Understanding Priming Effects in Social Psychology: An Overview and Integration
Abstract
Although much debate has recently focused on the robustness of certain types of priming effects in social psychology, few attempts have been made to examine the full breadth of this literature and consider what is known about priming and what is still left to learn. The goal of this special issue of Social Cognition was to provide such consideration. This final article of the special issue provides a brief overview and integration of the insights provided in each of the other articles included, focusing primarily on revelations about (a) the greater need for clarity and precision in conceptualizing and communicating about priming effects, (b) the issues concerning expectations of replication and when priming effects should occur, and (c) the new insights about the psychological processes by which primes activate stored representations and by which these activated representations are applied to judgment and behavior.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Several prominent examples of behavioral priming have proven difficult to replicate.
“Several prominent examples of behavioral priming have proven difficult to replicate56,57”
From Accuracy prompts are a replicable and generalizable approach for reducing the spread of misinformation (2022) · cites this paper as [57]
Cites
Conditional automaticity: Varieties of automatic influence in social perception and cognition.
Bargh, J. A. (1989) · Cited by 975 · see citing works
The Value of Direct Replication
Simons, D. J. (2014) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691613514755 · Cited by 630 · see citing works
The alleged crisis and the illusion of exact replication
Stroebe, W., & Strack, F. (2014) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691613514450 · Cited by 597 · see citing works
Priming, Replication, and the Hardest Science
Cesario, J. (2014) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691613513470 · Cited by 320 · see citing works
Understanding Priming Effects in Social Psychology: What is “Social Priming” and How does it Occur?
Molden, D. C. (2014) · Social Cognition · doi:10.1521/soco.2014.32.supp.1 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
Self-citationOn the Other Side of the Mirror: Priming in Cognitive and Social Psychology
Doyen, S., Klein, O., Simons, D. J., & Cleeremans, A. (2014) · Social Cognition · doi:10.1521/soco.2014.32.supp.12 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Bargh, J. A. (2014) · Social Cognition · doi:10.1521/soco.2014.32.supp.209 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Dunham, Y. C., Newheiser, A., Hoosain, L., Merrill, A. C., & Olson, K. R. (2014) · Social Cognition · doi:10.1521/soco.2014.32.1.1 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Understanding Prime-to-Behavior Effects: Insights from the Active-Self Account
Wheeler, S. C., DeMarree, K. G., & Petty, R. E. (2014) · Social Cognition · doi:10.1521/soco.2014.32.supp.109 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Priming is not Priming is not Priming
Wentura, D., & Rothermund, K. (2014) · Social Cognition · doi:10.1521/soco.2014.32.supp.47 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Situated Inferences and the What, Who, and Where of Priming
Loersch, C., & Payne, B. (2014) · Social Cognition · doi:10.1521/soco.2014.32.supp.137 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Priming…Shmiming: It's About KnowingWhenandWhyStimulated Memory Representations Become Active
Higgins, E. T., & Eitam, B. (2014) · Social Cognition · doi:10.1521/soco.2014.32.supp.225 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Lakens, D. (2014) · Social Cognition · doi:10.1521/soco.2014.32.supp.168 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Prime Numbers: Anchoring and its Implications for Theories of Behavior Priming
Newell, B. R., & Shanks, D. R. (2014) · Social Cognition · doi:10.1521/soco.2014.32.supp.88 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
9. Mathematical modeling of implicit social cognition: the machine in the ghost
Sherman, J. W., Klauer, K. C., & Allen, T. J. (2010) · eScholarship (California Digital Library) · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Effects of Evaluation: An Example of Robust “Social” Priming
Ferguson, M. J., & Mann, T. C. (2014) · Social Cognition · doi:10.1521/soco.2014.32.supp.33 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Cesario, J., & Jonas, K. J. (2014) · Social Cognition · doi:10.1521/soco.2014.32.supp.124 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Religiousness and aggression in adolescents: The mediating roles of self-control and compassion.
