Effects of different lifting cadences on ground reaction forces during the squat exercise
Abstract
The purpose of this investigation was to determine the effect of different lifting cadences on the ground reaction force (GRF) during the squat exercise. Squats performed with greater acceleration will produce greater inertial forces; however, it is not well understood how different squat cadences affect GRF. The hypotheses were that faster squat cadences would result in greater peak GRF and that the contributions of the body and barbell, both of equivalent mass, to total system inertial force would not be different. Six experienced male subjects (31 +/- 4 years, 180 +/- 9 cm, 88.8 +/- 13.3 kg) performed 3 sets of 3 squats using 3 different cadences (fast cadence [FC] = 1-second descent/1-second ascent; medium cadence [MC] = 3-second descent/1-second ascent; and slow cadence [SC] = 4-second descent/2-second ascent) while lifting a barbell mass equal to their body mass. Ground reaction force and velocity sensor data were used to calculate inertial force contributions of both the body and barbell to total inertial force. Peak GRF were significantly higher in FC squats compared to MC (p = 0.0002) and SC (p = 0.0002). Ranges of GRF were also significantly higher in FC compared to MC (p < 0.05) and higher in MC compared to SC (p < 0.05). The inertial forces associated with the body were larger than those associated with the barbell, regardless of cadence. Faster squat cadences result in significantly greater peak GRF as a result of the inertia of the system. This study demonstrates that GRF was more dependent on descent cadence than on ascent cadence and that researchers should not use a single point on the body to approximate the location of the center of mass during squat exercise analysis.
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Bentley et al. showed that the range of ground reaction force is greater for squats with greater ascent speed.
“Bentley et al. analyzed the influence of different lifting cadences (i.e., fast cadence, medium cadence, slow cadence) on ground reaction forces during the squat (42). The authors showed that the range of ground reaction force is greater for squats with greater ascent speed.”
From Kinematic analysis of the back squat at different load intensities in powerlifters and weightlifters (2024) · cites this paper as [42]
Athletes who are slower in the ascent phase of the squat have lower ground reaction force.
“Thus, it would appear that athletes who are slower in the ascent phase of the squat have lower ground reaction force.”
From Kinematic analysis of the back squat at different load intensities in powerlifters and weightlifters (2024) · cites this paper as [42]
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Kinematic analysis of the back squat at different load intensities in powerlifters and weightlifters
Giustino, V., Vicari, D. S. S., Figlioli, F., Gervasi, M., Fernández Peña, E., Schifaudo, N., Tedesco, M., Drid, P., Paoli, A., Battaglia, G., et al. (2024) · Frontiers in Sports and Active Living · doi:10.3389/fspor.2024.1454309 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“Bentley et al. analyzed the in fl uence of different lifting cadences (i.e., fast cadence, medium cadence, slow cadence) on ground reaction forces during the squat (42).”
- Authors
- Bentley, J. R., Amonette, W. E., De Witt, J. K., & Hagan, R. D.
- Affiliations
- Wyle (United States) (US)
- University of Houston - Clear Lake (US)
- Johnson Space Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Bentley, Jason R
- ORCID
- Bentley, Jason R
- Venue
- Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research
- Published
- 2010-05
- Volume
- 24
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 1414-1420
- ISSN
- 1064-8011 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2040441914
- Cited by
- 38
- References
- 17
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 1 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 3 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 1.92
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- NASA STI Repository (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Lower Extremity Biomechanics and Pathologies
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Sports Dynamics and Biomechanics
- Keywords
- squatting, ground reaction force, inertial forces, barbell, center of mass, speed sensor, peak ground reaction force
- MeSH terms
- Acceleration, Adult, Biomechanical Phenomena, Humans, Male, Musculoskeletal Physiological Phenomena, Weight-Bearing, Resistance Training
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