The DOI matches its Crossref record; 107 of the 116 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 73 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Individual Differences in Amygdala-Medial Prefrontal Anatomy Link Negative Affect, Impaired Social Functioning, and Polygenic Depression Risk
Open accessAbstract
Individual differences in affective and social processes may arise from variability in amygdala-medial prefrontal (mPFC) circuitry and related genetic heterogeneity. To explore this possibility in humans, we examined the structural correlates of trait negative affect in a sample of 1050 healthy young adults with no history of psychiatric illness. Analyses revealed that heightened negative affect was associated with increased amygdala volume and reduced thickness in a left mPFC region encompassing the subgenual and rostral anterior cingulate cortex. The most extreme individuals displayed an inverse correlation between amygdala volume and mPFC thickness, suggesting that imbalance between these structures is linked to negative affect in the general population. Subgroups of participants were further evaluated on social ( n = 206) and emotional ( n = 533) functions. Individuals with decreased mPFC thickness exhibited the poorest social cognition and were least able to correctly identify facial emotion. Given prior links between disrupted amygdala–mPFC circuitry and the presence of major depressive disorder (MDD), we explored whether the individual differences in anatomy observed here in healthy young adults were associated with polygenic risk for MDD ( n = 438) using risk scores derived from a large genome-wide association analysis ( n = 18,759). Analyses revealed associations between increasing polygenic burden for MDD and reduced cortical thickness in the left mPFC. These collective findings suggest that, within the healthy population, there is significant variability in amygdala–mPFC circuitry that is associated with poor functioning across affective and social domains. Individual differences in this circuitry may arise, in part, from common genetic variability that contributes to risk for MDD.
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83 Own result · 38 Not checked yet · 19 Own interpretation · 12 Own method · 1 No basis given
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“The most extreme individuals displayed an inverse correlation between amygdala volume and mPFC thickness”
§ Individual Differences in Amygdala-Medial Prefrontal Anatomy Link Negative Affect, Impaired Social Functioning, and Polygenic Depression Risk > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“right hippocampal volumes (F(1,1042) = 6.60; p < 0.01; r = 0.08)”
§ Individual Differences in Amygdala-Medial Prefrontal Anatomy Link Negative Affect, Impaired Social Functioning, and Polygenic Depression Risk > Results > Increased amygdala volume is associated with negative affect
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the relation between amygdala volume and the composite score of negative affect did not significantly differ by hemisphere (Z = 1.17, p = 0.24).”
§ Individual Differences in Amygdala-Medial Prefrontal Anatomy Link Negative Affect, Impaired Social Functioning, and Polygenic Depression Risk > Results > Increased amygdala volume is associated with negative affect
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Heightened negative affect was associated with increased left (F(1,1042) = 12.56; p < 0.001; r =0.11)”
§ Individual Differences in Amygdala-Medial Prefrontal Anatomy Link Negative Affect, Impaired Social Functioning, and Polygenic Depression Risk > Results > Increased amygdala volume is associated with negative affect
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“heightened negative affect was associated with increased amygdala volume”
- Also stated in: § Increased amygdala volume is associated with negative affect · plain
“left amygdala volume accounted for a significant percentage of the variance in negative affect (F(1,1042) =19.67; p <0.001; r =0.14; Figs. 2A, 3A).”
§ Individual Differences in Amygdala-Medial Prefrontal Anatomy Link Negative Affect, Impaired Social Functioning, and Polygenic Depression Risk > Abstract
plaincorrelationaln = 1,050 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Increased amygdala volume is associated with negative affect · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“left amygdala volume accounted for a significant percentage of the variance in negative affect (F(1,1042) =19.67; p <0.001; r =0.14; Figs. 2A, 3A).”
§ Individual Differences in Amygdala-Medial Prefrontal Anatomy Link Negative Affect, Impaired Social Functioning, and Polygenic Depression Risk > Results > Increased amygdala volume is associated with negative affect
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Individuals with decreased mPFC thickness exhibited the poorest social cognition”
§ Individual Differences in Amygdala-Medial Prefrontal Anatomy Link Negative Affect, Impaired Social Functioning, and Polygenic Depression Risk > Abstract
plaincorrelationaln = 206- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“were least able to correctly identify facial emotion”
§ Individual Differences in Amygdala-Medial Prefrontal Anatomy Link Negative Affect, Impaired Social Functioning, and Polygenic Depression Risk > Abstract
plaincorrelationaln = 533- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This effect was echoed in the right amygdala (F(1,1042) = 7.69; p < 0.01; r = 0.09)”
§ Individual Differences in Amygdala-Medial Prefrontal Anatomy Link Negative Affect, Impaired Social Functioning, and Polygenic Depression Risk > Results > Increased amygdala volume is associated with negative affect
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Analyses revealed associations between increasing polygenic burden for MDD and reduced cortical thickness in the left mPFC.”
§ Individual Differences in Amygdala-Medial Prefrontal Anatomy Link Negative Affect, Impaired Social Functioning, and Polygenic Depression Risk > Abstract
plaincorrelationaln = 438- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
- It may state two separate claims as one. 39
- Probably not a substantial claim. 39
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“reduced thickness in a left mPFC region encompassing the subgenual and rostral anterior cingulate cortex”
- Also stated in: § Decreased medial prefrontal thickness is associated with negative affect · plain
“reduced left mPFC thickness was associated with increased negative affect (F(1,1043) = 8.28; p <0.005; r =−0.09; Fig. 2B).”
