Anxiety- and depression-like states lead to pronounced olfactory deficits and impaired adult neurogenesis in mice
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Numerous clinical reports underscore the frequency of olfactory impairments in patients suffering from major depressive disorders (MDDs), yet the underlying physiopathological mechanisms remain poorly understood. We hypothesized that one key link between olfactory deficits and MDD lies in hypercortisolemia, a cardinal symptom of MDD. Corticosterone (CORT) is known to negatively correlate with hippocampal neurogenesis, yet its effects on olfactory neurogenesis and olfaction remain unknown. Here we used a rodent model of anxiety/depression-like states, which is based on chronic CORT administration and studied the effects of the antidepressant fluoxetine (FLX) on behavior, olfaction, and adult neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus (DG), olfactory bulb (OB), and the olfactory epithelium (OE). Chronic CORT had no effect on cell proliferation in the OE or on olfactory sensory neurons projecting to the OB, but induced pronounced deficits in olfactory acuity, fine discrimination of odorants and olfactory memory. These alterations were accompanied by a significant decrease in the number of adult-born neurons in both the DG and OB. Remarkably, FLX not only reversed depression-like states as expected, but also improved olfactory acuity, memory, and restored impaired adult neurogenesis. However, fine olfactory discrimination was not restored. Morphological analysis of adult-born neurons in both the DG and the OB showed that dendritic complexity was not significantly affected by CORT, but was increased by FLX. These findings demonstrate an essential role for glucocorticoids in triggering olfactory impairments in MDD and highlight a novel therapeutic effect of FLX. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Increasing clinical reports show that major depression is characterized by pronounced olfactory deficits, yet the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. In this work, we used an endocrine model of depression to study whether hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis perturbation could be sufficient to provoke olfactory impairments. We found that chronic corticosterone not only induces marked deficits in olfactory acuity, fine discrimination and olfactory memory, but also significantly decreases bulbar and hippocampal neurogenesis. Importantly, the antidepressant fluoxetine restores both adult neurogenesis and depressive states, and improves most olfactory functions. Our data reveal that impairment of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis during depression can lead to olfactory deficits and that the neurogenic effects of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor antidepressants can successfully restore certain olfactory functions.
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Fluoxetine restores the decrease of neurons observed in the rostral migratory stream and olfactory bulb after corticosterone treatment, as well as the associated depression-like state.
“Nevertheless, fluoxetine is able to restore the decrease of neurons observed in the rostral migratory stream and olfactory bulb after corticosterone treatment, as well as the depression-like state associated, suggesting that also the SVZ and olfactory bulb may be implicated in depression; in fact numerous clinical investigations uncover olfactory impairment in patients suffering from major”
From Depression and adult neurogenesis: Positive effects of the antidepressant fluoxetine and of physical exercise (2018) · cites this paper as Siopi et al., 2016
Previous findings have shown that fluoxetine restores olfactory neurogenesis in CORT mice and facilitates the maturation of adult-born neurons in the OB and hippocampus.
“Interestingly, previous findings have shown that fluoxetine restores olfactory neurogenesis in CORT mice and facilitates the maturation of adult-born neurons in the OB and hippocampus.22”
From Synaptic Vesicle 2A (SV2A) Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Imaging as a Marker of Therapeutic Response in a Mouse Model of Depression (2025) · cites this paper as [22]
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Basolateral amygdala circuits supporting negative emotional bias in a mouse model for depressionPreprint
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Siopi, E., Denizet, M., Gabellec, M.-M., de Chaumont, F., Olivo-Marin, J.-C., Guilloux, J.-P., Lledo, P.-M., & Lazarini, F.
- Affiliations
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
- Université Paris-Sud (FR)
- Venue
- The Journal of Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Society for Neuroscience
- Published
- 2016-01-12
- Volume
- 36
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 518-531
- ISSN
- 0270-6474 (ISSN-L)
- 1529-2401
- PMC
- PMC6602024
- OpenAlex
- W2338805940
- Cited by
- 111
- References
- 48
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 4
- FWCI
- 8.42
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Neuroscience (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Funders
- Agence Nationale de la Recherche (10-INSB-04-01, SAMENTA 2012)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Sensory Systems › Olfactory and Sensory Function Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Developmental Neuroscience › Neurogenesis and neuroplasticity mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Keywords
- olfactory dysfunction, major depressive disorder, anxiety-like behavior, depression-like behavior, corticosterone, hypercortisolism, glucocorticoids, adult neurogenesis, dentate gyrus, olfactory bulb, olfactory epithelium, olfactory memory, odor discrimination, olfactory sensitivity, fluoxetine, antidepressants, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, dendritic complexity
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Olfaction Disorders, Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Anxiety, Corticosterone, Depression, Disease Models, Animal, Exploratory Behavior, Feeding Behavior, Fluoxetine, Grooming, Male, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Olfactory Mucosa, Reaction Time, Olfactory Receptor Neurons, Antidepressive Agents, Second-Generation, Cell Proliferation, Mice, Neurogenesis
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