Nutrient Timing: The Means to Improved Exercise Performance, Recovery, and Training Adaptation

Ivy, John L.; Ferguson-Stegall, Lisa M.

doi:10.1177/1559827613502444

Cited by 22Muscle metabolism and nutritionSports Performance and TrainingExercise and Physiological Responses

Nutrient Timing: The Means to Improved Exercise Performance, Recovery, and Training Adaptation

Ivy, John L., Ferguson-Stegall, Lisa M.·2014·American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine

DOI 10.1177/1559827613502444

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

As the incidence rate of lifestyle-related chronic conditions such as cardiovascular disease, obesity, and type 2 diabetes continues to increase, the importance of regular exercise and a healthy diet for improving or maintaining good health is critical. Exercise training is known to improve fitness and many health risk factors, as well as to improve the performance of competitive athletes. It has become increasingly clear, however, that nutrient intake before, during, and after exercise sessions has a powerful influence on the adaptive response to the exercise stimuli. In this review, the science behind nutrient timing will be discussed as it relates to exercise performance, recovery, and training adaptation. Evidence will be provided that validates intake of appropriate nutrients before, during, and immediately after exercise not only to improve exercise performance but also to maximize the training response. Ultimately, the combined response to exercise and proper nutrient intake leads to not only better performance in athletes but also greater health benefits for all exercisers.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1177/1559827613502444

Cites

134 of 134 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Nutritional strategies after exercise help refuel energy sources, replace fluid and electrolytes, synthesize new proteins, and improve immune system response.
“nutritional strategies after exercise helps to refuel energy sources (e.g., muscle and liver glycogen), replace fluid and electrolytes, synthesize new proteins to counteract both catabolic state and exercise-induced damage, and improve immune system response [9,10,11].”
From The 4R’s Framework of Nutritional Strategies for Post-Exercise Recovery: A Review with Emphasis on New Generation of Carbohydrates (2020) · cites this paper as [11]