§ Individual Differences in Amygdala-Medial Prefrontal Anatomy Link Negative Affect, Impaired Social Functioning, and Polygenic Depression Risk > Abstract
plaincorrelationaln = 1,050 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
- Also stated in: § Decreased medial prefrontal thickness is associated with negative affect · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Among men, negative affect was associated with right amygdala (F(1,475) = 4.11; p < 0.05; r = 0.09) and hippocampal volumes (left: F(1,475) = 5.17; p <0.05; r =0.10; right: F(1,475) = 4.44; p < 0.05; r = 0.10). No other subcortical structures approached significance (F < 1.02; p > 0.31; r < 0.05; Fig. 3C).”
§ Individual Differences in Amygdala-Medial Prefrontal Anatomy Link Negative Affect, Impaired Social Functioning, and Polygenic Depression Risk > Results > Individual differences are present in both men and women
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When considered in isolation, there was no detectable relation between amygdala volume and mPFC thickness for either the low (F(1,168) = 1.04; p = 0.31; r = 0.08; Fig. 5A) or medium groups (F(1,698) < 0.01; p = 0.97; r < −0.01; Fig. 5B). However, an inverse correlation between left amygdala volume and mPFC thickness was evident among individuals reporting the most extreme negative affect (F(1,163)”
§ Individual Differences in Amygdala-Medial Prefrontal Anatomy Link Negative Affect, Impaired Social Functioning, and Polygenic Depression Risk > Results > Extreme negative affect reveals an inverse relation between the structure of the amygdala and medial prefrontal cortex
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The opposing effects in the mPFC were also evident in four of the scales (STAI trait: F(1,1043) = 6.81; p < 0.01; r = −0.08; NEO neuroticism: F(1,1043) = 4.90; p < 0.05; r = −0.07; POMS total mood disturbance: F(1,1043) = 7.86; p < 0.005; r = −0.09; TCI harm avoidance: F(1,1043) = 6.80; p < 0.01; r = −0.08). Although the behavioral inhibition scale did not display a significant relation with mPFC”
§ Individual Differences in Amygdala-Medial Prefrontal Anatomy Link Negative Affect, Impaired Social Functioning, and Polygenic Depression Risk > Results > Cross-scale consistency
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Additional analyses were run excluding participants with a family history of psychiatric illness (n = 189). The associations between negative affect with both left amygdala volume (F(1,853) = 11.27; p < 0.001; r = 0.11) and mPFC thickness (F(1,854) = 3.88; p <0.05; r =−0.07) remained.”
§ Individual Differences in Amygdala-Medial Prefrontal Anatomy Link Negative Affect, Impaired Social Functioning, and Polygenic Depression Risk > Results > Extreme negative affect reveals an inverse relation between the structure of the amygdala and medial prefrontal cortex
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Among women, the left hippocampus (F(1,561) = 6.56; p < 0.01; r = 0.11) demonstrated a significant relation with negative affect, while a trend emerged in the right amygdala (F(1,561) = 2.80; p = 0.09; r = 0.07). No other subcortical structures approached significance (F < 2.45; p > 0.12; r < 0.07; Fig. 3B).”
§ Individual Differences in Amygdala-Medial Prefrontal Anatomy Link Negative Affect, Impaired Social Functioning, and Polygenic Depression Risk > Results > Individual differences are present in both men and women
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No relation was observed between mPFC thickness and the other imputed psychiatric (F < 1.46; p > 0.23; r < 0.06) or non-psychiatric genetic risk scores (F < 1.23; p > 0.26; r < 0.06).”
§ Individual Differences in Amygdala-Medial Prefrontal Anatomy Link Negative Affect, Impaired Social Functioning, and Polygenic Depression Risk > Results > Decreased medial prefrontal thickness is associated with polygenic vulnerability for major depressive disorder
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Increasing right amygdala volume was associated with increased scores on four of the scales (NEO neuroticism: F(1,1042) = 5.13; p <0.05; r =0.07; BIS: F(1,1042) = 3.86; p < 0.05; r = 0.06; POMS total mood disturbance: F(1,1042) = 4.64; p < 0.05; r = 0.07; TCI harm avoidance: F(1,1042) = 11.46; p < 0.001; r = 0.10). STAI trait anxiety displayed a trend in the same direction (F(1,1042) = 3.23; p =0.”
§ Individual Differences in Amygdala-Medial Prefrontal Anatomy Link Negative Affect, Impaired Social Functioning, and Polygenic Depression Risk > Results > Cross-scale consistency
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Of further note, participants in the high negative affect group were more likely to report a family history of psychiatric illnesses relative to the low and medium groups (Table 3).”
§ Individual Differences in Amygdala-Medial Prefrontal Anatomy Link Negative Affect, Impaired Social Functioning, and Polygenic Depression Risk > Results > Extreme negative affect reveals an inverse relation between the structure of the amygdala and medial prefrontal cortex
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The rolling average revealed opposing relations between negative affect and the structure of the left amygdala and cortex (Fig. 4A). While there was an absence of a cross-structure relation over much of the sample, a robust negative correlation between amygdala volume and mPFC thickness emerged in individuals reporting the most severe negative affect (Fig. 4B, C).”
