The DOI matches its Crossref record; 68 of the 68 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Pivotal Role of TLR4 Receptors in Alcohol-Induced Neuroinflammation and Brain Damage
Open accessAbstract
Toll-like receptors play an important role in the innate immune response, although emerging evidence indicates their role in brain injury and neurodegeneration. Alcohol abuse induces brain damage and can sometimes lead to neurodegeneration. We recently found that ethanol can promote TLR4 signaling in glial cells by triggering the induction of inflammatory mediators and causing cell death, suggesting that the TLR4 response could be an important mechanism of ethanol-induced neuroinflammation. This study aims to establish the potential role of TLR4 in both ethanol-induced glial activation and brain damage. Here we report that TLR4 is critical for ethanol-induced inflammatory signaling in glial cells since the knockdown of TLR4, by using both small interfering RNA or cells from TLR4-deficient mice, abolished the activation of microtubule-associated protein kinase and nuclear factor-kappaB pathways and the production of inflammatory mediators by astrocytes. Our results demonstrate, for the first time, that whereas chronic ethanol intake upregulates the immunoreactive levels of CD11b (microglial marker) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (astrocyte marker), and also increases caspase-3 activity and inducible nitric oxide synthase, COX-2, and cytokine levels [interleukin (IL)-1beta, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, IL-6] in the cerebral cortex of female wild-type mice, TLR4 deficiency protects against ethanol-induced glial activation, induction of inflammatory mediators, and apoptosis. Our findings support the critical role of the TLR4 response in the neuroinflammation, brain injury, and possibly in the neurodegeneration induced by chronic ethanol intake.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“TLR4 knockout (Fernandez-Lizarbe et al., 2009) and knockdown with siRNAs (Alfonso-Loeches et al., 2010) also blocked alcohol-induced neuroinflammatory responses in vivo.”
From Stress- and Glucocorticoid-Induced Priming of Neuroinflammatory Responses: Potential Mechanisms of Stress-Induced Vulnerability to Drugs of Abuse (2011) · cites this paper as Alfonso-Loeches et al., 2010
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Akira, S., & Takeda, K. (2004) · Nature reviews. Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri1391 · Cited by 8,312
Microglia-mediated neurotoxicity: uncovering the molecular mechanisms
Block, M. L., Zecca, L., & Hong, J.-S. (2007) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn2038 · Cited by 4,110
Takeda, K., & Akira, S. (2004) · Seminars in Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.smim.2003.10.003 · Cited by 2,528
Astrocytes are active players in cerebral innate immunity
Farina, C., Aloisi, F., & Meinl, E. (2007) · Trends in Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.it.2007.01.005 · Cited by 1,304
The role of inflammation in CNS injury and disease
Lucas, S., Rothwell, N. J., & Gibson, R. M. (2006) · British Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706400 · Cited by 1,272
Caspase-3-Generated Fragment of Gelsolin: Effector of Morphological Change in Apoptosis
Kothakota, S., Azuma, T., Reinhard, C., Klippel, A., Tang, J. X., Chu, K., McGarry, T. J., Kirschner, M. W., Koths, K. E., Kwiatkowski, D. J., et al. (1997) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.278.5336.294 · Cited by 1,226
Microglia and neuroinflammation: a pathological perspective
Streit (2004) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/1742-2094-1-14 · Cited by 1,039
Mechanisms of Disease: astrocytes in neurodegenerative disease
