The DOI matches its Crossref record; 93 of the 93 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Sleep Spindles in Humans: Insights from Intracranial EEG and Unit Recordings
Open accessAbstract
Sleep spindles are an electroencephalographic (EEG) hallmark of non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep and are believed to mediate many sleep-related functions, from memory consolidation to cortical development. Spindles differ in location, frequency, and association with slow waves, but whether this heterogeneity may reflect different physiological processes and potentially serve different functional roles remains unclear. Here we used a unique opportunity to record intracranial depth EEG and single-unit activity in multiple brain regions of neurosurgical patients to better characterize spindle activity in human sleep. We find that spindles occur across multiple neocortical regions, and less frequently also in the parahippocampal gyrus and hippocampus. Most spindles are spatially restricted to specific brain regions. In addition, spindle frequency is topographically organized with a sharp transition around the supplementary motor area between fast (13-15 Hz) centroparietal spindles often occurring with slow-wave up-states, and slow (9-12 Hz) frontal spindles occurring 200 ms later on average. Spindle variability across regions may reflect the underlying thalamocortical projections. We also find that during individual spindles, frequency decreases within and between regions. In addition, deeper NREM sleep is associated with a reduction in spindle occurrence and spindle frequency. Frequency changes between regions, during individual spindles, and across sleep may reflect the same phenomenon, the underlying level of thalamocortical hyperpolarization. Finally, during spindles neuronal firing rates are not consistently modulated, although some neurons exhibit phase-locked discharges. Overall, anatomical considerations can account well for regional spindle characteristics, while variable hyperpolarization levels can explain differences in spindle frequency.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Frequencies below 20 Hz were avoided because of the potential overlap with fast sleep spindles, which can reach 18 Hz 65,66 .”
From The neural correlates of dreaming (2017) · cites this paper as [65]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Importantly, this research revealed that in the neocortex, single spindles typically express as a local phe-nomena and are restricted to specific regions and circuits, regardless of whether or not they are synchronized in phase with central thalamic spindle generation.”
From About Sleep's Role in Memory (2013) · cites this paper as [38]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“As for spindles, only the classic fast spindles display the strong phase synchronization with the emergent depolarizing upstate of the slow oscillation.Slow frontal spindles, in contrast, tend to follow fast spindles by 200 -500 ms and thus occur already in the up-to-down state transition of the slow oscillation (38,826).”
From About Sleep's Role in Memory (2013) · cites this paper as [38]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
(2007) · Cited by 6,530
Diekelmann, S., & Born, J. (2010) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn2762 · Cited by 3,760
Unsupervised spike detection and sorting with wavelets and superparamagnetic clustering
Quiroga, R. Q., Nadasdy, Z., & Ben-Shaul, Y. (2004) · Neural Computation · doi:10.1162/089976604774201631 · Cited by 2,119
Spike Timing–Dependent Plasticity: A Hebbian Learning Rule
Caporale, N., & Dan, Y. (2008) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.31.060407.125639 · Cited by 1,997 · cited 2×
“That spike timing is modulated by sleep spindles and is also implicated in plasticity processes (Caporale and Dan, 2008) supports the notion that spindles may have a role in synaptic plasticity (Khazipov et al., 2004).”
BackgroundHuber, R., Felice Ghilardi, M., Massimini, M., & Tononi, G. (2004) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature02663 · Cited by 1,854
Self-citationSleep and arousal: thalamocortical mechanisms
McCormick, D. A., & Bal, T. (1997) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.20.1.185 · Cited by 1,267
The sleep slow oscillation as a traveling wave
Massimini, M., Huber, R., Ferrarelli, F., Hill, S., & Tononi, G. (2004) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1318-04.2004 · Cited by 1,221
Self-citationPrefrontal phase locking to hippocampal theta oscillations
Siapas, A. G., Lubenov, E. V., & Wilson, M. A. (2005) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2005.02.028 · Cited by 1,014
Atlas of Electroencephalography
(1941) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1941.02820290075031 · Cited by 1,002
Gennaro, L. D., & Ferrara, M. (2003) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1053/smrv.2002.0252 · Cited by 957
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- Dehghani, 2010, Dynamics of excitation and inhibition, and local interactions, during slow wave sleep oscillations in rat prefrontal cortex, Soc Neurosci Abstr, 36, 44
- Jones EG (2007) The thalamus (Cambridge UP, Cambridge, UK), Ed 2.
