Electrophysiological correlates of anterior cingulate function in a go/no-go task: Effects of response conflict and trial type frequency

Nieuwenhuis, Sander; Yeung, Nick; van den Wildenberg, Wery; Ridderinkhof, K. Richard

doi:10.3758/cabn.3.1.17

Cited by 1,250Neural and Behavioral Psychology StudiesFree Will and AgencyNeurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior

Electrophysiological correlates of anterior cingulate function in a go/no-go task: Effects of response conflict and trial type frequency

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Nieuwenhuis, Sander, Yeung, Nick, van den Wildenberg, Wery, Ridderinkhof, K. Richard·2003·Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience

DOI 10.3758/cabn.3.1.17

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Abstract

Neuroimaging and computational modeling studies have led to the suggestion that response conflict monitoring by the anterior cingulate cortex plays a key role in cognitive control. For example, response conflict is high when a response must be withheld (no-go) in contexts in which there is a prepotent tendency to make an overt (go) response. An event-related brain potential (ERP) component, the N2, is more pronounced on no-go than on go trials and was previously thought to reflect the need to inhibit the go response. However, the N2 may instead reflect the high degree of response conflict on no-go trials. If so, an N2 should also be apparent when subjects make a go response in conditions in which no-go events are more common. To test this hypothesis, we collected high-density ERP data from subjects performing a go/no-go task, in which the relative frequency of go versus no-go stimuli was varied. Consistent with our hypothesis, an N2 was apparent on both go and no-go trials and showed the properties expected of an ERP measure of conflict detection on correct trials: (1) It was enhanced for low-frequency stimuli, irrespective of whether these stimuli were associated with generating or suppressing a response, and (2) it was localized to the anterior cingulate cortex. This suggests that previous conceptions of the no-go N2 as indexing response inhibition may be in need of revision. Instead, the results are consistent with the view that the N2 in go/no-go tasks reflects conflict arising from competition between the execution and the inhibition of a single response.

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The stop-signal N2 and stop-signal P3 ERP components are considered to represent response inhibition.
“During the SST task, the stop-signal N2 and stop-signal P3 components of the ERP are considered to represent response inhibition.”
From Is impaired response inhibition independent of symptom dimensions in obsessive-compulsive disorder? Evidence from ERPs (2015) · cites this paper as [20]
The stop-signal P3 component reflects late-stage monitoring of the inhibitory process outcome.
“In contrast, the stop-signal P3, which peaks at 300-350 ms over central scalp regions in SST trials, reflects late stage monitoring of the inhibitory process outcome20.”
From Is impaired response inhibition independent of symptom dimensions in obsessive-compulsive disorder? Evidence from ERPs (2015) · cites this paper as [20]

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Center for the Study of Brain, Mind & Behavior A Computational Simulation of Electrophysiological Markers of Anterior Cingulate Function in a Go/NoGo task
Nieuwenhuis, S., Yeung, N., & Cohen, J. (2015)
Self-citation
The N2 in go/no-go tasks reflects conflict monitoring not response inhibition
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Short communication: When “go” and “nogo” are equally frequent: ERP components and cortical tomography
Lavric, A., Pizzagalli, D. A., & Forstmeier, S. (2004)
When ‘go’ and ‘nogo’ are equally frequent: ERP components and cortical tomography
Lavric, A., Pizzagalli, D. A., & Forstmeier, S. (2004) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2004.03683.x · Cited by 207 · see citing works

Authors: Nieuwenhuis, S., Yeung, N., van den Wildenberg, W., & Ridderinkhof, K. R.
Affiliations: Princeton University (US)
University of Amsterdam (NL)
Corresponding author: Nieuwenhuis, Sander
ORCID: Nieuwenhuis, Sander
Yeung, Nick
Ridderinkhof, K. Richard
Venue: Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2003-03
Volume: 3
Issue: 1
Pages: 17-26
ISSN: 1530-7026 (ISSN-L)
1531-135X
DOI: 10.3758/cabn.3.1.17
OpenAlex: W2114411261
Cited by: 1,250
References: 54
Citations by year: 2026: 35 · 2025: 34 · 2024: 41 · 2023: 41 · 2022: 34 · 2021: 61 · 2020: 67 · 2019: 76 · 2018: 60 · 2017: 79 · 2016: 74 · 2015: 67 · 2014: 73 · 2013: 72 · 2012: 67
FWCI: 14.11
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations: Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam) (publishedVersion)
VU Research Portal (publishedVersion, other-oa)
Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Digital Academic REpository of VU University Amsterdam (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam) (submittedVersion)
UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam) (submittedVersion)
Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
Funders: Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen
Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Free Will and Agency
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
Keywords: anterior cingulate cortex, N2 component, go/no-go task, response conflict, response inhibition, cognitive control, event-related potentials, conflict monitoring, response competition
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Attention, Conflict, Psychological, Discrimination Learning, Evoked Potentials, Female, Gyrus Cinguli, Humans, Mental Processes, Models, Psychological, Psychomotor Performance, Reaction Time, Reference Values

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Electrophysiological correlates of anterior cingulate function in a go/no-go task: Effects of response conflict and trial type frequency

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