Maragakis, N. J., & Rothstein, J. D. (2006) · Nature Clinical Practice Neurology · doi:10.1038/ncpneuro0355 · Cited by 836
Pivotal role for neuronal Toll-like receptors in ischemic brain injury and functional deficits
Tang, S.-C., Arumugam, T. V., Xu, X., Cheng, A., Mughal, M. R., Jo, D. G., Lathia, J. D., Siler, D. A., Chigurupati, S., Ouyang, X., et al. (2007) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0702553104 · Cited by 779
Wilhelmsson, U., Bushong, E. A., Price, D. L., Smarr, B. L., Phung, V., Terada, M., Ellisman, M. H., & Pekny, M. (2006) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0602841103 · Cited by 643 · cited 1×
“Our immunohistochemical and biochemical data reveal that in vivo chronic ethanol intake induces astroglial activation and astrogliosis in the cerebral cortices of normal mice, as demonstrated by the marked upregulation of GFAP immunoreactivity along with hypertrophic astrocytes, which are events associated with CNS in…”
Background
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 501–579 of 579
Anton, P. E., Nagpal, P., Moreno, J. A., Burchill, M. A., Chatterjee, A., Busquet, N., Mesches, M. H., Kovacs, E. J., & McCullough, R. L. (2024) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2024.02.26.582114 · Cited by 2
Exploring the Neurobiology of Ethanol Relapse and Its Prevention Using N-Acetylcysteine
Fernández‐Rodríguez, S., Cano-Cebrián, M. J., Polache, A., & Zornoza, T. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-72219-6_46 · Cited by 1
Neuroglia in substance use disorders
Castro, E. M., Lotfipour, S., & Leslie, F. M. (2025) · Handbook of clinical neurology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-19102-2.00014-4 · Cited by 2
Effects of Alcohol and Opioids on Neuroregeneration
Zolali, E., McMahon, L. R., & Obeng, S. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-93677-7_12 · Cited by 1
Abdel‐Salam, O. M. E., Youness, E. R., Morsy, F. A., & Sleem, A. A. (2025) · MOLECULAR SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS · doi:10.37394/232023.2025.5.7 · Cited by 1
The Role of Toll-like Receptor 3 Signaling in Cognitive Impairment Induced by Propofol Addiction
Wu, J., Deng, L., Gao, R., Cui, Y., Tang, Y., Liu, C., Zhu, T., & Chen, C. (2025) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-025-05613-x · Cited by 1
Ethanol drinking involves astrocytes in male Wistar rats
Tan, X., & Ding, Z. (2026) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2026.116311 · Cited by 1
Neuroimaging and Clinical Studies on Brain–Immune Interactions
Hannestad, J. O. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-4729-0_4 · Cited by 1
Marshall, S. A. (2013) · UKnowledge (University of Kentucky) · Cited by 1
Miyauchi, O., Iwase, K., Itoh, K., Kato, M., Seki, N., Braissant, O., Bachmann, C., Shozu, M., Sekiya, S., Osada, H., et al. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0079236 · Cited by 1
Walker, A. K., Dantzer, R., & Kelley, K. W. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-4729-0_6 · Cited by 1
Ward, R. J. (2013) · Royal Society of Chemistry eBooks · doi:10.1039/9781849735896-00186 · Cited by 1
Basava, V., Romlein, H., Bitsaktsis, C., & Marzabadi, C. H. (2016) · Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.bmc.2016.11.044 · Cited by 1
Neuroimmune consequences of chronic alcohol exposure: relationship to stress
Whitman, B. A. (2019) · Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) · doi:10.17615/0ppt-7f35 · Cited by 1
The effect of substance misuse on HIV persistence in the CNS
LuPone, T., Duyne, R. V., O’Brien, E. V., Matt, S. M., Dampier, W., Nonnemacher, M. R., Wigdahl, B. L., Gaskill, P. J., & Klase, Z. A. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-99744-7.00022-5 · Cited by 1
Mesenchymal stem cells as a promising therapy for alcohol use disorder
