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Mushroom Body Output Neurons Encode Odor–Reward Associations
Open accessAbstract
Neural correlates of learning and memory formation have been reported at different stages of the olfactory pathway in both vertebrates and invertebrates. However, the contribution of different neurons to the formation of a memory trace is little understood. Mushroom bodies (MBs) in the insect brain are higher-order structures involved in integration of olfactory, visual, and mechanosensory information and in memory formation. Here we focus on the ensemble spiking activity of single MB output neurons (ENs) when honeybees learned to associate an odor with reward. A large group of ENs (∼50%) changed their odor response spectra by losing or gaining sensitivity for specific odors. This response switching was dominated by the rewarded stimulus (CS+), which evoked exclusively recruitment. The remaining ENs did not change their qualitative odor spectrum but modulated their tuning strength, again dominated by increased responses to the CS+. While the bees showed a conditioned response (proboscis extension) after a few acquisition trials, no short-term effects were observed in the neuronal activity. In both EN types, associative plastic changes occurred only during retention 3 h after conditioning. Thus, long-term but not short-term memory was reflected by increased EN activity to the CS+. During retention, the EN ensemble separated the CS+ most differently from the CS− and control odors ∼140 ms after stimulus onset. The learned behavioral response appeared ∼330 ms later. It is concluded that after memory consolidation, the ensemble activity of the MB output neurons predicts the meaning of the stimulus (reward) and may provide the prerequisite for the expression of the learned behavior.
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“It is well established that Hebbian-like plasticity in connections at the output of the mushroom body can support various forms of reinforcement learning [71,76–78].”
From Phenomenal interface theory: a model for basal consciousness (2025) · cites this paper as [78]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Strube-Bloss, M. F., Nawrot, M. P., & Menzel, R.
- Affiliations
- Freie Universität Berlin (DE)
- Arizona State University (US)
- Venue
- The Journal of Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Society for Neuroscience
- Published
- 2011-02-23
- Volume
- 31
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 3129-3140
- ISSN
- 0270-6474 (ISSN-L)
- 1529-2401
- PMC
- PMC6623757
- OpenAlex
- W1985449617
- Cited by
- 157
- References
- 62
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 19 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 6.36
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion)
- PUB – Publications at Bielefeld University (Bielefeld University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurobiology and Insect Physiology Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural dynamics and brain function
- Keywords
- mushroom body, output neurons, olfactory conditioning, Apis mellifera, memory consolidation, long-term memory, associative plasticity, memory traces, proboscis extension
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Bees, Electrophysiology, Female, Memory, Neurons, Odorants, Reward, Smell, Mushroom Bodies
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