- Steriade M (2003) Neuronal substrates of sleep and epilepsy (Cambridge UP, Cambridge, UK), Ed 1.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 301–400 of 504
Hippocampal ripples coincide with “up-state” and spindles in retrosplenial cortex
Pedrosa, R., Nazari, M., Kergoat, L., Bernard, C., Mohajerani, M. H., Stella, F., & Battaglia, F. P. (2024) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhae083 · Cited by 12
Inter-channel phase differences during sleep spindles are altered in Veterans with PTSD
Wang, C., Laxminarayan, S., Cashmere, J. D., Germain, A., & Jaques Reifman, A. (2020) · NeuroImage Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2020.102390 · Cited by 9
Sleep and individual differences in intellectual abilities
Smith, D., Fang, Z., Thompson, K., & Fogel, S. (2020) · Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.cobeha.2020.02.011 · Cited by 8
Asymmetry in sleep spindles and motor outcome in infants with unilateral brain injury
Marchi, V., Rizzi, R., Nevalainen, P., Melani, F., Lori, S., Antonelli, C., Vanhatalo, S., & Guzzetta, A. (2022) · Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology · doi:10.1111/dmcn.15244 · Cited by 7
Martínez, C. G., Niediek, J., Mormann, F., & Andrzejak, R. G. (2020) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2020.553885 · Cited by 8
Neurophysiological brain mapping of human sleep-wake states
Kalamangalam, G. P., Long, S. S., & Chelaru, M. I. (2021) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2021.03.014 · Cited by 8
Mizrahi-Kliger, A. D., Kaplan, A., Israel, Z. H., & Bergman, H. (2022) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111367 · Cited by 8
Schilling, C., Gappa, L., Schredl, M., Streit, F., Treutlein, J., Frank, J., Deuschle, M., Meyer‐Lindenberg, A., Rietschel, M., & Witt, S. H. (2018) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsy007 · Cited by 8
Timing and Topography of Sleep Onset: Asynchronies and Regional Changes of Brain Activity
Gorgoni, M., D’Atri, A., Scarpelli, S., Ferrara, M., & Gennaro, L. D. (2019) · Handbook of behavioral neuroscience · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-813743-7.00002-5 · Cited by 10
Localization of Sleep Spindles, K-Complexes, and Vertex Waves With Subdural Electrodes in Children
Pinto, A., Fernández, I. S., Peters, J. M., Manganaro, S., Singer, J. M., Vendrame, M., Prabhu, S. P., Loddenkemper, T., & Kothare, S. V. (2014) · Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1097/wnp.0000000000000071 · Cited by 8
Neuronal Activity During the Sleep-Wake Cycle
Timofeev, I., & Chauvette, S. (2019) · Handbook of behavioral neuroscience · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-813743-7.00001-3 · Cited by 9
BOLD signatures of sleepPreprint
Song, C., Boly, M., Tagliazucchi, E., Laufs, H., & Tononi, G. (2019) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/531186 · Cited by 8
Self-citationStaresina, B. P., Niediek, J., Borger, V., Surges, R., & Mormann, F. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.01.08.523138 · Cited by 8
Infant sleep EEG features at 4 months as biomarkers of neurodevelopment at 18 months
Ventura, S., Mathieson, S., O’Toole, J. M., Livingstone, V., Murray, D. M., & Boylan, G. B. (2025) · Pediatric Research · doi:10.1038/s41390-025-03893-6 · Cited by 8
Mushtaq, M., Marshall, L., Haq, R. U., & Martinetz, T. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0306218 · Cited by 7
Discovering EEG biomarkers of Lennox–Gastaut syndrome through unsupervised time–frequency analysis
