Lesions of the central nucleus of the amygdala, but not the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, block the excitatory effects of corticotropin-releasing factor on the acoustic startle reflex
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Intracerebroventricular (icv) infusion of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) was previously found to produce a long-lasting, dose- dependent (0.1–1.0 microgram) increase in the amplitude of the acoustic startle reflex. The present study sought to determine where in the CNS CRF acts to increase startle. Intracisternal infusion of CRF (0.1–1.0 microgram) increased startle with a time course and magnitude similar to that produced by icv CRF, unlike intrathecal infusion, which produced a small, more rapid enhancement of startle. While lesions of the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus had no effect on icv CRF-enhanced startle, bilateral lesions of the central nucleus of the amygdala significantly attenuated the excitatory effect of icv CRF but had no effect on intrathecal CRF-enhanced startle. Even though lesions of the amygdala blocked icv CRF-enhanced startle, local infusion of CRF into the amygdala did not significantly elevate startle. The present data indicate that the amygdala is part of the neural circuitry required for icv CRF to elevate startle, but does not appear to be the primary receptor area where CRF acts. The involvement of the amygdala in icv CRF-enhanced startle is consistent with the hypothesis that both the amygdala and CRF are critically involved in fear and stress.
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Intracisternal CRF reproduces the i.c.v. effect, intrathecal CRF does not, and PVT lesions do not prevent it.
“The effects of intra-cerebroventricular (i.c.v.) infusions were mimicked by intracisternal (fourth ventricle) but not by intrathecal (in the space around motor neurons in the spinal cord) CRF infusions and were not disrupted by lesions of the PVT”
From Phasic vs Sustained Fear in Rats and Humans: Role of the Extended Amygdala in Fear vs Anxiety (2010) · cites this paper as Liang et al, 1992a
Experiment 1 reports that intracisternal CRF produced an increase in startle similar to i.c.v. CRF, while intrathecal CRF produced a smaller, more rapid increase—not no effect. The lesion results concern the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN), not the PVT named in the citing sentence; those PVN lesions did not alter i.c.v. CRF-enhanced startle. (LLM, conf=0.91)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIntra-amygdala CRF infusions, unlike intra-bed nucleus of the stria terminalis CRF infusions, did not increase startle.
“Liang et al (1992a) had previously shown that intra-amygdala CRF infusions, in contrast to intra-BNST CRF infusions, did not increase startle.”
From Phasic vs Sustained Fear in Rats and Humans: Role of the Extended Amygdala in Fear vs Anxiety (2010) · cites this paper as Liang et al (1992a)
The local-infusion results (page not provided) report that intra-amygdala CRF did not produce a pronounced increase in startle, although some doses caused small, transient increases. Our copy does not report CRF infusion into the BNST or the claimed contrast with it; its BNST mention concerns incidental lesion damage. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredLocal infusion of CRF into the central amygdala failed to increase startle.
“local infusion of CRF into the CeA failed to increase startle (Liang et al, 1992a)”
From Phasic vs Sustained Fear in Rats and Humans: Role of the Extended Amygdala in Fear vs Anxiety (2010) · cites this paper as Liang et al, 1992a
Electrolytic lesions of the central amygdala blocked CRF-enhanced startle when CRF was infused intraventricularly.
“Liang et al (1992a) reported that electrolytic lesions of the CeA blocked CRF-enhanced startle when CRF was infused intraventricularly.”
From Phasic vs Sustained Fear in Rats and Humans: Role of the Extended Amygdala in Fear vs Anxiety (2010) · cites this paper as Liang et al (1992a)
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- Authors
- Liang, K., Melia, K., Campeau, S., Falls, W., Miserendino, M., & Davis, M.
- Affiliations
- Yale University (US)
- ORCID
- Campeau, S
- Venue
- The Journal of Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Society for Neuroscience
- Published
- 1992-06-01
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 2313-2320
- ISSN
- 0270-6474 (ISSN-L)
- 1529-2401
- PMC
- PMC6575925
- OpenAlex
- W1922807292
- Cited by
- 154
- References
- 1
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2023: 2 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 1 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 1 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 5.09
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Council
- National Institutes of Health (5r01ns018033-06)
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH 25642, MH 47840, P01MH025642)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NS-18033)
- Air Force Office of Scientific Research
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuropeptides and Animal Physiology
- Keywords
- corticotropin-releasing factor, acoustic startle response, central amygdala, paraventricular nucleus, intracerebroventricular infusion, intrathecal infusion, amygdala lesions, fear, stress
- MeSH terms
- Acoustic Stimulation, Amygdala, Analysis of Variance, Animals, Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone, Injections, Spinal, Male, Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus, Rats, Inbred Strains, Reflex, Startle, Rats
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