Diet, muscle glycogen and physical performance.
Bergström, J., Hermansen, L., Hultman, E., & Saltin, B. (1967) · Acta Physiologica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1748-1716.1967.tb03720.x · Cited by 1,740 · see citing works
Exercise and the immune system: regulation, integration, and adaptation
Pedersen, B. K., & Hoffman-Goetz, L. (2000) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.2000.80.3.1055 · Cited by 1,710 · see citing works
Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage in Humans
Clarkson, P. M., & Hubal, M. J. (2002) · American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation · doi:10.1097/00002060-200211001-00007 · Cited by 1,478 · see citing works
Anabolic signaling deficits underlie amino acid resistance of wasting, aging muscle
Cuthbertson, D., Smith, K., Babraj, J., Leese, G., Waddell, T., Atherton, P., Wackerhage, H., Taylor, P. M., & Rennie, M. J. (2005) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.04-2640fje · Cited by 1,211 · see citing works
Mixed muscle protein synthesis and breakdown after resistance exercise in humans
Phillips, S. M., Tipton, K. D., Aarsland, A., Wolf, S. E., & Wolfe, R. R. (1997) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.1997.273.1.e99 · Cited by 1,132 · see citing works
Muscle glycogen utilization during prolonged strenuous exercise when fed carbohydrate
Coyle, E. F., Coggan, A. R., Hemmert, M. K., & Ivy, J. L. (1986) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1986.61.1.165 · Cited by 1,022 · see citing works
Self-citation
Ingestion of whey hydrolysate, casein, or soy protein isolate: effects on mixed muscle protein synthesis at rest and following resistance exercise in young men
Tang, J. E., Moore, D. R., Kujbida, G. W., Tarnopolsky, M. A., & Phillips, S. M. (2009) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00076.2009 · Cited by 998 · see citing works
Ingested protein dose response of muscle and albumin protein synthesis after resistance exercise in young men
Moore, D. R., Robinson, M. J., Fry, J. L., Tang, J. E., Glover, E. I., Wilkinson, S. B., Prior, T., Tarnopolsky, M. A., & Phillips, S. M. (2009) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.2008.26401 · Cited by 973 · see citing works
The effects of increasing exercise intensity on muscle fuel utilisation in humans
van Loon, L. J. C., Greenhaff, P. L., Constantin‐Teodosiu, D., Saris, W. H. M., & Wagenmakers, A. J. M. (2001) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7793.2001.00295.x · Cited by 897 · see citing works
An abundant supply of amino acids enhances the metabolic effect of exercise on muscle protein
Biolo, G., Tipton, K. D., Klein, S., & Wolfe, R. R. (1997) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.1997.273.1.e122 · Cited by 825 · see citing works
Muscle Glycogen during Prolonged Severe Exercise
Hermansen, L., Hultman, E., & Saltin, B. (1967) · Acta Physiologica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1748-1716.1967.tb03719.x · Cited by 752 · see citing works
Association between Eating Patterns and Obesity in a Free-living US Adult Population
Ma, Y. (2003) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwg117 · Cited by 725 · see citing works
Skeletal muscle protein metabolism in the elderly: Interventions to counteract the 'anabolic resistance' of ageing
Breen, L., & Phillips, S. M. (2011) · Nutrition & Metabolism · doi:10.1186/1743-7075-8-68 · Cited by 576 · see citing works
Timing of postexercise protein intake is important for muscle hypertrophy with resistance training in elderly humans
Esmarck, B., Andersen, J. L., Olsen, S., Richter, E. A., Mizuno, M., & Kjær, M. (2001) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7793.2001.00301.x · Cited by 540 · see citing works
Consumption of fluid skim milk promotes greater muscle protein accretion after resistance exercise than does consumption of an isonitrogenous and isoenergetic soy-protein beverage
Wilkinson, S. B., Tarnopolsky, M. A., MacDonald, M. J., MacDonald, J. R., Armstrong, D., & Phillips, S. M. (2007) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/85.4.1031 · Cited by 530 · see citing works
Timing of amino acid-carbohydrate ingestion alters anabolic response of muscle to resistance exercise
Tipton, K. D., Rasmussen, B. B., Miller, S. L., Wolf, S. E., Owens-Stovall, S. K., Petrini, B. E., & Wolfe, R. R. (2001) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.2001.281.2.e197 · Cited by 526 · see citing works
An oral essential amino acid-carbohydrate supplement enhances muscle protein anabolism after resistance exercise
Rasmussen, B. B., Tipton, K. D., Miller, S. L., Wolf, S. E., & Wolfe, R. R. (2000) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.2000.88.2.386 · Cited by 523 · see citing works
Carbohydrate intake during exercise and performance
Jeukendrup, A. E. (2004) · Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.nut.2004.04.017 · Cited by 490 · see citing works
Carbohydrate feeding during prolonged strenuous exercise can delay fatigue
Coyle, E. F., Hagberg, J. M., Hurley, B. F., Martin, W. H., Ehsani, A. A., & Holloszy, J. O. (1983) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1983.55.1.230 · Cited by 487 · see citing works
Resistance exercise enhances myofibrillar protein synthesis with graded intakes of whey protein in older men
Yang, Y., Breen, L., Burd, N. A., Hector, A. J., Churchward-Venne, T. A., Josse, A. R., Tarnopolsky, M. A., & Phillips, S. M. (2012) · British Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114511007422 · Cited by 480 · see citing works
Orally Administered Leucine Stimulates Protein Synthesis in Skeletal Muscle of Postabsorptive Rats in Association with Increased eIF4F Formation
Anthony, J. C., Anthony, T. G., Kimball, S. R., Vary, T. C., & Jefferson, L. S. (2000) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/130.2.139 · Cited by 469 · see citing works
Exercise, upper respiratory tract infection, and the immune system
NIEMAN, D. C. (1994) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/00005768-199402000-00002 · Cited by 468 · see citing works
Amino acid ingestion improves muscle protein synthesis in the young and elderly
Paddon-Jones, D., Sheffield-Moore, M., Zhang, X.-J., Volpi, E., Wolf, S. E., Aarsland, A., Ferrando, A. A., & Wolfe, R. R. (2004) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00368.2003 · Cited by 467 · see citing works