Shepperd, J. A., Miller, W. A., & Smith, C. (2015) · Aggressive Behavior · doi:10.1002/ab.21600 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Fujita, K., & Yaacov Trope, B. (2014) · Social Cognition · doi:10.1521/soco.2014.32.supp.68 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Evaluating Behavior Priming Research: Three Observations and a Recommendation
Dijksterhuis, A., van Knippenberg, A., & Holland, R. W. (2014) · Social Cognition · doi:10.1521/soco.2014.32.supp.196 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Priming: Constraint Satisfaction and Interactive Competition
Schröder, T., & Thagard, P. R. (2014) · Social Cognition · doi:10.1521/soco.2014.32.supp.152 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Priming from Others' Observed or Simulated Responses
Smith, E. R., & Mackie, D. M. (2014) · Social Cognition · doi:10.1521/soco.2014.32.supp.184 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Shariff, A., Willard, A. K., Andersen, T., & Ara Norenzayan, A. (2015) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/1088868314568811 · Cited by 493 · see citing works
Pennycook, G., & Rand, D. G. (2022) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-022-30073-5 · Cited by 270 · see citing works
Understanding Priming Effects in Social Psychology: What is “Social Priming” and How does it Occur?
Molden, D. C. (2014) · Social Cognition · doi:10.1521/soco.2014.32.supp.1 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
Self-citationAn Enumerative Review and a Meta‐Analysis of Primed Goal Effects on Organizational Behavior
Chen, X., Latham, G., Piccolo, R. F., & Itzchakov, G. (2020) · Applied Psychology · doi:10.1111/apps.12239 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
On the Other Side of the Mirror: Priming in Cognitive and Social Psychology
Doyen, S., Klein, O., Simons, D. J., & Cleeremans, A. (2014) · Social Cognition · doi:10.1521/soco.2014.32.supp.12 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Bargh, J. A. (2014) · Social Cognition · doi:10.1521/soco.2014.32.supp.209 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Why did I do that? Explaining actions activated outside of awareness
Gantman, A. P., Adriaanse, M. A., Gollwitzer, P. M., & Oettingen, G. (2017) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/s13423-017-1260-5 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Dunham, Y. C., Newheiser, A., Hoosain, L., Merrill, A. C., & Olson, K. R. (2014) · Social Cognition · doi:10.1521/soco.2014.32.1.1 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Situated conceptualization offers a theoretical account of social priming
Barsalou, L. W. (2016) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2016.04.009 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Attachment Security Priming: A Meta-Analysis
Gillath, O., Karantzas, G. C., Romano, D. A., & Karantzas, K. M. (2022) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/10888683211054592 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Perceived crisis and reforms: Issues, explanations, and remedies.
de Boeck, P. A. L., & Jeon, M. (2018) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000154 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Priming is not Priming is not Priming
Wentura, D., & Rothermund, K. (2014) · Social Cognition · doi:10.1521/soco.2014.32.supp.47 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Continuity fields enhance visual perception through positive serial dependence
Manassi, M., & Whitney, D. C. (2024) · Nature Reviews Psychology · doi:10.1038/s44159-024-00297-x · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Situated Inferences and the What, Who, and Where of Priming
Loersch, C., & Payne, B. (2014) · Social Cognition · doi:10.1521/soco.2014.32.supp.137 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Religiousness and aggression in adolescents: The mediating roles of self-control and compassion.
Shepperd, J. A., Miller, W. A., & Smith, C. (2015) · Aggressive Behavior · doi:10.1002/ab.21600 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Prime Numbers: Anchoring and its Implications for Theories of Behavior Priming
Newell, B. R., & Shanks, D. R. (2014) · Social Cognition · doi:10.1521/soco.2014.32.supp.88 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Effects of Evaluation: An Example of Robust “Social” Priming
Ferguson, M. J., & Mann, T. C. (2014) · Social Cognition · doi:10.1521/soco.2014.32.supp.33 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Cesario, J., & Jonas, K. J. (2014) · Social Cognition · doi:10.1521/soco.2014.32.supp.124 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Fujita, K., & Yaacov Trope, B. (2014) · Social Cognition · doi:10.1521/soco.2014.32.supp.68 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Optimising nudges and boosts for financial decisions under uncertainty
Franklin, M., Folke, T., & Ruggeri, K. (2019) · Humanities and Social Sciences Communications · doi:10.1057/s41599-019-0321-y · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Prime and Performance: Can a CEO Motivate Employees Without Their Awareness?