Gallardo, J., Berríos‐Cárcamo, P., & Ezquer, F. E. (2024) · International review of neurobiology · doi:10.1016/bs.irn.2024.07.002 · Cited by 1
Persidsky, Y., Gofman, L., & Potula, R. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-1071-7_24 · Cited by 1
Consumption of Ethanol and Tissue Changes in the Central Nervous System
Bittencourt, L. O., Teixeira, F. B., Vieira, K. L., dos Santos, D. P., Maia, C. D. S. F., & Lima, R. R. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-805373-7.00009-8 · Cited by 1
Krishnan, J. (2022) · JOURNAL OF COMMUNICABLE DISEASES · doi:10.24321/0019.5138.202291
Pedroso-Roussado, C., Guppy, F. M., Bowler, L. D., & Inácio, J. (2022) · Preprints.org · doi:10.20944/preprints202212.0205.v1
Paouri, E., Stanko, S., Gasmi, N., Glusauskas, G., Mao, V., Kwak, A., Sarmadi, S., Huang, E., Hershberger, C. E., Watercutter, Q., et al. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.06.12.658437 · Cited by 1
Therapeutic Strategies to Treat Alcohol-Related Disorders Targeting Central Immune Signaling
Wu, Y. H., & Hutchinson, M. R. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-4729-0_17
Lutz, J. A. (2014) · UKnowledge (University of Kentucky)
Immune Responses in HIV Infection, Alcoholism, and Aging: A Neuroimaging Perspective
Zahr, N. M., Manning-Bog, A., Alt, C., Sullivan, E. V., & Adolf Pfefferbaum, A. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-4729-0_14
Alcohol and the Neuroimmune Response: Current Status and Future Directions
Grandison, L., Cui, C., & Noronha, A. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-4729-0_18
Polimorfismos genéticos en la vía de los Micro-ARN y su relación con el alcoholismo
Veleiro, I. N. (2014) · Gredos (University of Salamanca) · doi:10.14201/gredos.124189
Taking a Toll in Brain: Role of TLR4
Krishnan, J. (2015)
Prevention of Alcohol-Induced Inflammation of Murine Small Intestine by MicroRNA-155 Deficiency
Lippai, D., & Szabó, G. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-801770-8.00011-2
Alcohol and Neuroimmune Interactions
Kane, C. J. M., Bergeson, S. E., & Drew, P. D. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-800213-1.00042-0
Neuropathobiology of Alcohol-Induced Cognitive Deficits
Tiwari, V., & Chopra, K. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-800213-1.00057-2
Ethanol, Vitamins, and Brain Dysfunction
González‐Reimers, E., Fernández-Rodríguez, C. M., González‐Arnay, E., & Santolaria-Fernández, F. J. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-800213-1.00044-4
Neuropathology of Gene Expression during Alcohol Withdrawal
Aujla, H. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-800213-1.00049-3
Topper, L. A. (2015) · UNM’s Digital Repository (University of New Mexico)
Role of phosphodiesterase-4 in alcohol-induced organ injury.
Avila, D. V. (2016) · ThinkIR: The University of Louisville's Institutional Repository (University of Louisville) · doi:10.18297/etd/2405
Neuroimmune Aspects of Alcoholism and Affective Comorbidity
Neupane, S. P. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-813125-1.00019-2
THE LEVEL OF SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATION AND CHANGES IN ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY IN ALCOHOLIC PSYCHOSES
Didkovsky, N. A., Малашенкова, И. К., Ogurtsov, D., Krynskiy, S., Hailov, N. A., Chekulaeva, E. I., Mamoshina, M. V., Ushakov, V., Zakharova, N. V., & Kostyuk, G. P. (2019) · Medical academic journal · doi:10.17816/maj191s168-70
La modulación epigenética de microglia modifica la expresión de citocinas proinflamatorias
Cruz-Carrillo, G., Montalvo-Martínez, L., Fuentes‐Mera, L., & Camacho‐Morales, A. (2020) · Revista de Ciencias Farmaceúticas y Biomedicina
Mechanisms of Neurodegeneration and Clearance: From Caspases to Chemokines.
