., Alam, F., & Hussain, M. E. (2019) · Journal of Diabetes & Metabolic Disorders · doi:10.1007/s40200-019-00476-1 · Cited by 33
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“A total of 162 BrainLat participants were diagnosed with AD, 84 were diagnosed with behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia (FTD) and 123 were healthy controls.”
Hayakawa, J., Miyamura, D., Kimura, S., Gomyo, A., Tamaki, M., Akahoshi, Y., Harada, N., Ugai, T., Kusuda, M., Kameda, K., et al. (2018) · Bone Marrow Transplantation · doi:10.1038/s41409-018-0365-4 · Cited by 32
Iolascon, G., Alessandro de, S. I. R. E., Calafiore, D., Benedetti, M. G., Cisari, C., Mauro, G. L., Migliaccio, S., Nuti, R., Resmini, G., Gonnelli, S., et al. (2020) · Clinical Interventions in Aging · doi:10.2147/cia.s257304 · Cited by 34
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Evidence-based classification in paralympic sport: application to football-7-a-side
Reina, R. (2014) · Dialnet (Universidad de la Rioja) · Cited by 31
A Lower-Limb Training Program to Improve Balance in Healthy Elderly Women Using the T-Bow® Device
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“In addition, we administered the Timed Up and Go test(23) and the Single-Leg-Stance test to assess mobility and balance.(24) Finally, the Stick Fall test allowed assessing reactivity,(9) and the 30-Seconds Four-Square Stepping Test (FSST)(25) allowed measuring whole-body coordination and agility.”
MethodDunsky, A., Yahalom, T., Arnon, M., & Lidor, R. (2017) · Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics · doi:10.1016/j.archger.2017.03.003 · Cited by 30
Bonetti, L. V., Hassan, S. A., Kasawara, K. T., & Reid, W. D. (2019) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-019-05659-z · Cited by 30
Age-Related Adverse Inflammatory and Metabolic Changes Begin Early in Adulthood
Parker, D., Sloane, R., Pieper, C. F., Hall, K. S., Kraus, V. B., Kraus, W. E., Huebner, J. L., Ilkayeva, O. R., Bain, J. R., Newby, L. K., et al. (2019) · The Journals of Gerontology: Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/gly121 · Cited by 31
Diagnostik und Training von Kraft und Gleichgewicht zur Sturzprävention im Alter
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Home-Based Risk of Falling Assessment Test Using a Closed-Loop Balance Model
Ayena, J. C., Zaibi, H., Otis, M. J.-D., & Ménélas, B. (2015) · IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering · doi:10.1109/tnsre.2015.2508960 · Cited by 29
“The normative values for age, gender and eyes in open or closed condition have been shown in [31].”
BackgroundInfluentialBonora, G., Mancini, M., Carpinella, I., Chiari, L., Ferrarin, M., Nutt, J. G., & Horak, F. B. (2017) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2017.00361 · Cited by 31
“Thus, it has been suggested that the typical alteration in postural control during the initial dynamic phase may determine an insufficient recruitment and an under-scaled muscle force (13) that can result in balance difficulties in the subsequent static phase (13, 14, 19).”
BackgroundMethodMahbub, M., Hase, R., Yamaguchi, N., et al. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17031069 · Cited by 28
“Upon instruction (by the words “Ready, Start”), the subjects stood on one leg of preference (same for each subject for all sessions), and raised the other foot off the floor and positioned it at a level near and above the opposite ankle [31].”
BackgroundMethodWhat can we learn from physical capacity about biological age? A systematic review
Tzemah-Shahar, R., Hochner, H., Iktilat, K., & Agmon, M. (2022) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2022.101609 · Cited by 32
A CRITIQUE OF EARLY CHILDHOOD DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH AND PRACTICE IN AFRICA
Oppong, S. (2016) · Africanus Journal of Development Studies · doi:10.25159/0304-615x/252 · Cited by 28
“In another study, Springer et al. (2007) sought to generate normative values (typical performance) to which clinicians can compare individuals on the unipedal stance test (UPST) with eyes opened and eyes closed across age groups and gender.”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Springer, B. A., Marin, R., Cyhan, T., Roberts, H., & Gill, N. W.
- Affiliations
- Walter Reed National Military Medical Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Springer, Barbara A.
- Venue
- Journal of Geriatric Physical Therapy
- Published
- 2007-04
- Volume
- 30
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 8-15
- ISSN
- 1539-8412 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2054134869
- Semantic Scholar
- de24e8ffef02e14df4926b12a3927e09f64504c5
- Cited by
- 735
- References
- 55
- Citations by year
- 2026: 69 · 2025: 81 · 2024: 74 · 2023: 60 · 2022: 65 · 2021: 74 · 2020: 54 · 2019: 58 · 2018: 39 · 2017: 37 · 2016: 32 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 25 · 2013: 19 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 12.38
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Geriatric Physical Therapy (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation › Balance, Gait, and Falls Prevention
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Geriatrics and Gerontology › Frailty in Older Adults
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Motor Control and Adaptation
- Keywords
- reference values, balance disorders, postural stability, eyes open and closed, age-related decline, inter-rater reliability, healthy adults, gender differences
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Analysis of Variance, Cross-Sectional Studies, Postural Balance, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Prospective Studies, Reference Values, Vision, Ocular, Confidence Intervals
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