Higher and deeper: Bringing layer fMRI to association cortex
Open accessAbstract
Recent advances in fMRI have enabled non-invasive measurements of brain function in awake, behaving humans at unprecedented spatial resolutions, allowing us to separate activity in distinct cortical layers. While most layer fMRI studies to date have focused on primary cortices, we argue that the next big steps forward in our understanding of cognition will come from expanding this technology into higher-order association cortex, to characterize depth-dependent activity during increasingly sophisticated mental processes. We outline phenomena and theories ripe for investigation with layer fMRI, including perception and imagery, selective attention, and predictive coding. We discuss practical and theoretical challenges to cognitive applications of layer fMRI, including localizing regions of interest in the face of substantial anatomical heterogeneity across individuals, designing appropriate task paradigms within the confines of acquisition parameters, and generating hypotheses for higher-order brain regions where the laminar circuitry is less well understood. We consider how applying layer fMRI in association cortex may help inform computational models of brain function as well as shed light on consciousness and mental illness, and issue a call to arms to our fellow methodologists and neuroscientists to bring layer fMRI to this next frontier.
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Some aspects of these circuit-level theories can be tested in people with modern methods such as laminar MEG, high-field MRI, biophysical modeling, and invasive recordings from neurosurgical patients.
“Here, we argue that certain aspects of such circuit-level theories can be tested in humans (where consciousness is easiest to query) using state-of-the-art methods including laminar MEG [20], high-field MRI [21–23], biophysical modeling [24], and invasive recordings in human neurosurgical patients [25,26].”
From Testing circuit-level theories of consciousness in humans (2026) · cites this paper as [22]
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Performance of receive head arrays versus ultimate intrinsic SNR at 7 T and 10.5 T
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- Authors
- Finn, E. S., Huber, L., & Bandettini, P. A.
- Affiliations
- Dartmouth College (US)
- Maastricht University (NL)
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Corresponding author
- Finn, Emily S.
- Venue
- Progress in Neurobiology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2021-12
- Volume
- 207
- Pages
- 101930
- ISSN
- 0301-0082 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC12853965
- OpenAlex
- W3092715419
- Cited by
- 47
- References
- 91
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 6
- FWCI
- 0.85
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Progress in Neurobiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Publications (Maastricht University) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) (submittedVersion)
- Research Publications (Maastricht University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced MRI Techniques and Applications
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced Neuroimaging Techniques and Applications
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Functional Brain Connectivity Studies
- Keywords
- association cortex, perception, mental imagery, selective attention, predictive coding, consciousness, mental illness
- MeSH terms
- Brain, Brain Mapping, Cerebral Cortex, Consciousness, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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