The DOI matches its Crossref record; 10 of the 10 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Disruption of Primary Motor Cortex before Learning Impairs Memory of Movement Dynamics
Open accessAbstract
Although multiple lines of evidence implicate the primary motor cortex (M1) in motor learning, the precise role of M1 in the adaptation to novel movement dynamics and in the subsequent consolidation of a memory of those dynamics remains unclear. Here we used repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) to dissociate the contribution of M1 to these distinct aspects of motor learning. Subjects performed reaching movements in velocity-dependent force fields over three epochs: a null-field baseline epoch, a clockwise-field learning epoch (15 min after the baseline epoch), and a clockwise-field retest epoch (24 h after the learning epoch). Half of the subjects received 15 min of 1 Hz rTMS to M1 between the baseline and learning epochs. Subjects given rTMS performed identically to control subjects during the learning epoch. However, control subjects performed with significantly less error than rTMS subjects in the retest epoch on the following day. These results suggest that M1 is not critical to the network supporting motor adaptation per se but that, within this network, M1 may be important for initiating the development of long-term motor memories.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Depression of motor cortex excitability by low-frequency transcranial magnetic stimulation
Chen, R., Classen, J., Gerloff, C., Celnik, P., Wassermann, E. M., Hallett, M., & Cohen, L. G. (1997) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.48.5.1398 · Cited by 2,128 · cited 1×
“The use of a 15 min train of subthreshold 1 Hz rTMS was specifically chosen to depress M1 excitability for the duration of the learning epoch (Chen et al., 1997; Gangitano et al., 2002; Romero et al., 2002).”
MethodFunctional MRI evidence for adult motor cortex plasticity during motor skill learning
Kami, A., Meyer, G., Jezzard, P., Adams, M. M., Turner, R., & Ungerleider, L. G. (1995) · Nature · doi:10.1038/377155a0 · Cited by 1,883
Neural Correlates of Motor Memory Consolidation
Shadmehr, R., & Holcomb, H. H. (1997) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.277.5327.821 · Cited by 1,022
Learning of action through adaptive combination of motor primitives
Thoroughman, K. A., & Shadmehr, R. (2000) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35037588 · Cited by 945
Early consolidation in human primary motor cortex
Muellbacher, W., Ziemann, U., Wissel, J., Dang, N., Kofler, M., Facchini, S., Boroojerdi, B., Poewe, W., & Hallett, M. (2002) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature712 · Cited by 803 · cited 6×
“This difference in degree of learning retention after M1 disruption between a ballistic movement task (as by Muellbacher et al., 2002) and a force field adaptation task (as in our study) was noted explicitly by Baraduc et al. (2004).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialCurrent concepts in procedural consolidation
Robertson, E. M., Pascual-Leone, A., & Miall, R. C. (2004) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn1426 · Cited by 530
Smith, M. A., & Shadmehr, R. (2005) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00943.2004 · Cited by 497
Electromyographic correlates of learning an internal model of reaching movements
Thoroughman, K. A., & Shadmehr, R. (1999) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.19-19-08573.1999 · Cited by 467
Maschke, M., Gomez, C. M., Ebner, T. J., & Konczak, J. (2004) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00557.2003 · Cited by 258
Spatial generalization from learning dynamics of reaching movements
Shadmehr, R., & Moussavi, Z. M. K. (2000) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.20-20-07807.2000 · Cited by 249
Cited by
Error Correction, Sensory Prediction, and Adaptation in Motor Control
Shadmehr, R., Smith, M. A., & Krakauer, J. W. (2010) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev-neuro-060909-153135 · Cited by 1,869
Reis, J., Schambra, H. M., Cohen, L. G., Buch, E. R., Fritsch, B., Zarahn, E., Celnik, P. A., & Krakauer, J. W. (2009) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0805413106 · Cited by 1,401
Sensory prediction errors drive cerebellum-dependent adaptation of reaching
Tseng, Y.-W., Diedrichsen, J., Krakauer, J. W., Shadmehr, R., & Bastian, A. J. (2007) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00266.2007 · Cited by 883
Galea, J. M., Vazquez, A., Pasricha, N., Orban de Xivry, J.-J., & Celnik, P. (2011) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhq246 · Cited by 760
Use-dependent and error-based learning of motor behaviors
Diedrichsen, J., White, O., Newman, D., & Lally, N. (2010) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.5406-09.2010 · Cited by 376
Metadata
- Authors
- Richardson, A. G., Overduin, S. A., Valero-Cabré, A., Padoa-Schioppa, C., Pascual-Leone, A., Bizzi, E., & Press, D. Z.
- Venue
- The Journal of Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Society for Neuroscience
- Published
- 2006-11-29
- Volume
- 26
- Issue
- 48
- Pages
- 12466-12470
- ISSN
- 0270-6474 (ISSN-L)
- 1529-2401
- OpenAlex
- W2145548728
- Cited by
- 169
- References
- 10
- FWCI
- 4.76
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Disruption of Primary Motor Cortex before Learning Impairs Memory of Movement Dynamics. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1523/jneurosci.1139-06.2006
- The paper
- Richardson, A. G., Overduin, S. A., Valero-Cabré, A., Padoa-Schioppa, C., Pascual-Leone, A., Bizzi, E., & Press, D. Z. (2006). Disruption of Primary Motor Cortex before Learning Impairs Memory of Movement Dynamics. The Journal of Neuroscience. https://doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.1139-06.2006
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