Muscle glycogen synthesis after exercise: effect of time of carbohydrate ingestion
Ivy, J. L., Katz, A. L., Cutler, C. L., Sherman, W. M., & Coyle, E. F. (1988) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1988.64.4.1480 · Cited by 459 · see citing works
Self-citation
Interleukin-6 Is a Novel Factor Mediating Glucose Homeostasis During Skeletal Muscle Contraction
Febbraio, M. A., Hiscock, N., Sacchetti, M., Fischer, C. P., & Pedersen, B. K. (2004) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.53.7.1643 · Cited by 455 · see citing works
Physiologic hyperinsulinemia stimulates protein synthesis and enhances transport of selected amino acids in human skeletal muscle
Biolo, G., Declan Fleming, R. Y., & Wolfe, R. R. (1995) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci117731 · Cited by 442 · see citing works
Changes in human muscle protein synthesis after resistance exercise
Chesley, A., MacDougall, J. D., Tarnopolsky, M. A., Atkinson, S. A., & Smith, K. (1992) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1992.73.4.1383 · Cited by 436 · see citing works
Essential amino acids and muscle protein recovery from resistance exercise
Børsheim, E., Tipton, K. D., Wolf, S. E., & Wolfe, R. R. (2002) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00466.2001 · Cited by 422 · see citing works
Immune response to heavy exertion
Nieman, D. C. (1997) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1997.82.5.1385 · Cited by 409 · see citing works
Untitled work
Bohé (2001) · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7793.2001.0575f.x · Cited by 406 · see citing works
Muscle full effect after oral protein: time-dependent concordance and discordance between human muscle protein synthesis and mTORC1 signaling
Atherton, P. J., Etheridge, T., Watt, P. W., Wilkinson, D., Selby, A., Rankin, D., Smith, K., & Rennie, M. J. (2010) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.2010.29819 · Cited by 404 · see citing works
Reversal of fatigue during prolonged exercise by carbohydrate infusion or ingestion
Coggan, A. R., & Coyle, E. F. (1987) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1987.63.6.2388 · Cited by 392 · see citing works
Carbohydrate-protein complex increases the rate of muscle glycogen storage after exercise
Zawadzki, K. M., Yaspelkis, B. B., & Ivy, J. L. (1992) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1992.72.5.1854 · Cited by 363 · see citing works
Self-citation
Carbohydrate ingestion influences skeletal muscle cytokine mRNA and plasma cytokine levels after a 3-h run
Nieman, D. C., Davis, J. M., Henson, D. A., Walberg-Rankin, J., Shute, M., Dumke, C. L., Utter, A. C., Vinci, D. M., Carson, J. A., Brown, A., et al. (2003) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.01130.2002 · Cited by 353 · see citing works
Early postexercise muscle glycogen recovery is enhanced with a carbohydrate-protein supplement
Ivy, J. L., Goforth, H. W., Damon, B. M., McCauley, T. R., Parsons, E. C., & Price, T. B. (2002) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00394.2002 · Cited by 352 · see citing works
Self-citation
Maximizing postexercise muscle glycogen synthesis: carbohydrate supplementation and the application of amino acid or protein hydrolysate mixtures
van Loon, L. J., Saris, W. H., Kruijshoop, M., & Wagenmakers, A. J. (2000) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/72.1.106 · Cited by 346 · see citing works
Cytokine changes after a marathon race
Nieman, D. C., Henson, D. A., SMITH, L. L., Utter, A. C., Vinci, D. M., Davis, J. M., Kaminsky, D. E., & Shute, M. (2001) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.2001.91.1.109 · Cited by 331 · see citing works
The loughborough intermittent shuttle test: A field test that simulates the activity pattern of soccer
Nicholas, C. W., Nuttall, F. E., & Williams, C. (2000) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/026404100365162 · Cited by 327 · see citing works
Amino acid absorption and subsequent muscle protein accretion following graded intakes of whey protein in elderly men
Pennings, B., Groen, B., de Lange, A., Gijsen, A. P., Zorenc, A. H., Senden, J. M. G., & van Loon, L. J. C. (2012) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00517.2011 · Cited by 326 · see citing works
Carbohydrate and the cytokine response to 2.5 h of running
Nehlsen-Cannarella, S. L., Fagoaga, O. R., Nieman, D. C., Henson, D. A., Butterworth, D. E., Schmitt, R. L., Bailey, E. M., Warren, B. J., Utter, A., & Davis, J. M. (1997) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1997.82.5.1662 · Cited by 311 · see citing works
Stimulation of net muscle protein synthesis by whey protein ingestion before and after exercise
Tipton, K. D., Elliott, T. A., Cree, M. G., Aarsland, A. A., Sanford, A. P., & Wolfe, R. R. (2007) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00166.2006 · Cited by 307 · see citing works
Effects of a Carbohydrate-Protein Beverage on Cycling Endurance and Muscle Damage
SAUNDERS, M. J., KANE, M. D., & TODD, M. K. (2004) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/01.mss.0000132377.66177.9f · Cited by 303 · see citing works
Independent and Combined Effects of Amino Acids and Glucose after Resistance Exercise
MILLER, S. L., TIPTON, K. D., CHINKES, D. L., WOLF, S. E., & WOLFE, R. R. (2003) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/01.mss.0000053910.63105.45 · Cited by 283 · see citing works
The role of breakfast In the treatment of obesity: a randomized clinical trial
Schlundt, D., Hill, J., Sbrocco, T., Pope-Cordle, J., & Sharp, T. (1992) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/55.3.645 · Cited by 275 · see citing works
Effects of Supplement Timing and Resistance Exercise on Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophy
CRIBB, P. J., & HAYES, A. (2006) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/01.mss.0000233790.08788.3e · Cited by 270 · see citing works
Rapid aminoacidemia enhances myofibrillar protein synthesis and anabolic intramuscular signaling responses after resistance exercise
West, D. W., Burd, N. A., Coffey, V. G., Baker, S. K., Burke, L. M., Hawley, J. A., Moore, D. R., Stellingwerff, T., & Phillips, S. M. (2011) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.111.013722 · Cited by 264 · see citing works
Carbohydrate feedings before, during, or in combination improve cycling endurance performance
Wright, D. A., Sherman, W. M., & Dernbach, A. R. (1991) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1991.71.3.1082 · Cited by 259 · see citing works