Sokolowski, J. D. (2013) · doi:10.18130/v3r50v
Cabanes, F. I. (2021) · RiuNet (Universitat Politècnica de València) · doi:10.4995/thesis/10251/174214
Abijo, A. Z., Ayannuga, O. A., & Bamigboye, O. S. (2021) · Nigerian Journal of Basic and Applied Medical Sciences · doi:10.53994/njbams.202111.7
Berthou, A., Bourgeon, P., & Vicard, V. (2013) · Quarterly selection of articles - Bulletin de la Banque de France
Crichton, R. R., & Ward, R. J. (2013) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118553480.ch12
(2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-816793-9.00001-3
Vatsalya, V., Parthasarathy, R., Verster, J. C., Royer, A., Sagaram, M., Zamani, Z., Hu, H., Schwandt, M. L., Leggio, L., Kong, M., et al. (2022) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2022.05.15.22275115
Role of protease inhibitors in the pathogenesis of alcoholic neuropathy
González‐Argote, J. (2021) · Salud Ciencia y Tecnología · doi:10.56294/saludcyt202119
Hormesis – an example of astrocyte response after ethanol exposure
Lipnik‐Štangelj, M., & Šarc, L. (2021) · Acta Medico-Biotechnica · doi:10.18690/actabiomed.77
Grodin, E. N., Meredith, L. R., Burnette, E. M., & Ray, L. A. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-32483-3_30
Taeb, M., Rahmani, M., Sharifi, L., & Mirshafiey, A. (2024) · British journal of healthcare and medical research · doi:10.14738/bjhmr.106.14305
Qiu, S., Dong, S., Fan, J., Wu, C., & Qi, X. (2024) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4678355
Qiu, S., Dong, S., Fan, J., Wu, C., & Qi, X. (2024) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4761065
Krishnan, J. (2024) · BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBLISHERS eBooks · doi:10.2174/9789815223828124010010
Perpiñá-Clérigues, C., Mellado, S., Galiana‐Roselló, C., Garcia‐García, F., & Pascual, M. (2024) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2024.09.05.611414
Mellado, S., Touahri, N., Montagud‐Romero, S., Perpiñá-Clérigues, C., Garcia‐García, F., Moreno‐Manzano, V., Guerri, C., Rodríguez‐Arias, M., & Pascual, M. (2024) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2024.10.03.616225
Airapetov, M. I., Eresko, S. O., Ignatova, P. D., Ganshina, D., Sukhanova, D., Mikhailova, A., Aa, L., Бычков, Э. Р., & Shabanov, P. D. (2024) · Biological Communications · doi:10.21638/spbu03.2024.301
Airapetov, M. I., Eresko, S. O., Михайлова, А. А., Sukhanova, D., Ignatova, P. D., Aa, L., Bychkov, E. R., & Шабанов, П. Д. (2025) · Medical Immunology (Russia) · doi:10.15789/1563-0625-eor-2935
Shetty, A. C., Verma, A., Sivinski, J. M., Fan, X., Doty, C., Hollander, B., Roche, D., & Seneviratne, C. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.05.21.655347
Neuroinflamación, estrés y consumo de drogas
Malaguarnera, M., Rodríguez‐Arias, M., & Miñarro, J. (2025) · Revista Española de Drogodependencias · doi:10.54108/10112
Penedo, M. A., Cañeque‐Rufo, H., Gramage, E., & Herradón, G. (2025) · Frontiers in Genetics · doi:10.3389/fgene.2025.1634202
Zheng, Y., Sun, G., Wei, S., Kong, L., Guo, J., Pan, W. D., Zhu, X., & Qi, X. (2025) · Neurological Research · doi:10.1080/01616412.2025.2556244
Day, S. M., Reitz, N. L., & Savage, L. M. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.10.20.683498
Banerjee, S., Park, T., Kim, Y. S., & Kim, H.-Y. (2023) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.23949793
Balan, I., Lopez, A. G., Gilmore, T. A., Bremmer, M. P., O’Buckley, T. K., Xia, K., Hendershot, C. S., & Morrow, A. L. (2026) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/acer.70236
何, 林. (2026) · Open Journal of Natural Science · doi:10.12677/ojns.2026.142028