§ Individual Differences in Amygdala-Medial Prefrontal Anatomy Link Negative Affect, Impaired Social Functioning, and Polygenic Depression Risk > Results > Extreme negative affect reveals an inverse relation between the structure of the amygdala and medial prefrontal cortex
boostedcorrelationaln = 170- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The remaining subcortical structures (caudate, globus pallidus, nucleus accumbens, putamen, thalamus) were not significantly associated with negative affect (F < 3.25; p > 0.07; r < 0.06; Fig. 3A).”
§ Individual Differences in Amygdala-Medial Prefrontal Anatomy Link Negative Affect, Impaired Social Functioning, and Polygenic Depression Risk > Results > Increased amygdala volume is associated with negative affect
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“After excluding these extreme subjects from the full sample, the association between negative affect and left amygdala volume remained (F(1,872) = 9.175; p < 0.005; r = 0.10), as did the inverse relation with mPFC thickness (F(1,873) = 5.84; p < 0.05; r = −0.08).”
§ Individual Differences in Amygdala-Medial Prefrontal Anatomy Link Negative Affect, Impaired Social Functioning, and Polygenic Depression Risk > Results > Extreme negative affect reveals an inverse relation between the structure of the amygdala and medial prefrontal cortex
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The inverse relation between left mPFC thickness and negative affect was observed and of similar magnitude for both sexes (women, F(1,562) = 5.60; p <0.05; r =−0.10; men, F(1,476) = 4.50; p <0.05; r = −0.10; Fig. 3E, F).”
§ Individual Differences in Amygdala-Medial Prefrontal Anatomy Link Negative Affect, Impaired Social Functioning, and Polygenic Depression Risk > Results > Individual differences are present in both men and women
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When considering left amygdala volume, increased scores on each scale were associated with increased volume (STAI trait: F(1,1042) = 13.31; p < 0.001; r =0.12; NEO neuroticism: F(1,1042) = 13.98; p <0.001; r =0.12; BIS: F(1,1042) = 9.71; p < 0.005; r = 0.09; POMS total mood disturbance: F(1,1042) = 10.61; p < 0.001; r = 0.11; TCI harm avoidance: F(1,1042) = 21.51; p <0.001; r =0.14).”
§ Individual Differences in Amygdala-Medial Prefrontal Anatomy Link Negative Affect, Impaired Social Functioning, and Polygenic Depression Risk > Results > Cross-scale consistency
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Here, we found that negative affect associates with increased amygdala volume and reduced mPFC thickness in a cohort of clinically healthy young adults.”
§ Individual Differences in Amygdala-Medial Prefrontal Anatomy Link Negative Affect, Impaired Social Functioning, and Polygenic Depression Risk > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Follow-up analyses revealed that this effect was specific to the neutral (error rate 0.14 ± 0.13; F(1,521) = 15.68; p <0.001; r =−0.17) and fear (error rate 0.19 ± 0.11; F(1,521) = 5.49; p < 0.05; r = −0.10) conditions with no other effects reaching significance (anger, error rate 0.39 ± 0.14; happy, error rate 0.03 ±0.06; and sad, error rate 0.21 ±0.14; p > 0.41, r < 0.04).”
§ Individual Differences in Amygdala-Medial Prefrontal Anatomy Link Negative Affect, Impaired Social Functioning, and Polygenic Depression Risk > Results > Decreased medial prefrontal thickness is associated with errors in emotion perception
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“After accounting for social functioning, the relation between negative affect and amygdala volume remained for the left (F(1,170) = 4.90; p < 0.05; r = 0.13), but not the right (F(1,170) = 1.18; p = 0.28; r = 0.06), amygdala.”
§ Individual Differences in Amygdala-Medial Prefrontal Anatomy Link Negative Affect, Impaired Social Functioning, and Polygenic Depression Risk > Results > Decreased medial prefrontal thickness is associated with impaired social function
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While reduced mPFC thickness is independently present in men and women with increased anxiety, women as a group displayed thicker mPFC and yet heightened anxiety.”
§ Individual Differences in Amygdala-Medial Prefrontal Anatomy Link Negative Affect, Impaired Social Functioning, and Polygenic Depression Risk > Discussion > Similar effects in both women and men
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No relation was observed between the polygene MDD factors (PT < 0.1 to 0.5) and negative affect (F < 0.42; p > 0.52; r < 0.03) or amygdala volumes (F < 0.85; p > 0.36; r < 0.04).”
§ Individual Differences in Amygdala-Medial Prefrontal Anatomy Link Negative Affect, Impaired Social Functioning, and Polygenic Depression Risk > Results > Decreased medial prefrontal thickness is associated with polygenic vulnerability for major depressive disorder
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although male participants displayed a greater percentage of errors in emotion perception than females (0.19 ± 0.01 vs 0.18 ± 0.01; t(531) = 2.32, p < 0.05), there were no sex differences in the relations between task performance and mPFC thickness (Z =1.30, p =0.19).”
