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The connections of the middle temporal visual area (MT) and their relationship to a cortical hierarchy in the macaque monkey
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The cortical and subcortical connections of the middle temporal visual area (MT) of the macaque monkey were investigated using combined injections of [3H]proline and horseradish peroxidase within MT. Cortical connections were assigned to specific visual areas on the basis of their relationship to the pattern of interhemispheric connections, revealed by staining for degeneration following callosal transection. MT was shown to be reciprocally connected with many topographically organized cortical visual areas, including V1, V2, V3, and V4. These pathways link regions representing corresponding portions of the visual field in the different areas. In addition, MT has reciprocal connections with two previously unidentified cortical areas, which we have designated the medial superior temporal area (MST) and the ventral intraparietal area (VIP). The laminar distribution of terminals and cell bodies in cortical areas connected with MT follows a consistent pattern. In areas V1, V2, and V3, the projections to MT arise largely or exclusively from cells in supragranular layers, and the reciprocal connections from MT terminate mainly in supragranular and infragranular layers. In contrast, the projections to MST and VIP terminate mainly in layer IV, and the reciprocal pathways originate from cells in both superficial and deep layers. On the basis of this pattern, each connection can be designated as forward or feedback in nature, and a hierarchical arrangement of visual areas can be determined. In this hierarchy, MT is at a higher level than V1, V2, and V3, and at a lower level than MST and VIP. Subcortical projections were seen from MT to the claustrum, the putamen, the caudate nucleus, the inferior and lateral subdivisions of the pulvinar complex, the ventral lateral geniculate nucleus, the reticular nucleus of the thalamus, the superior colliculus, and the pontine nuclei.
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“Predictive coding theory is inspired by a systematic pattern of connectivity, both within individual areas of neocortex and within the feedforward and feedback projections between areas, specific to layer location and type of source and target neurons (Maunsell and van Essen, 1983).”
From Is predictive coding theory articulated enough to be testable? (2015) · cites this paper as Maunsell and van Essen, 1983
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Metadata
- Authors
- Maunsell, J., & van Essen, D.
- Venue
- The Journal of Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Society for Neuroscience
- Published
- 1983-12-01
- Volume
- 3
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 2563-2586
- ISSN
- 0270-6474 (ISSN-L)
- 1529-2401
- PMC
- PMC6564662
- OpenAlex
- W2145439642
- Cited by
- 1,602
- References
- 52
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 31 · 2020: 52 · 2019: 30 · 2018: 33 · 2017: 34 · 2016: 30 · 2015: 31 · 2014: 40 · 2013: 49 · 2012: 39
- FWCI
- 30.40
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Eye Institute (R01EY002091)
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (T32GM007737)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Visual perception and processing mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Motor Control and Adaptation
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Face Recognition and Perception
- Keywords
- middle temporal area, MT, cortical hierarchy, visual cortex, interhemispheric connections, medial superior temporal area, ventral intraparietal area, visual area V1, visual area V2, area V4, subcortical projections, pulvinar, superior colliculus, macaque
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Brain Mapping, Horseradish Peroxidase, Macaca, Macaca fascicularis, Thalamus, Visual Cortex, Visual Fields, Visual Pathways
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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