Insulin action on muscle protein kinetics and amino acid transport during recovery after resistance exercise.
Biolo, G., Williams, B. D., Fleming, R. Y., & Wolfe, R. R. (1999) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.48.5.949 · Cited by 256 · see citing works
Protein supplementation before and after exercise does not further augment skeletal muscle hypertrophy after resistance training in elderly men
Verdijk, L. B., Jonkers, R. A., Gleeson, B. G., Beelen, M., Meijer, K., Savelberg, H. H., Wodzig, W. K., Dendale, P., & van Loon, L. J. (2009) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.2008.26626 · Cited by 253 · see citing works
Increased Consumption of Dairy Foods and Protein during Diet- and Exercise-Induced Weight Loss Promotes Fat Mass Loss and Lean Mass Gain in Overweight and Obese Premenopausal Women
Josse, A. R., Atkinson, S. A., Tarnopolsky, M. A., & Phillips, S. M. (2011) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.3945/jn.111.141028 · Cited by 246 · see citing works
Superior Endurance Performance with Ingestion of Multiple Transportable Carbohydrates
CURRELL, K., & JEUKENDRUP, A. E. (2008) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e31815adf19 · Cited by 243 · see citing works
Postexercise nutrient intake timing in humans is critical to recovery of leg glucose and protein homeostasis
Levenhagen, D. K., Gresham, J. D., Carlson, M. G., Maron, D. J., Borel, M. J., & Flakoll, P. J. (2001) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.2001.280.6.e982 · Cited by 239 · see citing works
Nonessential amino acids are not necessary to stimulate net muscle protein synthesis in healthy volunteers
Tipton, K. (1999) · The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/s0955-2863(98)00087-4 · Cited by 231 · see citing works
Effect of carbohydrate intake on net muscle protein synthesis during recovery from resistance exercise
Børsheim, E., Cree‐Green, M., Tipton, K. D., Elliott, T. A., Aarsland, A. A., & Wolfe, R. R. (2004) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00333.2003 · Cited by 230 · see citing works
Muscle glycogen storage after different amounts of carbohydrate ingestion
Ivy, J. L., Lee, M. C., Brozinick, J. T., & Reed, M. J. (1988) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1988.65.5.2018 · Cited by 227 · see citing works
Self-citation
Protein Ingestion before Sleep Improves Postexercise Overnight Recovery
RES, P. T., GROEN, B., PENNINGS, B., BEELEN, M., WALLIS, G. A., GIJSEN, A. P., SENDEN, J. M. G., & VAN LOON, L. J. C. (2012) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e31824cc363 · Cited by 226 · see citing works
Effect of a Carbohydrate-Protein Supplement on Endurance Performance during Exercise of Varying Intensity
Ivy, J. L., Res, P. T., Sprague, R. C., & Widzer, M. O. (2003) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.13.3.382 · Cited by 222 · see citing works
Self-citation
Coingestion of protein with carbohydrate during recovery from endurance exercise stimulates skeletal muscle protein synthesis in humans
Howarth, K. R., Moreau, N. A., Phillips, S. M., & Gibala, M. J. (2009) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.90333.2008 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
Substrate usage during prolonged exercise following a preexercise meal
Coyle, E. F., Coggan, A. R., Hemmert, M. K., Lowe, R. C., & Walters, T. J. (1985) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1985.59.2.429 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
Effect of different post-exercise sugar diets on the rate of muscle glycogen synthesis
BLOM, P. C. S., H??STMARK, A. T., VAAGE, O., KARDEL, K. R., & M??HLUM, S. (1987) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/00005768-198710000-00012 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
Addition of protein and amino acids to carbohydrates does not enhance postexercise muscle glycogen synthesis
Jentjens, R. L. P. G., van Loon, L. J. C., Mann, C. H., Wagenmakers, A. J. M., & Jeukendrup, A. E. (2001) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.2001.91.2.839 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Quercetin Reduces Illness but Not Immune Perturbations after Intensive Exercise
NIEMAN, D. C., HENSON, D. A., GROSS, S. J., JENKINS, D. P., DAVIS, J. M., MURPHY, E. A., CARMICHAEL, M. D., DUMKE, C. L., UTTER, A. C., MCANULTY, S. R., et al. (2007) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e318076b566 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Acute and long-term effects of resistance exercise with or without protein ingestion on muscle hypertrophy and gene expression
Hulmi, J. J., Kovanen, V., Selänne, H., Kraemer, W. J., Häkkinen, K., & Mero, A. A. (2009) · Amino Acids · doi:10.1007/s00726-008-0150-6 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
Protein blend ingestion following resistance exercise promotes human muscle protein synthesis
Reidy, P. T., Walker, D. K., Dickinson, J. M., Gundermann, D. M., Drummond, M. J., Timmerman, K. L., Fry, C. S., Borack, M. S., Cope, M. B., Mukherjea, R., et al. (2013) · The Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.3945/jn.112.168021 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Effect of glucose supplement timing on protein metabolism after resistance training
Roy, B. D., Tarnopolsky, M. A., MacDOUGALL, J. D., Fowles, J. R., & Yarasheski, K. E. (1997) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1997.82.6.1882 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Human muscle glycogen resynthesis after exercise: insulin-dependent and -independent phases
Price, T. B., Rothman, D. L., Taylor, R., Avison, M. J., Shulman, G. I., & Shulman, R. G. (1994) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1994.76.1.104 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Meal timing and composition influence ghrelin levels, appetite scores and weight loss maintenance in overweight and obese adults
Jakubowicz, D., Froy, O., Wainstein, J., & Boaz, M. (2012) · Steroids · doi:10.1016/j.steroids.2011.12.006 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Postexercise protein intake enhances whole-body and leg protein accretion in humans
Levenhagen, D. K., CARR, C., Carlson, M. G., Maron, D. J., Borel, M. J., & Flakoll, P. J. (2002) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1097/00005768-200205000-00016 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