§ Individual Differences in Amygdala-Medial Prefrontal Anatomy Link Negative Affect, Impaired Social Functioning, and Polygenic Depression Risk > Results > Decreased medial prefrontal thickness is associated with errors in emotion perception
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This effect was seen in each of the three self-report measures included in the social functioning composite score (IAS aloof introverted: F(1,200) = 11.93; p < 0.001; r = − 0.24; BAPQ aloof personality: F(1,200) = 10.86; p <0.001; r = −0.23; RSRI social/school: F(1,200) = 4.31; p < 0.05; r = −0.14; Fig. 6B).”
§ Individual Differences in Amygdala-Medial Prefrontal Anatomy Link Negative Affect, Impaired Social Functioning, and Polygenic Depression Risk > Results > Decreased medial prefrontal thickness is associated with impaired social function
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Second, the current findings indicate relations between individual differences in affect, social functioning, polygenic MDD risk, and structural variation within the amygdala–mPFC network.”
- Also stated in: § Caveats · hedged
“Through the use of relatively crude morphometric measures, the present findings suggest how specific neural systems differ in ways that are associated with negative affect, social functioning, and genetic risk.”
§ Individual Differences in Amygdala-Medial Prefrontal Anatomy Link Negative Affect, Impaired Social Functioning, and Polygenic Depression Risk > Discussion > Caveats
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Caveats · hedged
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The social functioning composite score was calculated as the average of the Z-scores for each individual scale (r = 0.50 to 0.75; Cronbach’s α = 0.80).”
§ Individual Differences in Amygdala-Medial Prefrontal Anatomy Link Negative Affect, Impaired Social Functioning, and Polygenic Depression Risk > Materials and Methods > Online self-report battery
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Median response time was partialed out during analyses of errors in emotional perception.”
§ Individual Differences in Amygdala-Medial Prefrontal Anatomy Link Negative Affect, Impaired Social Functioning, and Polygenic Depression Risk > Materials and Methods > Statistical analyses
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Abnormalities within the structure and function of the mPFC network have been established in a range of psychiatric disorders in addition to MDD”
§ Individual Differences in Amygdala-Medial Prefrontal Anatomy Link Negative Affect, Impaired Social Functioning, and Polygenic Depression Risk > Materials and Methods > Genetic data
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Drevets et al., 1997
- Not checked yetcites Phillips and Vieta, 2007
- Not checked yetcites Price and Drevets, 2010
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we took the additional step of partialing out the variance associated with potential population substratification (the first four MDS factors, C1–C4), and number of nonmissing SNPs.”
§ Individual Differences in Amygdala-Medial Prefrontal Anatomy Link Negative Affect, Impaired Social Functioning, and Polygenic Depression Risk > Materials and Methods > Statistical analyses
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Reported results are after partialing out variance associated with site (Harvard Bay 1, MGH Bay 4, MGH Bay 8, etc.) and software upgrade.”
§ Individual Differences in Amygdala-Medial Prefrontal Anatomy Link Negative Affect, Impaired Social Functioning, and Polygenic Depression Risk > Materials and Methods > MRI data acquisition
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“thought to be influenced by a large number of common allelic variations of very small effect”
§ Individual Differences in Amygdala-Medial Prefrontal Anatomy Link Negative Affect, Impaired Social Functioning, and Polygenic Depression Risk > Introduction
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These analyses partialed out the variance associated with site, console software version, estimated IQ, age, sex, and ICV and then examined the relation between amygdala volume and negative affect.”
§ Individual Differences in Amygdala-Medial Prefrontal Anatomy Link Negative Affect, Impaired Social Functioning, and Polygenic Depression Risk > Materials and Methods > Statistical analyses
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“After QC, data for 442 participants were retained with 763,104 SNPs.”
§ Individual Differences in Amygdala-Medial Prefrontal Anatomy Link Negative Affect, Impaired Social Functioning, and Polygenic Depression Risk > Materials and Methods > Genetic data
plainn = 442- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“ICV has also been validated against manual measurement (Buckner et al., 2004).”
§ Individual Differences in Amygdala-Medial Prefrontal Anatomy Link Negative Affect, Impaired Social Functioning, and Polygenic Depression Risk > Materials and Methods > Structural phenotype reliability
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Buckner et al., 2004
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Total genotyping rate for the final sample was 99.50%.”
§ Individual Differences in Amygdala-Medial Prefrontal Anatomy Link Negative Affect, Impaired Social Functioning, and Polygenic Depression Risk > Materials and Methods > Genetic data
plainn = 438- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“the mPFC and amygdala share reciprocal connections”
§ Individual Differences in Amygdala-Medial Prefrontal Anatomy Link Negative Affect, Impaired Social Functioning, and Polygenic Depression Risk > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Milad and Quirk, 2012
- Not checked yetcites Phelps and LeDoux, 2005
- Not checked yetcites Price and Drevets, 2010
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Although polygenic vulnerabilities have been identified (Ripke et al., 2012), their neurobiological influence has yet to be established.”
§ Individual Differences in Amygdala-Medial Prefrontal Anatomy Link Negative Affect, Impaired Social Functioning, and Polygenic Depression Risk > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ripke et al., 2012
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The accuracy of FreeSurfer-derived structural estimates have been validated against histological analysis (Rosas et al., 2002) and manual measurements (Kuperberg et al., 2003).”