Stajković, A. D., Latham, G. P., Sergent, K., & Peterson, S. J. (2018) · Journal of Business and Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10869-018-9598-x · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Evaluating Behavior Priming Research: Three Observations and a Recommendation
Dijksterhuis, A., van Knippenberg, A., & Holland, R. W. (2014) · Social Cognition · doi:10.1521/soco.2014.32.supp.196 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Priming: Constraint Satisfaction and Interactive Competition
Schröder, T., & Thagard, P. R. (2014) · Social Cognition · doi:10.1521/soco.2014.32.supp.152 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Zipagan, F. B., & Tan, L. J. T. G. (2023) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-023-02183-8 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Cognitive Fusion Mediates the Impact of Attachment Imagery on Paranoia and Anxiety
Sood, M., & Newman‐Taylor, K. (2020) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-020-10127-y · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Establishing Generalizable Mechanisms
Barsalou, L. W. (2019) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1080/1047840x.2019.1693857 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Alken, A., Luursema, J.-M., Weenk, M., Yauw, S., Fluit, C., & van Goor, H. (2018) · The American Journal of Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.amjsurg.2017.08.011 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
A Randomized Field Experiment to Explore the Impact of Herding Cues as Catalysts for Adoption
Feng, Y., Claggett, J. L., Karahanna, E., & Tam, K. Y. (2022) · MIS Quarterly · doi:10.25300/misq/2022/16141 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
A Tale of Two Comprehensions? Analyzing Student Programmer Attention during Code Summarization
Karas, Z., Bansal, A., Zhang, Y., Li, T. J.-J., McMillan, C., & Huang, Y. (2024) · ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology · doi:10.1145/3664808 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Evaluating the Replicability of Social Priming Studies
Giolla, E. M., Karlsson, S., Neequaye, D. A., & Bergquist, M. (2024) · Meta-Psychology · doi:10.15626/mp.2022.3308 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
The Effect of a Context‐Specific Primed Goal on Goal Commitment and Team Performance
Latham, G. P., Hu, J., & Brcic, J. (2019) · Applied Psychology · doi:10.1111/apps.12207 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Latt, P., Soe, N. N., Fairley, C., Xu, X.-H., King, A. J., Rahman, R., Ong, J., Phillips, T., & Zhang, L. (2024) · Sexually Transmitted Infections · doi:10.1136/sextrans-2023-055978 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Tang, H., Lu, X., Su, R., Liang, Z., Mai, X., & Liu, C. (2017) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsx036 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Routray, R., & Khandelwal, K. (2024) · Asian Education and Development Studies · doi:10.1108/aeds-06-2024-0115 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
A motivational systems approach to investigating opinions on climate change
Molden, D. C., Bayes, R., & Druckman, J. N. (2022) · Thinking & Reasoning · doi:10.1080/13546783.2021.1982003 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Self-citationGraphicon Evolution on the Chinese Social Media Platform BiliBili
Zhang, Y., Herring, S. C., & Gan, S. (2022) · doi:10.18653/v1/2022.emoji-1.9 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Social cues can impact complex behavior unconsciously
Schütz, C., Güldenpenning, I., Koester, D., & Schack, T. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-77646-2 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
The Causal Effect of Cultural Identity on Cooperation
Butler, J. V., & Fehr, D. (2021) · Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization · doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2024.03.002 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Yin, J., Feng, Y., & Liu, Y. (2024) · Marketing Science · doi:10.1287/mksc.2020.0180 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Arkhipova, D., & Janssen, M. (2024) · Semiotica · doi:10.1515/sem-2023-0089 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Priming from Others' Observed or Simulated Responses
Smith, E. R., & Mackie, D. M. (2014) · Social Cognition · doi:10.1521/soco.2014.32.supp.184 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Moving beyond unwise replication practices: The case of romantic motivation.