EFFECT OF PRE-EXERCISE FEEDINGS ON ENDURANCE PERFORMANCE
Petteys, C. L., Foster, C., BRICE, G. A., Doberstein, S. T., & Porcari, J. P. (2003) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1097/00005768-200305001-01663 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
High Oxidation Rates from Combined Carbohydrates Ingested during Exercise
JENTJENS, R. L. P. G., ACHTEN, J., & JEUKENDRUP, A. E. (2004) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/01.mss.0000139796.07843.1d · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Consumption of an Oral Carbohydrate-Protein Gel Improves Cycling Endurance and Prevents Postexercise Muscle Damage
Saunders, M. J., Luden, N. D., & Herrick, J. E. (2007) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/r-20506.1 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Muscle glycogen resynthesis during recovery from cycle exercise: no effect of additional protein ingestion
van Hall, G., Shirreffs, S. M., & Calbet, J. A. L. (2000) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.2000.88.5.1631 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Acute milk-based protein–CHO supplementation attenuates exercise-induced muscle damage
Cockburn, E., Hayes, P. R., French, D. N., Stevenson, E., & Gibson, A. S. C. (2008) · Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism · doi:10.1139/h08-057 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Is there a maximal anabolic response to protein intake with a meal?
Deutz, N. E., & Wolfe, R. R. (2013) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2012.11.018 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Postexercise Muscle Glycogen Recovery Enhanced with a Carbohydrate-Protein Supplement
BERARDI, J. M., PRICE, T. B., NOREEN, E. E., & LEMON, P. W. R. (2006) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/01.mss.0000222826.49358.f3 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Quercetin's influence on exercise-induced changes in plasma cytokines and muscle and leukocyte cytokine mRNA
Nieman, D. C., Henson, D. A., Davis, J. M., Murphy, E. A., Jenkins, D. P., Gross, S. J., Carmichael, M. D., Quindry, J. C., Dumke, C. L., Utter, A. C., et al. (2007) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00707.2007 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Carbohydrate feedings 1 h before exercise improves cycling performance
Sherman, W. M., Peden, M., & Wright, D. (1991) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/54.5.866 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Nutrient timing revisited: is there a post-exercise anabolic window?
Aragon, A. A., & Schoenfeld, B. J. (2013) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1186/1550-2783-10-5 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Effect of an Isocaloric Carbohydrate-Protein-Antioxidant Drink on Cycling Performance
ROMANO-ELY, B. C., TODD, M. K., SAUNDERS, M. J., & ST.LAURENT, T. (2006) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/01.mss.0000229458.11452.e9 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Effect of carbohydrate feedings during high-intensity exercise
Coggan, A. R., & Coyle, E. F. (1988) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1988.65.4.1703 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Oxidation of exogenous glucose, sucrose, and maltose during prolonged cycling exercise
Jentjens, R. L. P. G., Venables, M. C., & Jeukendrup, A. E. (2004) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.01023.2003 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Vitamin E and immunity after the Kona triathlon world championship
NIEMAN, D. C., HENSON, D. A., MCANULTY, S. R., MCANULTY, L. S., MORROW, J. D., AHMED, A., & HEWARD, C. B. (2004) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/01.mss.0000135778.57355.ca · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Comparison of the effects of pre-exercise feeding of glucose, glycerol and placebo on endurance and fuel homeostasis in man
Gleeson, M., Maughan, R. J., & Greenhaff, P. L. (1986) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/bf00423211 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Essential amino acid and carbohydrate ingestion before resistance exercise does not enhance postexercise muscle protein synthesis
Fujita, S., Dreyer, H. C., Drummond, M. J., Glynn, E. L., Volpi, E., & Rasmussen, B. B. (2009) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.90395.2008 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Effect of pre-exercise carbohydrate feedings on endurance cycling performance
Hargreaves, M., COSTILL, D. L., Fink, W. J., King, D. S., & Fielding, R. A. (1987) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/00005768-198702000-00007 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Effect of Protein-Supplement Timing on Strength, Power, and Body-Composition Changes in Resistance-Trained Men
Hoffman, J. R., Ratamess, N. A., Tranchina, C. P., Rashti, S. L., Kang, J., & Faigenbaum, A. D. (2009) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.19.2.172 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Influence of Carbohydrate-Protein Beverage on Cycling Endurance and Indices of Muscle Disruption
Valentine, R. J., Saunders, M. J., Todd, M. K., & St. Laurent, T. G. (2008) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.18.4.363 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Independent and combined effects of liquid carbohydrate/essential amino acid ingestion on hormonal and muscular adaptations following resistance training in untrained men
Bird, S. P., Tarpenning, K. M., & Marino, F. E. (2006) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-005-0127-z · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Influence of carbohydrate on the immune response to intensive, prolonged exercise.
Nieman, D. C. (1998) · PubMed · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Failure of Protein to Improve Time Trial Performance when Added to a Sports Drink
VAN ESSEN, M., & GIBALA, M. J. (2006) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/01.mss.0000228958.82968.0a · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Carbohydrate ingestion and glycogen utilization in different muscle fibre types in man
Tsintzas, O. K., Williams, C., Boobis, L., & Greenhaff, P. (1995) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1995.sp021046 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Effects of eccentric and concentric exercise on muscle glycogen replenishment