§ Individual Differences in Amygdala-Medial Prefrontal Anatomy Link Negative Affect, Impaired Social Functioning, and Polygenic Depression Risk > Materials and Methods > Structural phenotype reliability
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Rosas et al., 2002
- Not checked yetcites Kuperberg et al., 2003
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Analyses revealed high test–retest reliability of each of our phenotypes of interest (r = 0.76 to 0.99; Fig. 1).”
§ Individual Differences in Amygdala-Medial Prefrontal Anatomy Link Negative Affect, Impaired Social Functioning, and Polygenic Depression Risk > Materials and Methods > Structural phenotype reliability
plaincorrelationaln = 91- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“To prevent possible spurious effects resulting from population admixture and cultural biases in self-reported affect (Markus and Kitayama, 1991), analyses were restricted to non-Hispanic Caucasians of European ancestry.”
§ Individual Differences in Amygdala-Medial Prefrontal Anatomy Link Negative Affect, Impaired Social Functioning, and Polygenic Depression Risk > Materials and Methods > Participants
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Markus and Kitayama, 1991
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In healthy populations, the strength of intrinsic (Kim et al., 2011a) and task-evoked (Cremers et al., 2010; Pezawas et al., 2005) amygdala–mPFC coupling decreases, and white-matter is altered (Kim and Whalen, 2009) in individuals with high levels of anxiety or related behavioral profiles.”
§ Individual Differences in Amygdala-Medial Prefrontal Anatomy Link Negative Affect, Impaired Social Functioning, and Polygenic Depression Risk > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kim et al., 2011a
- Not checked yetcites Cremers et al., 2010
- Not checked yetcites Pezawas et al., 2005
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Imputation increases genomic coverage providing additional support for genotyped-allele-based analysis (de Bakker et al., 2008).”
§ Individual Differences in Amygdala-Medial Prefrontal Anatomy Link Negative Affect, Impaired Social Functioning, and Polygenic Depression Risk > Materials and Methods > Genetic data
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites de Bakker et al., 2008
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Cortical thickness and surface area, which sum to reflect total gray matter volume, are genetically and phenotypically distinct measures (Panizzon et al., 2009; Winkler et al., 2010).”
§ Individual Differences in Amygdala-Medial Prefrontal Anatomy Link Negative Affect, Impaired Social Functioning, and Polygenic Depression Risk > Materials and Methods > Structural MRI data preprocessing
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Panizzon et al., 2009
- Not checked yetcites Winkler et al., 2010
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the scales displayed strong cross-measure correlations (Table 1; Cronbach’s α =0.84)”
§ Individual Differences in Amygdala-Medial Prefrontal Anatomy Link Negative Affect, Impaired Social Functioning, and Polygenic Depression Risk > Materials and Methods > Online self-report battery
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“block linear regressions were conducted by first partialing out the variance associated with site, console software version, estimated IQ, age, and sex and then by examining the relation between thickness estimates and the negative affect composite score.”
§ Individual Differences in Amygdala-Medial Prefrontal Anatomy Link Negative Affect, Impaired Social Functioning, and Polygenic Depression Risk > Materials and Methods > Statistical analyses
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As the effect in the mPFC was established within an a priori defined region”
§ Individual Differences in Amygdala-Medial Prefrontal Anatomy Link Negative Affect, Impaired Social Functioning, and Polygenic Depression Risk > Results > Decreased medial prefrontal thickness is associated with negative affect
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, although transient amygdala–mPFC responses can be sex- (or even individual) specific, our findings suggest that the circuit’s core role in affective and social processes generalizes across both sexes.”
§ Individual Differences in Amygdala-Medial Prefrontal Anatomy Link Negative Affect, Impaired Social Functioning, and Polygenic Depression Risk > Discussion > Similar effects in both women and men
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This raises the possibility that genetically mediated reductions in mPFC network integrity may contribute to an exaggerated stress response, the exacerbation of stress-induced dendritic remodeling, and heightened negative affect.”
§ Individual Differences in Amygdala-Medial Prefrontal Anatomy Link Negative Affect, Impaired Social Functioning, and Polygenic Depression Risk > Discussion > Polygenic depression risk predicts decreased medial prefrontal thickness
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The sgACC participates in the dampening of fear responses as well as the experience and regulation of negative affect (Etkin, 2010; Kim et al., 2011b; Phelps and LeDoux, 2005).”
§ Individual Differences in Amygdala-Medial Prefrontal Anatomy Link Negative Affect, Impaired Social Functioning, and Polygenic Depression Risk > Discussion > Amygdala–medial prefrontal imbalance
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Etkin, 2010
- Not checked yetcites Kim et al., 2011b
- Not checked yetcites Phelps and LeDoux, 2005
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, the results show the largest effects were present in those individuals with extreme negative affect, but also that a relation in the remaining sample should not be ruled out.”
§ Individual Differences in Amygdala-Medial Prefrontal Anatomy Link Negative Affect, Impaired Social Functioning, and Polygenic Depression Risk > Results > Extreme negative affect reveals an inverse relation between the structure of the amygdala and medial prefrontal cortex
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Disrupted mPFC network integrity could result in the perception of emotions in nonemotional stimuli, contributing to the fear and avoidance of social situations.”