Hu, D. K., Pinto-Orellana, M. A., Rana, M., Do, L., Adams, D. J., Hussain, S. A., Shrey, D. W., & Lopour, B. A. (2024) · Epilepsia · doi:10.1111/epi.18211 · Cited by 7
Sleep Modulates Neural Timescales and Spatiotemporal Integration in the Human Cortex
Cusinato, R., Seiler, A., Schindler, K. A., & Tzovara, A. (2025) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1845-24.2025 · Cited by 7
The asynchronous state's relation to large-scale potentials in cortex
Alishbayli, A., Tichelaar, J. G., Górska, U., Cohen, M. X., & Englitz, B. (2019) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00013.2019 · Cited by 7
Local sleep: A new concept in brain plasticity
Avvenuti, G., & Bernardi, G. (2022) · Handbook of clinical neurology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-819410-2.00003-5 · Cited by 10
Ratner, M. H., & Farb, D. H. (2022) · Frontiers in Toxicology · doi:10.3389/ftox.2022.836427 · Cited by 7
Schizophrenia as a disturbance of cortical sensory maps
Vukadinovic, Z. (2012) · Translational Neuroscience · doi:10.2478/s13380-012-0043-8 · Cited by 7
Altered Sleep Spindles in Delayed Encephalopathy after Acute Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
Yoshiike, T., Nishida, M., Yagishita, K., Nariai, T., Ishii, K., & Nishikawa, T. (2016) · Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine · doi:10.5664/jcsm.5900 · Cited by 7
Sleep Spindle Features and Neurobehavioral Performance in Healthy School-Aged Children
Sulkamo, S., Hagström, K., Huupponen, E., Isokangas, S., Lapinlampi, A.-M., Alakuijala, A., Saarenpää‐Heikkilä, O., & Himanen, S. (2019) · Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1097/wnp.0000000000000655 · Cited by 7
Sharp wave-ripples in human amygdala and their coordination with hippocampus during NREM sleepPreprint
Cox, R., Rüber, T., Staresina, B. P., & Fell, J. (2020) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2020.01.07.897413 · Cited by 7
Scream’s roughness grants privileged access to the brain during sleep
Legendre, G., Moyne, M., Domínguez‐Borràs, J., Kumar, S., Virginie Sterpenich, A., Schwartz, S., & Arnal, L. H. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-01560-8 · Cited by 10
Borges, D. F., Soares, J. I., Silva, H., Felgueiras, J., Batista, C., Ferreira, S., Rocha, N., & Leal, A. (2024) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.14368 · Cited by 6
Shao, Y., Guo, Y., Chen, Y., Zou, G., Chen, J., Gao, X., Lu, P., Tong, Y., Li, Y., Yao, P., et al. (2024) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2024.120976 · Cited by 6
Discrimination of Sleep Spindles in Ear-EEG
Mikkelsen, K. B., Kappel, S. L., Hemmsen, M. C., Rank, M. L., & Kidmose, P. (2019) · Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC) · doi:10.1109/embc.2019.8857114 · Cited by 6
Temporal relations between peripheral and central arousals in good and poor sleepers
Ribeiro, A. C. D. M., Gabriel, R., Garcia, B., Cuccio, C., Aqeel, W., Moreno, A., Landeen, C., Hurley, A., Kavey, N. B., & Pfaff, D. W. (2022) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2201143119 · Cited by 6
Differential thalamocortical interactions in slow and fast spindle generation: A computational model
Mushtaq, M., Marshall, L., Bazhenov, M., Mölle, M., & Martinetz, T. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0277772 · Cited by 6
Wang, M., Lassers, S. B., Vakilna, Y. S., Mander, B. A., Tang, W. C., & Brewer, G. J. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-58002-0 · Cited by 6
Sleep – More Local and Complex than Previously Thought?