Doyle, J. A., Sherman, W. M., & Strauss, R. (1993) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1993.74.4.1848 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Interleukins and exercise
Gleeson, M. (2000) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7793.2000.00001.x · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Carbohydrate supplementation spares muscle glycogen during variable-intensity exercise
Yaspelkis, B. B., Patterson, J. G., Anderla, P. A., Ding, Z., & Ivy, J. L. (1993) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1993.75.4.1477 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Self-citation
Endurance improved by ingestion of a glucose polymer supplement
Ivy, J. L., MILLER, W., Dover, V., GOODYEAR, L. G., Sherman, W. M., Farrell, S. W., & Williams, H. G. (1983) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/00005768-198315060-00005 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Self-citation
Effect of carbohydrate-protein supplement timing on acute exercise-induced muscle damage
White, J. P., Wilson, J. M., Austin, K. G., Greer, B. K., St John, N., & Panton, L. B. (2008) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1186/1550-2783-5-5 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Dietary carbohydrate, muscle glycogen content, and endurance performance in well-trained women
Walker, J. L., Heigenhauser, G. J. F., Hultman, E., & Spriet, L. L. (2000) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.2000.88.6.2151 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Postexercise protein supplementation improves health and muscle soreness during basic military training in marine recruits
Flakoll, P. J., Judy, T., Flinn, K., Carr, C., & Flinn, S. D. (2004) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00811.2003 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Coingestion of carbohydrate and protein hydrolysate stimulates muscle protein synthesis during exercise in young men, with no further increase during subsequent overnight recovery
Beelen, M., Tieland, M., Gijsen, A. P., Vandereyt, H., Kies, A. K., Kuipers, H., Saris, W. H. M., Koopman, R., & van Loon, L. J. C. (2008) · The Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.3945/jn.108.092924 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Pre-exercise carbohydrate ingestion: effect of the glycemic index on endurance exercise performance
SPARKS, M. J., SELIG, S. S., & Febbraio, M. A. (1998) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1097/00005768-199806000-00011 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Carbohydrate supplementation affects blood granulocyte and monocyte trafficking but not function after 2.5 h or running
Nieman, D., Fagoaga, O., Butterworth, D., Warren, B., Utter, A., Davis, J., Henson, D., & Nehlsen-Cannarella, S. (1997) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/66.1.153 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Exercise, Nutrition and Energy Metabolism
Suduikis, S. (1989) · American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation · doi:10.1097/00002060-198902000-00014 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
The Effect of a Carbohydrate and Protein Supplement on Resistance Exercise Performance, Hormonal Response, and Muscle Damage
Baty, J. J., Hwang, H., Ding, Z., Bernard, J. R., Wang, B., Kwon, B., & Ivy, J. L. (2007) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/r-21706.1 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Self-citation
Effect of milk-based carbohydrate-protein supplement timing on the attenuation of exercise-induced muscle damage
Cockburn, E., Stevenson, E., Hayes, P. R., Robson-Ansley, P., & Howatson, G. (2010) · Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism · doi:10.1139/h10-017 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Effects of bovine colostrum supplementation on immune variables in highly trained cyclists
Shing, C. M., Peake, J. M., Suzuki, K., Okutsu, M., Pereira, R., Stevenson, L., Jenkins, D. G., & Coombes, J. S. (2006) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00553.2006 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Comparison of Carbohydrate and Milk-Based Beverages on Muscle Damage and Glycogen Following Exercise
Wojcik, J. R., Walberg-Rankin, J., Smith, L. L., & Gwazdauskas, F. C. (2001) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.11.4.406 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Carbohydrate and Protein Hydrolysate Coingestion’s Improvement of Late-Exercise Time-Trial Performance
Saunders, M. J., Moore, R. W., Kies, A. K., Luden, N. D., & Pratt, C. A. (2009) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.19.2.136 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Effects of pre-exercise ingestion of differing amounts of carbohydrate on subsequent metabolism and cycling performance
Jentjens, R. L. P. G., Cale, C., Gutch, C., & Jeukendrup, A. E. (2003) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-002-0727-9 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Carbohydrate and carbohydrate + protein for cycling time-trial performance
Osterberg, K. L., Zachwieja, J. J., & Smith, J. W. (2007) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640410701459730 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Blood Leukocyte mRNA Expression for IL-10, IL-1Ra, and IL-8, but Not IL-6, Increases After Exercise
Nieman, D. C., Henson, D. A., Davis, J. M., Dumke, C. L., Utter, A. C., Murphy, E. A., Pearce, S., Gojanovich, G. S., McAnulty, S. R., & McAnulty, L. S. (2006) · Journal of Interferon & Cytokine Research · doi:10.1089/jir.2006.26.668 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Aerobic Exercise Training Adaptations Are Increased by Postexercise Carbohydrate-Protein Supplementation
Ferguson-Stegall, L. M., McCleave, E. L., Ding, Z., Doerner, P. G., Liu, Y., Wang, B., Healy, M. E., Kleinert, M., Dessard, B., Lassiter, D. G., et al. (2011) · Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism · doi:10.1155/2011/623182 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Self-citation
Postexercise Carbohydrate-Protein-Antioxidant Ingestion Decreases Plasma Creatine Kinase and Muscle Soreness