§ Individual Differences in Amygdala-Medial Prefrontal Anatomy Link Negative Affect, Impaired Social Functioning, and Polygenic Depression Risk > Discussion > Amygdala–medial prefrontal imbalance
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These findings support the hypothesis that amygdala–mPFC circuit dysfunction may set the stage for MDD onset in vulnerable populations and suggest the presence of diagnostic specificity within the neuro-anatomical correlates of polygenic risk.”
§ Individual Differences in Amygdala-Medial Prefrontal Anatomy Link Negative Affect, Impaired Social Functioning, and Polygenic Depression Risk > Discussion > Polygenic depression risk predicts decreased medial prefrontal thickness
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The present findings raise the possibility that imbalance within the basolateral amygdala–mPFC network may underlie dysregulated cortical control over central nucleus output and an associated increase in visceral responsivity (Price and Drevets, 2010).”
§ Individual Differences in Amygdala-Medial Prefrontal Anatomy Link Negative Affect, Impaired Social Functioning, and Polygenic Depression Risk > Discussion > Amygdala–medial prefrontal imbalance
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Price and Drevets, 2010
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In rodents, mPFC inputs to the basolateral nucleus (al Maskati and Zbrozyna, 1989) and intercalated cells gate basolateral–central amygdala impulse transmission (Milad and Quirk, 2012).”
§ Individual Differences in Amygdala-Medial Prefrontal Anatomy Link Negative Affect, Impaired Social Functioning, and Polygenic Depression Risk > Discussion > Amygdala–medial prefrontal imbalance
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites al Maskati and Zbrozyna, 1989
- Not checked yetcites Milad and Quirk, 2012
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“While our analyses targeted the amygdala–mPFC network, a failure to modulate hippocampal hyperactivity is also hypothesized to result in affective dysregulation (Mayberg, 1997; Price and Drevets, 2010).”
§ Individual Differences in Amygdala-Medial Prefrontal Anatomy Link Negative Affect, Impaired Social Functioning, and Polygenic Depression Risk > Discussion > Amygdala–medial prefrontal imbalance
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Mayberg, 1997 source
- Not checked yetcites Price and Drevets, 2010
hedgedconditional- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Rodent and nonhuman primate tracing literature suggests impaired affect and reduced social functioning likely result from imbalances between the mPFC and basolateral amygdala.”
§ Individual Differences in Amygdala-Medial Prefrontal Anatomy Link Negative Affect, Impaired Social Functioning, and Polygenic Depression Risk > Discussion > Caveats
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“In their landmark study, Drevets et al. (1997) established mPFC gray matter loss in unipolar and bipolar depression.”
§ Individual Differences in Amygdala-Medial Prefrontal Anatomy Link Negative Affect, Impaired Social Functioning, and Polygenic Depression Risk > Discussion > Polygenic depression risk predicts decreased medial prefrontal thickness
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Drevets et al. (1997)
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Consistent with a strong cross-structure correlation within the present sample, in healthy populations, amygdala and hippocampal volumes track each other over the lifespan (Grieve et al., 2005; Mu et al., 1999; Walhovd et al., 2005).”
§ Individual Differences in Amygdala-Medial Prefrontal Anatomy Link Negative Affect, Impaired Social Functioning, and Polygenic Depression Risk > Discussion > Amygdala–medial prefrontal imbalance
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Grieve et al., 2005
- Not checked yetcites Mu et al., 1999
- Not checked yetcites Walhovd et al., 2005
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In rodents, chronic stress results in symptoms characteristic of MDD including anhedonia, changes in weight, sleep disturbances, decreased locomotion (Willner, 1997), as well as dendritic retraction and synapse loss in the mPFC (Cook and Wellman, 2004).”
§ Individual Differences in Amygdala-Medial Prefrontal Anatomy Link Negative Affect, Impaired Social Functioning, and Polygenic Depression Risk > Discussion > Polygenic depression risk predicts decreased medial prefrontal thickness
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Willner, 1997
- Not checked yetcites Cook and Wellman, 2004
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Amygdala–mPFC connections are concentrated within the basolateral nucleus (Price and Drevets, 2010).”
§ Individual Differences in Amygdala-Medial Prefrontal Anatomy Link Negative Affect, Impaired Social Functioning, and Polygenic Depression Risk > Discussion > Amygdala–medial prefrontal imbalance
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Price and Drevets, 2010
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Subsequent meta-analyses have replicated these mPFC volumetric reductions, predominantly in patients with familial MDD (Hajek et al., 2008).”
§ Individual Differences in Amygdala-Medial Prefrontal Anatomy Link Negative Affect, Impaired Social Functioning, and Polygenic Depression Risk > Discussion > Polygenic depression risk predicts decreased medial prefrontal thickness
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hajek et al., 2008
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“There are sex differences in the prevalence of disorders of affect and social functioning (Nolen-Hoeksema and Girgus, 1994).”
§ Individual Differences in Amygdala-Medial Prefrontal Anatomy Link Negative Affect, Impaired Social Functioning, and Polygenic Depression Risk > Discussion > Similar effects in both women and men
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Nolen-Hoeksema and Girgus, 1994
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Rodent and nonhuman primate research implicates the mPFC in social as well as affective, habitual, and evaluative processes (Devinsky et al., 1995; Graybiel, 2008; Price and Drevets, 2010; Rushworth et al., 2007).”
