Cited by 285Neural and Behavioral Psychology StudiesFree Will and AgencyVisual perception and processing mechanisms

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Frontal cortex mediates unconsciously triggered inhibitory control.

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van Gaal, Simon, Ridderinkhof, K. Richard, Fahrenfort, Johannes J., Scholte, H. Steven, Lamme, Victor A. F.·2008·The Journal of Neuroscience

DOI 10.1523/jneurosci.1278-08.2008PMC PMC6670759

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Abstract

To further our understanding of the function of conscious experience we need to know which cognitive processes require awareness and which do not. Here, we show that an unconscious stimulus can trigger inhibitory control processes, commonly ascribed to conscious control mechanisms. We combined the metacontrast masking paradigm and the Go/No-Go paradigm to study whether unconscious No-Go signals can actively trigger high-level inhibitory control processes, strongly associated with the prefrontal cortex (PFC). Behaviorally, unconscious No-Go signals sometimes triggered response inhibition to the level of complete response termination and yielded a slow down in the speed of responses that were not inhibited. Electroencephalographic recordings showed that unconscious No-Go signals elicit two neural events: (1) an early occipital event and (2) a frontocentral event somewhat later in time. The first neural event represents the visual encoding of the unconscious No-Go stimulus, and is also present in a control experiment where the masked stimulus has no behavioral relevance. The second event is unique to the Go/No-Go experiment, and shows the subsequent implementation of inhibitory control in the PFC. The size of the frontal activity pattern correlated highly with the impact of unconscious No-Go signals on subsequent behavior. We conclude that unconscious stimuli can influence whether a task will be performed or interrupted, and thus exert a form of cognitive control. These findings challenge traditional views concerning the proposed relationship between awareness and cognitive control and stretch the alleged limits and depth of unconscious information processing.

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Authors: van Gaal, S., Ridderinkhof, K. R., Fahrenfort, J. J., Scholte, H. S., & Lamme, V. A. F.
Affiliations: University of Amsterdam (NL)
Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience (NL)
ORCID: Ridderinkhof, K. Richard
Fahrenfort, Johannes J.
Scholte, H. Steven
Lamme, Victor A. F.
Venue: The Journal of Neuroscience
Publisher: Society for Neuroscience
Published: 2008-08-06
Volume: 28
Issue: 32
Pages: 8053-8062
ISSN: 0270-6474 (ISSN-L)
1529-2401
DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1278-08.2008
PMC: PMC6670759
OpenAlex: W2059885263
Cited by: 285
References: 51
Citations by year: 2026: 5 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 37 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 27 · 2013: 25 · 2012: 23
FWCI: 7.65
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: hybrid
doi.org
Licence: cc-by-nc-sa
creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ (vor, 184 d)
Locations: Journal of Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam) (publishedVersion)
VU Research Portal (submittedVersion)
Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Free Will and Agency
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Visual perception and processing mechanisms
Keywords: unconscious processes, inhibitory control, prefrontal cortex, metacontrast masking, go/no-go task, response inhibition, conscious awareness, cognitive control, visual encoding
MeSH terms: Adult, Awareness, Cognition, Cues, Electrophysiology, Evoked Potentials, Female, Frontal Lobe, Humans, Inhibition, Psychological, Male, Perceptual Masking, Visual Perception, Prefrontal Cortex

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Frontal cortex mediates unconsciously triggered inhibitory control.

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