Genzel, L., & Dresler, M. (2012) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2012.00089 · Cited by 6
Random auditory stimulation disturbs traveling slow waves and declarative memoryPreprint
Roüast, N. M., Kumral, D., Gais, S., & Schönauer, M. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.02.06.636865 · Cited by 7
Broderick, M.-Z. L., Khan, Q., & Moradikor, N. (2025) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/bs.pbr.2025.01.016 · Cited by 5
Avigdor, T., Peter‐Derex, L., Ho, A., Schiller, K., Wang, Y., Abdallah, C., Delaire, É., Jaber, K., Trávníček, V., Grova, C., et al. (2025) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsaf133 · Cited by 8
Differences in brain spindle density during sleep between patients with and without type 2 diabetes
Yeung, D., Talukder, A., Shi, M., Umbach, D. M., Li, Y., Motsinger‐Reif, A. A., Hwang, J. J., Fan, Z., & Li, L. (2024) · Computers in Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.compbiomed.2024.109484 · Cited by 8
Wang, R., Teng, S., Turanchik, M., Zhen, F., & Peng, Y. (2025) · SLEEP Advances · doi:10.1093/sleepadvances/zpaf009 · Cited by 4
Sleep State Influences Early Sound Encoding at Cortical But Not Subcortical Levels
Jourde, H. R., & Coffey, E. B. J. (2025) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0368-25.2025 · Cited by 5
Kim, D. J., Roh, H., Lee, H., Kim, S. J., & Im, M. (2024) · Frontiers in Neuroanatomy · doi:10.3389/fnana.2024.1385932 · Cited by 5
Li, J., Wang, B., Sugi, T., Zhang, Y., & Nakamura, M. (2017) · Journal of Biomedical Science and Engineering · doi:10.4236/jbise.2017.105b002 · Cited by 5
Sleep spindles in rats with absence epilepsy
Sitnikova, E. (2017) · Sleep Spindles & Cortical Up States · doi:10.1556/2053.01.2017.004 · Cited by 5
Sleep Neurobiology and the Critical Care Environment
Fink, A. M. (2020) · Critical Care Nurse · doi:10.4037/ccn2020432 · Cited by 6
Assessment of Sleep, K-Complexes, and Sleep Spindles in a T21 Light-Dark Cycle
Deibel, S. H., Rota, R. Y., Steenland, H. W., Ali, K., McNaughton, B. L., Tatsuno, M., & McDonald, R. J. (2020) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2020.551843 · Cited by 7
Sleep and its Disorders Affect Society
Idzikowski, C. (2014) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/56970 · Cited by 6
Decat, N., Walter, J., Koh, Z. H., Sribanditmongkol, P., Fulcher, B., Windt, J., Andrillon, T., & Tsuchiya, N. (2021) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2021.09.08.458981 · Cited by 6
Self-citationHippocampal ripples coincide with “up-state” and cortical spindles in Retrosplenial CortexPreprint
Pedrosa, R., Nazari, M., Kergoat, L., Bernard, C., Mohajerani, M. H., Stella, F., & Battaglia, F. (2022) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/2022.12.19.521088 · Cited by 3
Thalamic involvement defines distinct slow-wave subtypes in NREM sleep
Bergamo, D., Handjaras, G., Picchioni, D., Ricciardi, E., Legendre, G., Özbay, P. S., de Zwart, J. A., Duyn, J. H., Bernardi, G., & Betta, M. (2026) · Communications Biology · doi:10.1038/s42003-026-09988-y · Cited by 5
Nourski, K. V., Steinschneider, M., Rhone, A. E., Mueller, R. N., & Banks, M. I. (2025) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.70181 · Cited by 4
An early surge of norepinephrine along brainstem pathways drives sensory-evoked awakening
Matosevich, N., Regev, N., Kimchy, U., Zelinger, N., Kabaha, S., Gabay, N., Marmelshtein, A., & Nir, Y. (2025) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.adw6375 · Cited by 4
Self-citationAbnormal power and spindle wave activity during sleep in young smokers
Dong, Y., Cheng, Y., Wang, J., Ren, Z., Lu, Y., Yuan, K., Dong, F., & Yu, D. (2025) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2025.1534758 · Cited by 5
Falach, R., Belonosov, G., Schmidig, F. J., Aderka, M., Zhelezniakov, V., Shani‐Hershkovich, R., Bar, E., & Nir, Y. (2025) · Computers in Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.compbiomed.2025.110232 · Cited by 9
Self-citationHuman sleep spindles track experimentally excited brain circuits