§ Individual Differences in Amygdala-Medial Prefrontal Anatomy Link Negative Affect, Impaired Social Functioning, and Polygenic Depression Risk > Discussion > Amygdala–medial prefrontal imbalance
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Devinsky et al., 1995
- Not checked yetcites Graybiel, 2008
- Not checked yetcites Price and Drevets, 2010
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Yet prior research has suggested the presence of reduced hippocampal formation gray matter in healthy young adults with heightened neuroticism (DeYoung et al., 2010) and patients with MDD (Bremner et al., 2000), although results have been inconsistent (Price and Drevets, 2010).”
§ Individual Differences in Amygdala-Medial Prefrontal Anatomy Link Negative Affect, Impaired Social Functioning, and Polygenic Depression Risk > Discussion > Amygdala–medial prefrontal imbalance
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites DeYoung et al., 2010
- Not checked yetcites Bremner et al., 2000
- Not checked yetcites Price and Drevets, 2010
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Decreased social support (Coyne and Downey, 1991; Repetti et al., 2002; Vaughn and Leff, 1976) and neuroticism (Clark et al., 1994), a facet of negative affect, predict the onset of depressive episodes.”
§ Individual Differences in Amygdala-Medial Prefrontal Anatomy Link Negative Affect, Impaired Social Functioning, and Polygenic Depression Risk > Discussion > Polygenic depression risk predicts decreased medial prefrontal thickness
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Coyne and Downey, 1991
- Not checked yetcites Repetti et al., 2002
- Not checked yetcites Vaughn and Leff, 1976
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Depression is associated with decreased left mPFC gray matter (Hajek et al., 2008; Price and Drevets, 2010).”
§ Individual Differences in Amygdala-Medial Prefrontal Anatomy Link Negative Affect, Impaired Social Functioning, and Polygenic Depression Risk > Discussion > Polygenic depression risk predicts decreased medial prefrontal thickness
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hajek et al., 2008
- Not checked yetcites Price and Drevets, 2010
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In rodents, repeated stress results in dendritic atrophy and reduced glial cell counts in hippocampal regions (McEwen and Magarinos, 2001) as well as increased dendritic branching in the basolateral amygdala (Vyas et al., 2002).”
§ Individual Differences in Amygdala-Medial Prefrontal Anatomy Link Negative Affect, Impaired Social Functioning, and Polygenic Depression Risk > Discussion > Amygdala–medial prefrontal imbalance
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites McEwen and Magarinos, 2001
- Not checked yetcites Vyas et al., 2002 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The central nucleus plays a role in the modulation of autonomic and endocrine responses for a host of visceral functions (LeDoux, 2000, 2012).”
§ Individual Differences in Amygdala-Medial Prefrontal Anatomy Link Negative Affect, Impaired Social Functioning, and Polygenic Depression Risk > Discussion > Amygdala–medial prefrontal imbalance
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites LeDoux, 2000, 2012
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The relation between psychological health and social functioning is well established (Coyne and Downey, 1991; Repetti et al., 2002; Vaughn and Leff, 1976).”
§ Individual Differences in Amygdala-Medial Prefrontal Anatomy Link Negative Affect, Impaired Social Functioning, and Polygenic Depression Risk > Discussion > Amygdala–medial prefrontal imbalance
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Coyne and Downey, 1991
- Not checked yetcites Repetti et al., 2002
- Not checked yetcites Vaughn and Leff, 1976
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Abnormalities within the structure and function of the mPFC have been established in a range of psychiatric disorders.”
§ Individual Differences in Amygdala-Medial Prefrontal Anatomy Link Negative Affect, Impaired Social Functioning, and Polygenic Depression Risk > Discussion > Polygenic depression risk predicts decreased medial prefrontal thickness
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These results indicate that compromised amygdala–mPFC circuitry, which is present in a considerable percentage of healthy young adults, may simultaneously relate to emotional impairments, reduced social functioning, and polygenic vulnerability for the onset of MDD.”
§ Individual Differences in Amygdala-Medial Prefrontal Anatomy Link Negative Affect, Impaired Social Functioning, and Polygenic Depression Risk > Discussion > Caveats
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In healthy populations, women and men exhibit differential hemodynamic responses to affective and social stimuli (Cahill, 2006; Koch et al., 2007; McRae et al., 2008; Thomas et al., 2001; But see, Wager et al., 2003).”
§ Individual Differences in Amygdala-Medial Prefrontal Anatomy Link Negative Affect, Impaired Social Functioning, and Polygenic Depression Risk > Discussion > Similar effects in both women and men
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cahill, 2006
- Not checked yetcites Koch et al., 2007
- Not checked yetcites McRae et al., 2008
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“However, MDD is not purely genetic in origin, and stressful life events contribute to the occurrence of depressive episodes (Kendler et al., 1999).”
§ Individual Differences in Amygdala-Medial Prefrontal Anatomy Link Negative Affect, Impaired Social Functioning, and Polygenic Depression Risk > Discussion > Polygenic depression risk predicts decreased medial prefrontal thickness
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kendler et al., 1999 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
The sample of healthy young adults is representative of the general healthy population.
“in a sample of 1050 healthy young adults with no history of psychiatric illness”
“within the healthy population”
The paper relies on this without support.
The measured amygdala volume and medial prefrontal thickness reflect stable individual differences rather than transient states.
