Agility literature review: Classifications, training and testing
Abstract
At present, no agreement on a precise definition of agility within the sports science community exists. The term is applied to a broad range of sport contexts, but with such great inconsistency, it further complicates our understanding of what trainable components may enhance agility. A new definition of agility is proposed: "a rapid whole-body movement with change of velocity or direction in response to a stimulus". Agility has relationships with trainable physical qualities such as strength, power and technique, as well as cognitive components such as visual-scanning techniques, visual-scanning speed and anticipation. Agility testing is generally confined to tests of physical components such as change of direction speed, or cognitive components such as anticipation and pattern recognition. New tests of agility that combine physical and cognitive measures are encouraged.
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The present study extends literature that ties agility and reaction time to perceptual-cognitive factors and sport-specific stimuli by showing that a brief, structured psychological intervention can enhance these motor outcomes alongside mental-health indicators.
“The present study extends literature that ties agility and reaction time to perceptual–cognitive factors and sport-specific stimuli [3,4,5,6,7,9,10,11,12,13,15,68] by showing that a brief, structured psychological intervention can enhance these motor outcomes alongside mental-health indicators.”
From Effects of the SmartACT Intervention on Motor and Psychological Variables in Adolescent Athletes: A Controlled Trial Using BlazePod and Microgate. (2025) · cites this paper as [3]
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Michailidis, Y., Fatouros, I. G., Primpa, E., Michailidis, C., Avloniti, A. A., Chatzinikolaou, A., Álvarez, J. C. B., Tsoukas, D., DOUROUDOS, I. I., Draganidis, D., et al. (2012) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0b013e3182541ec6 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Validity and reliability of speed tests used in soccer: A systematic review
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“Moreover, change-of-direction sprinting comprises preplanned whole-body changes of directions as well as rapid movements and direction changes of the limbs [11,12].”
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“However, such possibilities should be further researched (as should the effect of maturation) in youth players, specifically considering the relationships between maturation, the development of the central nervous system and increases in fascicle length [80].”
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Marshall, B., Franklyn‐Miller, A., King, E. A., Moran, K., Strike, S. C., & Falvey, É. C. (2014) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000000463 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
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Time-Motion Analysis of Italian Elite Women's Basketball Games
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Physiological Responses to Shuttle Repeated-Sprint Running
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The Effects of 8-Week Plyometric Training on Physical Performance in Young Tennis Players
Fernández-Fernández, J., de Villarreal, E. S., Rivas, D. S., & Moya‐Ramón, M. (2015) · Pediatric Exercise Science · doi:10.1123/pes.2015-0019 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
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“Agility has been defined as “a rapid whole-body movement with change of speed or direction in response to a stimulus” (Sheppard and Young, 2006).”
BackgroundReliability and Generality of Measures of Acceleration, Planned Agility, and Reactive Agility
Oliver, J. L., & Meyers, R. W. (2009) · International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance · doi:10.1123/ijspp.4.3.345 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
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The 5S organizational agility framework: a dynamic capabilities perspective
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Long-Term Strength Training Effects on Change-of-Direction Sprint Performance
Keiner, M., Sander, A., WIRTH, K. J., & Schmidtbleicher, D. (2013) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0b013e318295644b · Cited by 134 · see citing works
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“Sheppard and Young (27) proposed that COD is determined by a mix of different motor skills, such as linear speed, ability to decelerate and accelerate rapidly, and reactive strength (27).”
BackgroundInfluentialAcute Effects of Carbohydrate Supplementation on Intermittent Sports Performance
Baker, L. B., Rollo, I., Stein, K. W., & Jeukendrup, A. E. (2015) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu7075249 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
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Strength Training for Athletes: Does It Really Help Sports Performance?
McGuigan, M. R., WRIGHT, G. A., & Fleck, S. J. (2012) · International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance · doi:10.1123/ijspp.7.1.2 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
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Unilateral vs. Bilateral Squat Training for Strength, Sprints, and Agility in Academy Rugby Players
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Anthropometric and Physical Qualities of Elite Male Youth Rugby League Players
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“Several mechanisms may help explain CODA improvements, some of which may be related with the previously discussed improvements in jumping performance, in addition to reactive and eccentric strength (39).”
BackgroundReactive agility of rugby league players
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Strength and agility training in adolescents with Down syndrome: A randomized controlled trial
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Validity and Reliability of New Agility Test among Elite and Subelite under 14-Soccer Players
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Acute effects of static and dynamic stretching on balance, agility, reaction time and movement time.
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In-Season Effect of Short-Term Sprint and Power Training Programs on Elite Junior Soccer Players
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Agility in Young Athletes: Is It a Different Ability From Speed and Power?
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A Testing Battery for the Assessment of Fitness in Soccer Players
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Analysis of a reactive agility field test
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The Development of a New Test of Agility for Rugby League
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- Authors
- Sheppard, J. M., & Young, W. B.
- Affiliations
- Federation University (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Sheppard, J. M.
- Venue
- Journal of Sports Sciences
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2006-09
- Volume
- 24
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 919-932
- ISSN
- 0264-0414 (ISSN-L)
- 1466-447X
- OpenAlex
- W2001840036
- Cited by
- 1,707
- References
- 60
- Citations by year
- 2026: 167 · 2025: 140 · 2024: 143 · 2023: 137 · 2022: 148 · 2021: 138 · 2020: 139 · 2019: 105 · 2018: 93 · 2017: 87 · 2016: 87 · 2015: 72 · 2014: 69 · 2013: 57 · 2012: 38
- FWCI
- 12.90
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Sports Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- FedUni ResearchOnline (Federation University Australia) (submittedVersion, public-domain)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Sport Psychology and Performance
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation › Physical Education and Training Studies
- Keywords
- agility, agility training, agility test, change of direction speed, visual exploration, anticipation, pattern recognition, physical properties, cognitive factors, strength and power
- MeSH terms
- Acceleration, Anthropometry, Cognition, Humans, Leg, Movement, Running, Sports, Muscle Strength
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