Luden, N. D., Saunders, M. J., & Todd, M. K. (2007) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.17.1.109 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Impact of protein and carbohydrate supplementation on plasma volume expansion and thermoregulatory adaptation by aerobic training in older men
Okazaki, K., Ichinose, T., Mitono, H., Chen, M., Masuki, S., Endoh, H., Hayase, H., Doi, T., & Nosé, H. (2009) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.91265.2008 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
The addition of fenugreek extract (Trigonella foenum-graecum) to glucose feeding increases muscle glycogen resynthesis after exercise
Ruby, B. C., Gaskill, S. E., Slivka, D., & Harger, S. G. (2005) · Amino Acids · doi:10.1007/s00726-004-0143-z · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Pre-Exercise Carbohydrate Meal and Endurance Running Capacity when Carbohydrates are Ingested During Exercise
Chryssanthopoulos, C., & Williams, C. (1997) · International Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1055/s-2007-972679 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Post-exercise carbohydrate plus whey protein hydrolysates supplementation increases skeletal muscle glycogen level in rats.
Morifuji, M., Kanda, A., Koga, J., Kawanaka, K., & Higuchi, M. (2010) · Amino Acids · doi:10.1007/s00726-009-0321-0 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
The effects of supplemental carbohydrate ingestion on intermittent isokinetic leg exercise.
Haff, G. G., Schroeder, C. A., Koch, A. J., Kuphal, K. E., Comeau, M. J., & Potteiger, J. A. (2001) · PubMed · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Effects of Graded Carbohydrate Supplementation on the Immune Response in Cycling
Scharhag, J., Meyer, T., Auracher, M., Gabriel, H. H. W., & Kindermann, W. (2006) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/01.mss.0000191437.69493.d4 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
A single protein meal increases recovery of muscle function following an acute eccentric exercise bout
Etheridge, T., Philp, A., & Watt, P. (2008) · Applied Physiology Nutrition and Metabolism · doi:10.1139/h08-028 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Effect of pre-exercise fructose ingestion on endurance performance in fed men
OKANO, G., Takeda, H., Morita, I., KATOH, M., MU, Z., & MIYAKE, S. (1988) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/00005768-198820020-00001 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Whey Protein Does Not Enhance the Adaptations to Elbow Flexor Resistance Training
ERSKINE, R. M., FLETCHER, G., HANSON, B., & FOLLAND, J. P. (2012) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e318256c48d · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Carbohydrate-protein coingestion improves multiple-sprint running performance
Highton, J. M., Twist, C., Lamb, K., & Nicholas, C. (2012) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640414.2012.735370 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Effect of carbohydrate supplements and water on exercise metabolism in the heat
Yaspelkis, B. B., & Ivy, J. L. (1991) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1991.71.2.680 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Self-citation
The Effect of a Low Carbohydrate Beverage with Added Protein on Cycling Endurance Performance in Trained Athletes
Ferguson-Stegall, L. M., McCleave, E. L., Ding, Z., Kammer, L., Wang, B., Doerner, P. G., Liu, Y., & Ivy, J. L. (2010) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0b013e3181ecccca · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Self-citation
Effect of amino acid and glucose administration during postexercise recovery on protein kinetics in dogs
Okamura, K., Doi, T., Hamada, K., Sakurai, M., Matsumoto, K., Imaizumi, K., Yoshioka, Y., Shimizu, S., & Suzuki, M. (1997) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.1997.272.6.e1023 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Comparison between Carbohydrate Feedings before and during Exercise on Running Performance during a 30-km Treadmill Time Trial
Chryssanthopoulos, C., Williams, C., Wilson, W., Asher, L., & Hearne, L. (1994) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition · doi:10.1123/ijsn.4.4.374 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Effects of carbohydrate ingestion 15 min before exercise on endurance running capacity
Tokmakidis, S. P., & Karamanolis, I. A. (2008) · Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism · doi:10.1139/h08-012 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
A Low Carbohydrate–Protein Supplement Improves Endurance Performance in Female Athletes
McCleave, E. L., Ferguson-Stegall, L. M., Ding, Z., Doerner, P. G., Wang, B., Kammer, L., & Ivy, J. L. (2011) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0b013e318207e98c · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Self-citation
Effect of Meal Timing after Resistance Exercise on Hindlimb Muscle Mass and Fat Accumulation in Trained Rats.
Suzuki, M., Doi, T., Sang Jik, L. E. E., Okamura, K., SHIMIZU, S., Okano, G., Sato, Y., Shimomura, Y., & Fushiki, T. (1999) · Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology · doi:10.3177/jnsv.45.401 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Pre-exercise carbohydrate and fluid ingestion: influence of glycemic response on 10-km treadmill running performance in the heat.
Mitchell, J. B., Braun, W. A., Pizza, F. X., & Forrest, M. (2000) · PubMed · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Nutrient Timing: The Future of Sports Nutrition
Ivy, J. L., & Portman, R. (2004) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Self-citation
Effects of Supplemental Carbohydrate Ingestion During Superimposed Electromyostimulation Exercise in Elite Weightlifters
Wax, B., Kavazis, A. N., & Brown, S. P. (2013) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0b013e31828c26ec · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Does a pre-exercise carbohydrate feeding improve a 20-km cross-country ski performance?
Francescato, M. P., & Puntel, I. (2006) · PubMed · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Inter-Study Examination of Physiological Variables Associated with Improved Endurance Performance with Carbohydrate/Protein Administration
Saunders, M. J., Todd, M. K., Valentine, R. J., et al. (2006) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/00005768-200605001-01401 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

