The Effect of a Carbohydrate and Protein Supplement on Resistance Exercise Performance, Hormonal Response, and Muscle Damage
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine whether resistance exercise performance and postexercise muscle damage were altered when consuming a carbohydrate and protein beverage (CHO-PRO; 6.2% and 1.5% concentrations). Thirty-four male subjects (age: 21.5 +/- 1.7 years; height: 177.3 +/- 1.1 cm; weight: 77.2 +/- 2.2 kg) completed 3 sets of 8 repetitions at their 8 repetition maximum to volitional fatigue. The exercise order consisted of the high pull, leg curl, standing overhead press, leg extension, lat pull-down, leg press, and bench press. In a double-blind, posttest-only control group design, subjects consumed 355 ml of either CHO-PRO or placebo (electrolyte and artificial sweetener beverage) 30 minutes prior to exercise, 177 ml immediately prior to exercise, 177 ml halfway through the exercise bout, and 355 ml immediately following the exercise bout. There were no significant differences between groups relative to exercise performance. Cortisol was significantly elevated in the placebo group compared to the CHO-PRO group at 24 hours postexercise. Insulin was significantly elevated immediately pre-exercise, after the fourth lift, immediately postexercise, 1 hour, and 6 hours postexercise in CHO-PRO compared to the placebo group. Myoglobin levels in the placebo group approached significance halfway through the exercise bout and at 1 hour postexercise (p = 0.06 and 0.07, respectively) and were significantly elevated at 6 hours postexercise compared to the CHO-PRO group. Creatine kinase levels were significantly elevated in the placebo group at 24 hours postexercise compared to the CHO-PRO group. The CHO-PRO supplement did not improve performance during a resistance exercise bout, but appeared to reduce muscle damage, as evidenced by the responses of both myoglobin and creatine kinase. These results suggest the use of a CHO-PRO supplement during resistance training to reduce muscle damage and soreness.
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Ingestion of a carbohydrate + protein solution before, during, and after an acute bout of heavy resistance training resulted in significantly greater levels of insulin and lower levels of cortisol, and reduced markers of muscle damage throughout the first 24 h of recovery.
“While performance was not affected, significantly greater levels of insulin and lower levels of cortisol were found when the carbohydrate + protein combination was ingested. Moreover, markers of muscle damage (e.g., myoglobin and creatine kinase) were reduced throughout the first 24 h of recovery when the carbohydrate + protein combination was consumed.”
From International society of sports nutrition position stand: nutrient timing (2017) · cites this paper as [88]
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Muscle Cytokine mRNA Changes after 2.5 h of Cycling: Influence of Carbohydrate
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International society of sports nutrition position stand: nutrient timing
Kerksick, C. M., Arent, S., Schoenfeld, B. J., Stout, J. R., Campbell, B., Wilborn, C. D., Taylor, L., Kalman, D., Smith-Ryan, A. E., Kreider, R. B., et al. (2017) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1186/s12970-017-0189-4 · Cited by 622 · see citing works
“A similar outcome was reported by Baty and colleagues [88] where they had 34 males complete an acute bout of heavy resistance training (3 sets × 8 reps @ 90% 1RM) while consuming either a carbohydrate (6.”
ResultInternational Society of Sports Nutrition position stand: Nutrient timing
Kerksick, C., Harvey, T., Stout, J., Campbell, B., Wilborn, C., Kreider, R., Kalman, D., Ziegenfuss, T., Lopez, H., Landis, J., et al. (2008) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1186/1550-2783-5-17 · Cited by 456 · see citing works
Self-citationBetts, J. A., & Williams, C. (2010) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.2165/11536900-000000000-00000 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Cockburn, E., Stevenson, E., Hayes, P. R., Robson-Ansley, P., & Howatson, G. (2010) · Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism · doi:10.1139/h10-017 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Timing Protein Intake Increases Energy Expenditure 24 h after Resistance Training
HACKNEY, K. J., BRUENGER, A. J., & LEMMER, J. T. (2010) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e3181c12976 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Nutrient Timing: The Means to Improved Exercise Performance, Recovery, and Training Adaptation
Ivy, J. L., & Ferguson-Stegall, L. M. (2014) · American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine · doi:10.1177/1559827613502444 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Self-citationBird, S. P., Mabon, T., Pryde, M., Feebrey, S., & Cannon, J. (2013) · Nutrition Research · doi:10.1016/j.nutres.2013.03.002 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
- Authors
- Baty, J. J., Hwang, H., Ding, Z., Bernard, J. R., Wang, B., Kwon, B., & Ivy, J. L.
- Affiliations
- The University of Texas at Austin (US)
- Venue
- The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research
- Published
- 2007
- Volume
- 21
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 321
- ISSN
- 1064-8011 (ISSN-L)
- 1533-4287
- OpenAlex
- W1975547770
- Cited by
- 95
- References
- 3
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 8 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 2.48
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Rehabilitation › Exercise and Physiological Responses
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
- Keywords
- resistance exercise performance, cortisol, insulin, myoglobin, creatine kinase, pre-workout supplements, male subjects
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Blood Glucose, Body Composition, Creatine Kinase, Dietary Carbohydrates, Dietary Proteins, Double-Blind Method, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Insulin, Lactates, Male, Myoglobin, Placebos, Surveys and Questionnaires, Weight Lifting, Muscle, Skeletal, Dietary Supplements
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