Thom, J., & Staresina, B. P. (2025) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsaf114 · Cited by 5
Østergaard, F. G., & Kas, M. J. (2025) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2025.1488709 · Cited by 4
Stereo-electroencephalography identifies N2 sleep and spindles in human hippocampus
Carpentier, N., Cecchin, T., Koessler, L., Louis-Dorr, V., Jonas, J., Vignal, J., Carpentier, M., Szurhaj, W., Bourgin, P., & Maillard, L. G. (2017) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2017.06.248 · Cited by 4
A Role for Neuronal Oscillations of Sleep in Memory and Cognition
Marshall, L. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-0716-0653-7_7 · Cited by 4
Hippocampal spindles and barques are normal intracranial electroencephalographic entities
Kokkinos, V., Hussein, H., Frauscher, B., Simon, M. V., Urban, A., Bush, A., Bagic, A. I., & Richardson, R. M. (2021) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2021.09.008 · Cited by 4
Mofrad, M. H., Gilmore, G., Koller, D. P., Mirsattari, S. M., Burneo, J. G., Steven, D. A., KHAN, A. R., Marti, A. S., & Muller, L. (2022) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.75769 · Cited by 4
Yook, S., Choi, S. J., Zang, C., Joo, E. Y., & Kim, H. (2024) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2024.1306070 · Cited by 6
Vaudano, A. E., Azzi, N., & Trippi, I. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04573-9_10 · Cited by 4
Sarasso, S., Zubler, F., Pigorini, A., Sartori, I., Castana, L., & Nobili, L. (2020) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.13166 · Cited by 3
Martinez, J. D., Wilson, L. G., Brancaleone, W. P., Peterson, K. G., Popke, D. S., Caicedo-Garzón, V., Perez‐Tremble, R., Donnelly, M. J., Ortega, S. L. M., Torres, D., et al. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.07.14.549070 · Cited by 4
Belonosov, G., Falach, R., Schmidig, F. J., Aderka, M., Zhelezniakov, V., Shani‐Hershkovich, R., Bar, E., & Nir, Y. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.12.17.572046 · Cited by 4
Self-citationImpact of obstructive sleep apnea on sleep cycles and spindle dynamics: A polysomnographic study
Mohammadi, H., Ahmadi, S., Rezaei, M., Mahaki, B., Khazaie, H., & Aarabi, A. (2025) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2025.115106 · Cited by 4
Sousouri, G., Eicher, C., D’Angelo, R. M., Billecocq, M., Fussinger, T., Studler, M., Capstick, M. H., Kuster, N., Achermann, P., Huber, R., et al. (2025) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2025.121340 · Cited by 3
An Essay on Sleep-Related Sexual Behaviours and Offences Related to Sexual Behaviours
Idzikowski, C. (2014) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/59140 · Cited by 3
Intraindividual Characterization of the Sleep Spindle Variability in Healthy Subjects
Gómez‐Pilar, J., Northoff, G., Vaquerizo-Villar, F., Poza, J., Gutiérrez‐Tobal, G. C., & Hornero, R. (2020) · Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC) · doi:10.1109/embc44109.2020.9176315 · Cited by 3
The adolescent pattern of sleep spindle development revealed by HD‐EEG
Bocskai, G., Pótári, A., Gombos, F., & Kovács, I. (2022) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.13618 · Cited by 2
Features of the EEG Pattern of Sleep Spindles and Its Diagnostic Significance in Ontogeny
Ukhinov, E. B., Михайловна, М. И., Berdina, O. N., Rychkova, L. V., Kolesnikova, L. I., & Kolesnikov, S. I. (2022) · Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10517-022-05557-5 · Cited by 3
Frequency Characteristics of Sleep
Lázár, A. S., Lázár, Z. I., & Bódizs, R. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780192898340.013.17 · Cited by 4
Bibineyshvili, Y., Schiff, N. D., & Calderon, D. P. (2022) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2022.1040975 · Cited by 3
Analysis of slow and fast sleep spindle properties in Parkinson's disease – A comparative EEG study
Papp, A., Horvath, A. A., Gombos, F., Bódizs, R., Kamondi, A., & Szűcs, A. (2022) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2022.11.001 · Cited by 5