Flagged first, then by citations

Sorted by citations

The 4R’s Framework of Nutritional Strategies for Post-Exercise Recovery: A Review with Emphasis on New Generation of Carbohydrates
Bonilla, D. A., Pérez-Idárraga, A., Odriozola-Martínez, A., & Kreider, R. B. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18010103 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Pre- versus post-exercise protein intake has similar effects on muscular adaptations
Schoenfeld, B. J., Aragon, A., Wilborn, C., Urbina, S. L., Hayward, S. E., & Krieger, J. (2017) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.2825 · Cited by 33 · see citing works

Potent induction of the adaptive response by a weak mutagen, methyl iodide, in Escherichia coli
Takahashi, K., & Kawazoe, Y. (1987) · Mutation research. Fundamental and molecular mechanisms of mutagenesis · doi:10.1016/0027-5107(87)90211-9 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Understanding of Adaptive Response: A Study from Animal Systems
Vasudev, V., & Gurushankara, H. P. (2022) · Biodiversity · doi:10.1201/9781003220398-17 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
[Variability of radiation-induced adaptive response in old age individuals and their correction by Peptide bioregulator -Livagen].
Dzhokhadze, T. A., Buadze, T. Z., Na, D., et al. (2008) · PubMed · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Potential Roles of Exercise-Induced Plasma Metabolites Linking Exercise to Health Benefits
Yang, Y. R., & Kwon, K. (2020) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2020.602748 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Change of muscle response by condition of muscle tissue and exogenous factors
Bloch, W. (2010) · Experimental Physiology · doi:10.1113/expphysiol.2010.052829

Authors: Ivy, J. L., & Ferguson-Stegall, L. M.
Affiliations: The University of Texas at Austin (US)
ORCID: Ivy, John L.
Ferguson-Stegall, Lisa M.
Venue: American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 2013-10-07
Volume: 8
Issue: 4
Pages: 246-259
ISSN: 1559-8276 (ISSN-L)
1559-8284
DOI: 10.1177/1559827613502444
OpenAlex: W2038609306
Cited by: 22
References: 134
Citations by year: 2026: 4 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 3 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 2 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 2
FWCI: 0.77
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine (publishedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
Health Sciences › Medicine › Rehabilitation › Exercise and Physiological Responses
Keywords: nutrient timing, sports nutrition, exercise performance, post-exercise recovery, training effects, pre-exercise nutrition, post-exercise nutrition, athletes, lifestyle-related chronic diseases

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Nutrient Timing: The Means to Improved Exercise Performance, Recovery, and Training Adaptation

Abstract

Integrity signals

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Cites

Cited by

Related

Record

About these checks