Sundie, J. M., Beal, D. J., Neuberg, S. L., & Kenrick, D. T. (2019) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/xge0000527 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
How automatic activation of emotion regulation influences experiencing negative emotions
Kobylińska, D., & Karwowska, D. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01628 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Weber, L., Shantz, A. S., Kistruck, G. M., & Lount, R. B. (2023) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/01492063231196556 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Flecha-Ortiz, J. A., Rivera-Guevarrez, R., Santos‐Corrada, M., & Fonseca, M. (2024) · Journal of Political Marketing · doi:10.1080/15377857.2024.2397964 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Pearson, K. R. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-84248-2_6 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
The effect of the synchrony experience on product evaluation
Ye, X., Guo, Z., & Ye, J. (2019) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.11.024 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Non-motor cues do not generate the perception of self-agency: A critique of cue-integration
Reddy, N. N. (2022) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2022.103359 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Cai, Y., Wu, Y., Liu, Y., & Majeed, S. (2025) · Journal of Sustainable Tourism · doi:10.1080/09669582.2025.2531387 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
When trust turns digital: Public support for online crime reporting
Jackson, J., Bradford, B., Chan, A., & Lee, Y. (2025) · Journal of Experimental Criminology · doi:10.1007/s11292-025-09713-5 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Upton, S. R., Renshaw, T. L., & Morice, A. (2022) · Mental Health Religion & Culture · doi:10.1080/13674676.2022.2106199 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Testing the effect of cooperative/competitive priming on the Prisoner’s Dilemma. A replication study
Belaus, A., Reyna, C., & Freidín, E. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0209263 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
The effects of priming subjective control on reports of fear
Kaufmann, M., & Neumann, R. (2019) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-019-09763-z · Cited by 3 · see citing works
The role of information in shaping inflation expectations and perceptions: A survey experiment
Matinyan, A., Kilejian, A., Minasyan, G., & Shirkhanyan, A. (2026) · Journal of Macroeconomics · doi:10.1016/j.jmacro.2026.103754 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Wong, H. L., & Kahsay, H. B. (2022) · Review of Development Economics · doi:10.1111/rode.12960 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Cognitively Accessible Words Associated with God as Effective Lexical Primes
Kitchens, M. B., Lang, I. M., Petrasic, S. E., Remper, B. C., & Wilson, B. M. (2022) · Journal for the Cognitive Science of Religion · doi:10.1558/jcsr.22679 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
The Effect of Mental Activation of One’s Pet Dog on Stress Reactivity
Rodriguez, K. E., Graham, D. J., & Lucas‐Thompson, R. G. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20216995 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Natoli, A. P. (2025) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/10731911251326371 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
The Janus Face of Psychometrics
de Boeck, P. A. L., & Gore, L. R. (2023) · Methodology of educational measurement and assessment · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-10370-4_2 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Ours is not to reason why: Information seeking across domains.
Vonk, J. M., Brothers, B., & Zeigler‐Hill, V. (2020) · Psychology of Religion and Spirituality · doi:10.1037/rel0000304 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Oceja, L. V., Beramendi, M., Salgado, S., Domingo, P. G., & Villegas, M. (2021) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-021-02209-1 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Content warnings reduce aesthetic appreciation of visual art.