Spatiotemporal EEG dynamics of the sleep onset process in preadolescence
Annarumma, L., Reda, F., Scarpelli, S., D’Atri, A., Alfonsi, V., Salfi, F., Viselli, L., Pazzaglia, M., Gennaro, L. D., & Gorgoni, M. (2024) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2024.05.037 · Cited by 4
Oscillatory Brain Mechanisms for Memory Formation
Hanslmayr, S., Staresina, B. P., & Jensen, O. B. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190917982.013.25 · Cited by 3
Altered Sleep Oscillations as Neurophysiological Biomarkers of Schizophrenia
Mayeli, A., Donati, F. L., & Ferrarelli, F. (2024) · Advances in neurobiology · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-69491-2_13 · Cited by 3
Self-citationPattern recognition with adaptive-thresholds for sleep spindle in high density EEG signals
Gemignani, J., Agrimi, J., Cheli, E., Gemignani, A., Laurino, M., Allegrini, P., Landi, A., & Menicucci, D. (2015) · Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC) · doi:10.1109/embc.2015.7318432 · Cited by 3
Cellular Mechanisms of Thalamocortical Oscillations in the Sleeping Brain
Timofeev, I., Bonjean, M., & Bazhenov, M. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-0716-0653-7_5 · Cited by 4
Determination of neural state classification metrics from the power spectrum of human ECoG
Kelsey, M., Politte, D. V., Verner, R., Zempel, J. M., Nolan, T. S., Abbas Babajani-feremi, A., Prior, F., & Larson‐Prior, L. J. (2012) · Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC) · doi:10.1109/embc.2012.6346926 · Cited by 3
Rutigliano, T., Rivolta, M. W., Pizzi, R., & Sassi, R. (2017) · IEEE Signal Processing Letters · doi:10.1109/lsp.2017.2777919 · Cited by 3
Normal EEG in Wakefulness and Sleep
Krishnan, V., Chang, B. S., & Schomer, D. L. (2017) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med/9780190228484.003.0008 · Cited by 4
Mapping Typical and Altered Neurodevelopment with Sleep Macro- and Micro-ArchitecturePreprint
Kozhemiako, N., Buckley, A. W., Chervin, R. D., Redline, S. S., & Purcell, S. (2022) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2022.12.15.520643 · Cited by 3
Fast ripples reflect increased excitability that primes epileptiform spikesPreprint
Weiss, S. A., Fried, I., Engel, J., Sperling, M. R., Wong, R. K. S., Nir, Y., & Staba, R. J. (2023) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2023.03.26.23287702 · Cited by 3
Self-citationSleep-state dependent cerebellar processing in adult micePreprint
Canto, C. B., Bauer, S., Hoogland, T. M., Hoedemaker, H., Geelen, C., Loyola, S., Miaja, P., & Zeeuw, C. I. D. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.10.30.564769 · Cited by 3
Deepening sleep using an EEG wearable featuring modeling-based closed-loop neurostimulationPreprint
Jongejan, S. L., van der Heijden, A. C., & Talamini, L. M. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.03.09.642252 · Cited by 4
USSD: Unsupervised Sleep Spindle Detector
Ramirez, E., Estévez, P. A., Adams, M. D., Perez, C. A., Garrido-González, M., & Peirano, P. D. (2025) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2025.3532536 · Cited by 3
Increased Sleep Spindles in Regions Engaged during Motor Learning Predict Memory Consolidation
Sjøgård, M., Mylonas, D., Baxter, B., Shi, Z., Khan, S., Demanuele, C., Zhu, L., Tocci, C., Stickgold, R., Hämäläinen, M., et al. (2025) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0381-25.2025 · Cited by 2
OpenSpindleNet: An Open-Source Deep Learning Network for Reliable Sleep Spindle Detection
Seják, M., Mívalt, F., Sladky, V., Všianský, V., Carvalho, D. Z., Louis, E. K. S., Worrell, G. A., & Křemen, V. (2025) · Computers in Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.compbiomed.2025.110854 · Cited by 2
Exploring Deep Magnetoencephalography via Thalamo‐Cortical Sleep Spindles
Rattray, G. F., Jourde, H. R., Baillet, S., & Coffey, E. B. J. (2025) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.70354 · Cited by 2
