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The Importance of a Sport-Specific Stimulus for Training Agility
Abstract
THE PURPOSE OF THIS ARTICLE IS TO REVIEW RECENT EVIDENCE TO HELP GUIDE THE TRAINING OF AGILITY. AGILITY SKILL USUALLY INVOLVES REACTING TO A STIMULUS BEFORE PERFORMING A MOVEMENT WITH A CHANGE OF DIRECTION OR VELOCITY. RESEARCH HAS SHOWN THAT BETTER PERFORMERS CAN BE DISTINGUISHED FROM LOWER SKILLED ATHLETES BY THE ABILITY TO QUICKLY AND ACCURATELY REACT TO OPPONENT’S MOVEMENTS, BUT NOT TO A GENERIC STIMULUS SUCH AS A FLASHING LIGHT. THEREFORE, TRAINING FOR AGILITY SHOULD INCLUDE A PERCEPTUAL AND DECISION-MAKING COMPONENT INVOLVING REACTING TO MOVEMENTS OF OTHERS, AND THIS MAY BE ACCOMPLISHED WITH EVASIVE DRILLS OR SMALL-SIDED GAMES.
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The present study extends literature that ties agility and reaction time to perceptual-cognitive factors and sport-specific stimuli by showing that a brief, structured psychological intervention can enhance these motor outcomes alongside mental-health indicators.
“The present study extends literature that ties agility and reaction time to perceptual–cognitive factors and sport-specific stimuli [3,4,5,6,7,9,10,11,12,13,15,68] by showing that a brief, structured psychological intervention can enhance these motor outcomes alongside mental-health indicators.”
From Effects of the SmartACT Intervention on Motor and Psychological Variables in Adolescent Athletes: A Controlled Trial Using BlazePod and Microgate. (2025) · cites this paper as [7]
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Altmann, S., Ringhof, S., Neumann, R., Wöll, A., & Rumpf, M. C. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0220982 · Cited by 175
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Dos’Santos, T., McBurnie, A. J., THOMAS, C. R., Comfort, P., & Jones, P. A. (2019) · Strength and conditioning journal · doi:10.1519/ssc.0000000000000461 · Cited by 70
“The 3 phases shift from block, to serial, to random practice (25,75), with progressive increases in intensity (through approach velocity and COD angle) (24), specificity (introduction of sport-specific stimuli), complexity, and contextual interference (10,75,113).”
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“While sport-specific stimuli have been recommended for reactive agility tests to create a realistic representation (Young & Farrow, 2013), the arrow stimulus was appropriate to examine the processes associated with reacting to an unpredictable stimulus.”
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“In addition, the COD requirements vary for different playing positions and sports.(98,99) There are examples from running studies, where in-lab movements are different from real life movements and there is more variability in game situations, which requires repeated measurements to establish typical movement patterns.”
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Trajković, N., Sporiš, G., Krističević, T., Madić, D. M., & Bogataj, Š. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17113839 · Cited by 45
“On the contrary, light or arrow based stimuli do not provide the opportunity for the use of perceptual or anticipatory skills because the light is off before the reaction [15].”
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“Previous studies have demonstrated mediating effects of stimulus–response compatibility in baseball players (Nakamoto & Mori, 2008) and that stimulus specificity has implications in training agility and athletic performance (Young & Farrow, 2013).”
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Dos’Santos, T., McBurnie, A. J., THOMAS, C. R., Jones, P. A., & Harper, D. J. (2022) · Strength and conditioning journal · doi:10.1519/ssc.0000000000000697 · Cited by 28
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BackgroundPengembangan Pembelajaran Kebugaran Jasmani Unsur Kelincahan Berbasis Multimedia Interaktif
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“Within the literature, agility has been referred to by several definitions [13,14,16-20].”
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“The task involved following a visually guided LED sequence on a footwork panel, emphasizing both accuracy and response time (30).”
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“inappropriate because they do not allow athletes to deploy their anticipation skills (28).”
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“…attacking or defending in isolation (Gabbett et al., 2011; Green et al., 2011; Henry et al., 2011; Jeffriess et al., 2015; Lockie, Jeffriess et al., 2014; Lockie, Schultz et al., 2014; A. Scanlan et al., 2014; Scanlan et al., 2016; Serpell et al., 2010; Sheppard et al., 2006; Young & Farrow, 2013).”
BackgroundRelationship Between Cognitive Functions and Agility Performance in Elite Young Male Soccer Players
Matlák, J., Fridvalszki, M., Kóródi, V., Szamosszegi, G., Pólyán, E., Kovács, B., Kolozs, B., Langmár, G., & Rácz, L. (2023) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000004644 · Cited by 9
“One possible reason for the weak-to-moderate relationship and relatively low common variance among agility test results and Vienna test results is that the laboratory-based test uses general visual stimuli (lights, sounds) instead of sport-specific visual stimuli (movement of a person) (36).”