Jones, P. J., Bridgland, V. M. E., & Bellet, B. W. (2023) · Psychology of Aesthetics Creativity and the Arts · doi:10.1037/aca0000586 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Structured and Unstructured Regulation Priming Induction and Effects on Task PerformancePreprint
Victorino, L., & Pilati, R. (2019) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/v5yf4 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Diwanji, V. S., Cortese, J., & Merle, P. F. (2023) · International Journal of Strategic Communication · doi:10.1080/1553118x.2023.2231409 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Han, G., Kim, Y., Cheshire, C., & Psouni, E. (2026) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/10731911261419649 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Medernach, J. P., Aleithe, P., Sánchez, X., Memmert, D., & Henz, J. (2026) · Psychology of sport and exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2026.103147 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Burić, I., Wrzesien, M., Milojičić, J., Ridderinkhof, A., de Bruin, E. I., & Bögels, S. M. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1385799 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Priming using human and chimpanzee expressions of emotion biases attention toward positive emotions
Matsulevits, A., & Kret, M. E. (2025) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2025.2455600 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Priming and Prejudice: The Bias Effect of Origin Information on Peer Review, Judgment and Evaluation
Victorino, L., Pilati, R., & Linhares, A. (2019) · Avances en Psicología Latinoamericana · doi:10.12804/revistas.urosario.edu.co/apl/a.5635 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Selvi, U., & Sümer, H. C. (2020) · Psikoloji Çalışmaları / Studies in Psychology · doi:10.26650/sp2019-0022 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
The Credibility of Goal Priming Research in Work and Organizational Psychology
Latham, G. P. (2021) · Roczniki Psychologiczne · doi:10.18290/rpsych20233-2 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Pearson, K. R. (2025) · doi:10.18174/681063 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Accessing the Inner Self: Memory
Clancy, A. L., & Binkert, J. (2016) · Palgrave Macmillan US eBooks · doi:10.1057/978-1-137-60263-3_6
Influencing consumer resistance through priming: the role of mindsets and motivational orientation
Harman, B. (2016) · Arrow@dit (Dublin Institute of Technology)
Associative Priming and Implicit Bias Towards African Americans
White, S. T. (2017)
‘Thou shalt not kill’: a survey experiment on the effects of moral primes on war attitudes in Turkey
Kıratlı, O. S. (2019) · Turkish Studies · doi:10.1080/14683849.2019.1692199
Upton, S. R., Renshaw, T. L., & Morice, A. (2021) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/q4987
(2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-420020-3.00013-x
Leadership Coaching and the Myth of the Rational Client
Forbes, R. L. (2023) · Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal · doi:10.14738/assrj.105.14770
Federspiel, E., & Peter, A. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-41923-3_2
ValuesApp: Conectando potenciales colaboradores con entidades sociales
Arribas, M., Domingo, P. G., & Oceja, L. V. (2023) · Aloma: revista de psicologia, ciències de l'educació i de l'esport Blanquerna · doi:10.51698/aloma.2023.41.2.9-19
Understanding the United States Republicans’ Susceptibility to Political Misinformation
Bleiman, R. (2024) · Springer proceedings in complexity · doi:10.1007/978-981-99-6974-6_10
Blind Love, Risky Romance: Exposure to Romantic Cues Increases Nonmoral and Immoral Risk Taking
Li, H. (2025) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/sjop.13096
Whitt, S., Yanus, A. B., Ballingrud, G., Kifer, M. J., & Setzler, M. (2025) · Party Politics · doi:10.1177/13540688251396329 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Attachment theory and the relational self
Gillath, O., Manchanda, N., Brumbaugh, C. C., McIntyre, K. P., & Mattingly, B. A. (2025) · Self and Identity · doi:10.1080/15298868.2025.2589769
Palacios, A., Martínez‐Gregorio, S., Andreu, C. I., Colombo, D., Cebolla, A., Baños, R., & Wrzesien, M. (2025) · International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.ijchp.2025.100657
Zhang, C., Ji, Z., Wang, L., & Wang, H. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1631244
Severity or Incidence: Labeling Side-Effect Attributes in Discrete Choice Experiments
Marceta, S. M., de Bekker-Grob, E. W., Ourti, T. V., & Veldwijk, J. (2026) · Patient · doi:10.1007/s40271-026-00817-2
Linguistic echoes of power: high power leads to weaker syntactic priming effects
Li, H. (2026) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-026-10183-9
- Authors
- Molden, D. C.
- Affiliations
- Northwestern University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Molden, Daniel C.
- ORCID
- Molden, Daniel C.
- Venue
- Social Cognition
- Publisher
- Guilford Publications
- Published
- 2014-06
- Volume
- 32
- Issue
- Supplement
- Pages
- 243-249
- ISSN
- 0278-016X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2020096180
- Cited by
- 93
- References
- 22
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 13
- FWCI
- 26.06
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Social Cognition (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Psychology of Social Influence
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Behavioral Health and Interventions
- Keywords
- priming effect, replication
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review