“structural correlates of trait negative affect”
“Individual differences in this circuitry”
The paper relies on this without support.
The self-report measures used to index negative affect, social functioning, and personality are valid measures of the constructs they purport to measure.
“five included self-report measures of affect, anxiety, and personality”
The paper relies on this without support.
The polygenic risk scores for MDD derived from prior GWAS are valid and applicable to this sample.
“five polygenic scores for depression derived at thresholds of varying association stringency from prior case control GWAS analyses”
The paper relies on this without support.
The FreeSurfer parcellation of the rACC corresponds to the mPFC region implicated in negative affect.
“when considering the FreeSurfer defined parcelation of the rACC”
The paper relies on this without support.
The cross-sectional anatomical associations reflect stable individual differences rather than transient states.
“morphometric estimates are likely insensitive to the associated subtle state dependent shifts in brain function”
The paper relies on this without support.
The sample of clinically healthy young adults is appropriate for studying vulnerability to MDD.
“cohort of clinically healthy young adults”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“several other studies have found that these structural changes may reflect a pre-existing vulnerability to a MDE, particularly for individuals with certain genetic profiles and/or early life stress (ELS) histories (39–45).”
From The Impact of Stress and Major Depressive Disorder on Hippocampal and Medial Prefrontal Cortex Morphology (2019) · cites this paper as [43]
Statistics recomputed
Every reported test result, recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom. A result shows as not adding up only once an independent check has confirmed it.
- Consistentz = 1.17reported p = .24 · recomputed p = .242
“(Z = 1.17, p = .24”
- Consistentz = 3.34reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001
“(Z = 3.34, p < .001”
- Consistentz = 3.29reported p < .001 · recomputed p = .001
“(Z = 3.29, p < .001”
- Consistentt(204) = 3.1reported p < .005 · recomputed p = .002
“t(204) = 3.10, p < .005”
- Consistentz = 0.49reported p = .62 · recomputed p = .624
“(Z = 0.49, p = .62”
- Consistentt(531) = 2.32reported p < .05 · recomputed p = .021
“t(531) = 2.32, p < .05”
- Consistentz = 1.3reported p = .19 · recomputed p = .194
“(Z =1.30, p = .19”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Individual Differences in Amygdala-Medial Prefrontal Anatomy Link Negative Affect, Impaired Social Functioning, and Polygenic Depression Risk > Results > Decreased medial prefrontal thickness is associated with impaired social function
“While male participants reported lower social functioning than females (−0.12 ± 0.86 vs 0.26 ± 0.78; t(204) = 3.10, p < 0.005)”
§ Individual Differences in Amygdala-Medial Prefrontal Anatomy Link Negative Affect, Impaired Social Functioning, and Polygenic Depression Risk > Materials and Methods > Online self-report battery
“Social proficiency was assessed through three scales of current and retrospective impairments in social functioning, including measures of social detachment, decreased social motivation, and social avoidance.”
Citations
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MethodDesikan, R. S., Ségonne, F., Fischl, B., Quinn, B. T., Dickerson, B. C., Blacker, D., Buckner, R. L., Dale, A. M., Maguire, R. P., Hyman, B. T., et al. (2006) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.01.021 · Cited by 13,324
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BackgroundFischl, B., Salat, D. H., Busa, E., Albert, M., Dieterich, M., Haselgrove, C., van der Kouwe, A., Killiany, R., Kennedy, D., Klaveness, S., et al. (2002) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(02)00569-x · Cited by 8,610
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BackgroundInfluentialMeasuring the thickness of the human cerebral cortex from magnetic resonance images
Fischl, B. R., & Dale, A. M. (2000) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.200033797 · Cited by 5,995 · cited 2×
“Cortical thickness was calculated as the closest distance from the gray/white boundary to the gray/CSF boundary at each vertex on the tessellated surface (Fischl and Dale, 2000).”
Method
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McNaughton, N., & Gray, J. A. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198843313.002.0004
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Metadata
- Authors
- Holmes, A. J., Lee, P. H., Hollinshead, M. O., Bakst, L., Roffman, J. L., Smoller, J. W., & Buckner, R. L.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute (US)
- Venue
- The Journal of Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Society for Neuroscience
- Published
- 2012-12-12
- Volume
- 32
- Issue
- 50
- Pages
- 18087-18100
- ISSN
- 0270-6474 (ISSN-L)
- 1529-2401
- PMC
- PMC3674506
- OpenAlex
- W2121184942
- Cited by
- 293
- References
- 116
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 33 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 32 · 2020: 61 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 28 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 28 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 23 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 8.67
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard (DASH) (Harvard University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute
- Simons Foundation
- Wellcome Trust
- Centre d'Imagerie BioMédicale
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH079799, U01MH085520, MH085520, K01MH099232, K24MH094614)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Keywords
- amygdala, medial prefrontal cortex, trait negative affect, subgenual anterior cingulate cortex, rostral anterior cingulate cortex, amygdala volume, cortical thickness, social cognition, facial emotion recognition, major depressive disorder, polygenic risk, genetic heterogeneity, individual differences, healthy young adults
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Amygdala, Depression, Emotions, Female, Genotype, Humans, Individuality, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Risk Factors, Social Behavior, Prefrontal Cortex, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Multifactorial Inheritance, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, Genome-Wide Association Study, Young Adult
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