BackgroundБойчук, Р., Єрмаков, С., Nosko, M. O., Nosko, Y. M., Васкан, І., Korop, M., Куртова, Г., & Гращенкова, Ж. (2023) · Pedagogy of Physical Culture and Sports · doi:10.15561/26649837.2023.0410 · Cited by 7
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“Acknowledging the physical and conditional differences between light and human stimuli (Nimphius, 2014; W. Young & Farrow, 2013), the employment of this type of stimuli may explain the arrested development of these qualities in older, more mature participants within our study.”
BackgroundCarvajal-Espinoza, R., Talpey, S., & Salazar-Rojas, W. (2023) · International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching · doi:10.1177/17479541231160894 · Cited by 4
“Although not statistically different from the other methods, This result aligns with findings from previous studies indicating that training methods with greater specificity will have a greater transfer to COD performance.(6,74,76,78) Within this meta-analysis, the agility category included studies of small sided-game…”
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“Agility involves not just speed but also balance, coordination, and spatial orientation [36, 37], all crucial for daily activities and preventing falls in older adults [38, 39].”
BackgroundHaryesa, M. A., & Hariyoko, H. (2021) · Sport Science and Health · doi:10.17977/um062v3i22021p78-84 · Cited by 4
Dietze-Hermosa, M., Montalvo, S., Cubillos, N. R., Gonzalez, M., & Dorgo, S. (2020) · Journal of Physical Education and Sport · doi:10.7752/jpes.2020.s3280 · Cited by 4
“Agility is important in athletic events such as soccer, basketball, football, and hockey where emphasis is placed on the ability to change directions quickly(Warren Young & Farrow, 2013).”
BackgroundMajkić, B., Stojanović, N., Lilić, A., & Milanović, Z. (2025) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000005120 · Cited by 3
Effect of footwork exercises on agility and balance among badminton players of Vadodara
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“Research on this topic indicates that in the training process of young basketball players who have achieved a high level of skill, 70% of the time spent assessing coordination preparedness should be dedicated to specific tests [21, 22].”
Timea, B. M., Carmen, C.-B., Nicolae, O. M., Nicola, M., Teodor, G. V., Maria, S. A., Cornelia, P., Hervás-Gómez, C., Florina, G. E., & Dan, M. (2025) · Children · doi:10.3390/children12101338 · Cited by 2
“Contemporary accounts emphasize reactive agility—changes in direction in response to sport-specific cues—because it better captures real game demands and predicts talent more accurately than pre-planned agility [5,7,14], with implications for identification and development pathways [4,6,7,15].”
InfluentialPaul, D. J., & Akenhead, R. (2017) · Strength and conditioning journal · doi:10.1519/ssc.0000000000000361 · Cited by 2
Fridvalszki, M., Matlák, J., Rácz, L., Fekete, D., Dudás, D., Tróznai, Z., Annár, D., Utczás, K., & Petridis, L. (2024) · International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport · doi:10.1080/24748668.2024.2411110 · Cited by 2
“Although these tests are considered to assess in-water agility, light stimuli have been suggested to require limited perceptual-cognitive abilities and may not replicate sport-specific perceptual demands (Oliver & Meyers, 2009; W. Young & Farrow, 2013).”
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Romadhoni, W. N., Nasuka, N., Priambodo, E. N., Candra, A. R. D., & Wicaksono, A. (2024) · Altius Jurnal Ilmu Olahraga dan Kesehatan · doi:10.36706/altius.v12i2.25 · Cited by 1
“Broadly speaking, agility can be defined as the result of a response to a stimulus obtained from changes in the speed or direction of body movement (Young & Farrow, 2013).”
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del Campo, V. L., Miranda, J. M. P., & Martín, J. M. (2020) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.1177/0031512520917806 · Cited by 1
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Vision testing and visual training in sport
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Liefeith, A. (2019) · CLOK (University of Central Lancashire)
PATRICIO, M. V. (2022) · International Journal of Research Publications · doi:10.47119/ijrp1001031620223392
An agility training model for wheelchair court tennis athletes: An experimental study
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“Several study outcomes encourage our findings, as one study suggests that evasive drills or small sided games simulate the unpredictability of actual game scenarios and help athletes improve their agility skills ( Young & Farrow, 2013 ).”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Young, W., & Farrow, D.
- Affiliations
- Federation University (AU)
- Victoria University (AU)
- Venue
- Strength & Conditioning Journal
- Published
- 2013-04
- Volume
- 35
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 39-43
- ISSN
- 1073-6840 (ISSN-L)
- 1524-1602
- OpenAlex
- W2333441086
- Cited by
- 72
- References
- 30
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 7 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 1.37
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Strength and conditioning journal (publishedVersion)
- FedUni ResearchOnline (Federation University Australia) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Sport Psychology and Performance
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation › Physical Education and Training Studies
- Keywords
- agility training, perceptual-cognitive skills, reaction time, decision-making, change of direction, small-sided games, perceptual-cognitive training
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