Mellado, S., Moreno‐Manzano, V., Guerri, C., & Pascual, M. (2026) · Molecular Biology Reports · doi:10.1007/s11033-026-11774-2
Barkell, G. A., McNeill, S. T., Thiele, T. E., & Lysle, D. T. (2026) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/acer.70304
Obraitis, D., Barry, J., & Li, D. (2026) · Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets · doi:10.1080/14728222.2026.2675555
Sexually dimorphic roles of toll-like receptors in the central nervous system
Elkabes, S. (2026) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2026.106830
Day, S. M., Reitz, N. L., & Savage, L. M. (2026) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.1177/13872877261453081 · Cited by 1
Zhao, G., Fu, H., Liu, F., Duan, M., & Wang, T. (2026) · BMC Surgery · doi:10.1186/s12893-026-03919-8
Furfaro, A. L., Mancini, P., Passalacqua, M., Ortolan, J., Ivaldo, C., Tirendi, S., Vernazza, S., d’Abramo, C., Giliberto, L., & Nitti, M. (2026) · Biomolecules · doi:10.3390/biom16071028
Arumugam, A., Baik, H., Jang, N., Huang, W., & Chang, S. L. (2026) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms27177837
Lehner, T., Sandoval, D. A., & McCullough, R. L. (2026) · Alcohol · doi:10.1016/j.alcohol.2026.107460
Paouri, E., Stanko, S., Gasmi, N., Glusauskas, G., Mao, V., Kwak, A., Hsu, S., Sarmadi, S., Huang, E., Das, A., et al. (2026) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2026.09.011 · Cited by 1
Neuromodulation as a Potential Strategy to Remodel Brain Parenchyma in Addiction
Limens-Pinaque, J., Selim, M. K., Santis, S. D., Camarena, F., & Canals, S. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-35658-2_18-1
Metadata
- Authors
- Alfonso-Loeches, S., Pascual-Lucas, M., Blanco, A. M., Sanchez-Vera, I., & Guerri, C.
- Affiliations
- Centro de Investigacion Principe Felipe (ES)
- Corresponding author
- Guerri, C.
- Venue
- Journal of Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Society for Neuroscience
- Published
- 2010-06-16
- Volume
- 30
- Issue
- 24
- Pages
- 8285-8295
- ISSN
- 0270-6474 (ISSN-L)
- 1529-2401
- PMC
- PMC6634595
- OpenAlex
- W1975931952
- Cited by
- 579
- References
- 66
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 35 · 2024: 41 · 2023: 39 · 2022: 41 · 2021: 46 · 2020: 44 · 2019: 41 · 2018: 30 · 2017: 56 · 2016: 46 · 2015: 24 · 2014: 36 · 2013: 23 · 2012: 35
- FWCI
- 16.09
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación
- Plan Nacional sobre Drogas
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pathology and Forensic Medicine › Alcohol Consumption and Health Effects
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune Response and Inflammation
- Keywords
- TLR4, ethanol, glial activation, astrocytes, microglia, neurodegeneration, brain injury, MAPK signaling, NF-κB signaling, inflammatory mediators, apoptosis, caspase-3, inducible nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase-2, cytokines, female mice, cerebral cortex
- MeSH terms
- Ethanol, Animals, Astrocytes, Brain Injuries, Calcium-Binding Proteins, Central Nervous System Depressants, Disease Models, Animal, Encephalitis, Female, Gene Expression Regulation, Lipopolysaccharides, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Microfilament Proteins, Nerve Tissue Proteins, RNA, Messenger, Time Factors, Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha, Rats, Wistar, Mice, Knockout, Statistics, Nonparametric, Lipopolysaccharide Receptors, RNA, Small Interfering, Green Fluorescent Proteins, Toll-Like Receptor 4, Lymphocyte Antigen 96, Mice, Rats, Cyclooxygenase 2, Caspase 3, Interleukin-1beta
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review