Li, R., Zhang, X., Li, J., Li, H., Wang, R., Xue, R., Wang, H., Wang, D., Liu, L., Yu, X., et al. (2026) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2026.04.037 · Cited by 4
Bruno, S., Mat, B., Schaeffer, E. L., Haber, I., Fan, Z., Prahl, S., Wilcox, M. R., Strainis, E. P., Loring, M., Alauddin, T., et al. (2026) · SLEEP Advances · doi:10.1093/sleepadvances/zpag069 · Cited by 2
Self-citationAssessing the propagation of EEG transient activity
O’Reilly, C., & Nielsen, T. (2013) · International Workshop on Systems, Signal Processing and their Applications · doi:10.1109/wosspa.2013.6602355 · Cited by 2
REM sleep behavior disorder: relevance to epileptologists
Schenck, C. H. (2018) · Clinical Epileptology · doi:10.1007/s10309-018-0226-6 · Cited by 2
Hippocampal Information Processing and Homeostatic Regulation During REM and Non-REM Sleep
Mizuseki, K., & Miyawaki, H. (2019) · Handbook of behavioral neuroscience · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-813743-7.00004-9 · Cited by 2
Besing, G.-L. K., John, E. K. S., Potesta, C. V., Gallagher, M. J., & Zhou, C. (2022) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2022.948327 · Cited by 3
Electrical Signal from the Brain
Park, K. S. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-20784-6_8 · Cited by 2
Phase-Amplitude Coupling Localizes Pathologic Brain with Aid of Behavioral Staging in Sleep
Berry, B. M., Varatharajah, Y., Křemen, V., Kucewicz, M. T., Guragain, H., Brinkmann, B. H., Duque, J. J., Carvalho, D. Z., Stead, M., Sieck, G. C., et al. (2023) · Life · doi:10.3390/life13051186 · Cited by 2
Das, R., Gliske, S., Maroni, D. M., Situ-Kcomt, M., West, L. C., Summers, M. O., Tang, S., Vaswani, P. A., Halpern, C. H., Thompson, J. A., et al. (2024) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2024.11.020 · Cited by 2
Ma, Y., Li, C., Xu, Y., Tan, X., Yu, X., & Zhan, C. A. (2025) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsaf284 · Cited by 2
Willumsen, A., Midtgaard, J., Jespersen, B., Hansen, C. K. K., Lam, S. N., Hansen, S., Kupers, R. C., Fabricius, M. E., Litman, M., Pinborg, L. H., et al. (2022) · Cerebral Cortex Communications · doi:10.1093/texcom/tgac040 · Cited by 2
Phase-amplitude coupling in human scalp EEG during NREM sleep
Li, D., Ni, M., & Dun, S. (2015) · International Conference on Biomedical Engineering and Informatics (BMEI) · doi:10.1109/bmei.2015.7401504 · Cited by 2
Manipulating neural activity and sleep-dependent memory consolidation
Ghorbani, M., & Marshall, L. (2020) · e-Neuroforum · doi:10.1515/nf-2020-0002 · Cited by 3
Metadata
- Authors
- Andrillon, T., Nir, Y., Staba, R. J., Ferrarelli, F., Cirelli, C., Tononi, G., & Fried, I.
- Affiliations
- University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- The Journal of Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Society for Neuroscience
- Published
- 2011-12-07
- Volume
- 31
- Issue
- 49
- Pages
- 17821-17834
- ISSN
- 0270-6474 (ISSN-L)
- 1529-2401
- PMC
- PMC3270580
- OpenAlex
- W2004454719
- Cited by
- 504
- References
- 93
- Citations by year
- 2026: 26 · 2025: 41 · 2024: 37 · 2023: 57 · 2022: 40 · 2021: 30 · 2020: 48 · 2019: 38 · 2018: 38 · 2017: 46 · 2016: 27 · 2015: 25 · 2014: 21 · 2013: 24 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 8.29
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (DP1OD000579)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R01NS071048)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural dynamics and brain function
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Keywords
- sleep spindles, NREM sleep, single-unit activity, supplementary motor area, parahippocampal gyrus, hippocampus, spindle frequency, topographic organization
- MeSH terms
- Action Potentials, Adult, Brain, Brain Mapping, Electroencephalography, Electromyography, Electrooculography, Epilepsy, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Neurons, Sleep, Spectrum Analysis, Time Factors, Polysomnography, Nonlinear Dynamics, Young Adult, Brain Waves
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
