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HIV-1 Tat Alters Neuronal Autophagy by Modulating Autophagosome Fusion to the Lysosome: Implications for HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders
Open accessAbstract
Antiretroviral therapy has increased the life span of HIV+ individuals; however, HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) occurrence is increasing in aging HIV patients. Previous studies suggest HIV infection alters autophagy function in the aging CNS and HIV-1 proteins affect autophagy in monocyte-derived cells. Despite these findings, the mechanisms leading to dysregulated autophagy in the CNS remain unclear. Here we sought to determine how HIV Tat dysregulates autophagy in neurons. Tat caused a dose-dependent decrease in autophagosome markers, microtubule-associated protein-1 light chain β II (LC3II), and sequestosome 1(SQSTM1), in a membrane-enriched fraction, suggesting Tat increases autophagic degradation. Bafilomycin A1 increased autophagosome number, LC3II, and SQSTM1 accumulation; Tat cotreatment diminished this effect. Tat had no effect when 3-methyladenine or knockdown of beclin 1 blocked early stages of autophagy. Tat increased numbers of LC3 puncta and resulted in the formation of abnormal autophagosomes in vitro. Likewise, in vivo studies in GFAP-Tat tg mice showed increased autophagosome accumulation in neurons, altered LC3II levels, and neurodegeneration. These effects were reversed by rapamycin treatment. Tat colocalized with autophagosome and lysosomal markers and enhanced the colocalization of autophagosome with lysosome markers. Furthermore, co-IP studies showed that Tat interacts with lysosomal-associated membrane protein 2A (LAMP2A) in vitro and in vivo, and LAMP2A overexpression reduces Tat-induced neurotoxicity. Hence, Tat protein may induce autophagosome and lysosome fusion through interaction with LAMP2A leading to abnormal neuronal autophagy function and dysregulated degradation of critical intracellular components. Therapies targeting Tat-mediated autophagy alterations may decrease neurodegeneration in aging patients with HAND.
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“HIV-TAT can damage lysosome function in microglia and in neuron [46, 75].”
From HIV-TAT dysregulates microglial lipid metabolism through SREBP2/miR-124 axis: Implication of lipid droplet accumulation microglia in NeuroHIV (2025) · cites this paper as [75]
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Cited by
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Lagathu, C., Cossarizza, A., Béréziat, V., Nasi, M., Capeau, J., & Pinti, M. (2017) · AIDS · doi:10.1097/qad.0000000000001441 · Cited by 114
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“By regulating the interconnection and size of the mitochondrial network, the cell can control energy production and many other mitochondrial processes (5, 13).”
BackgroundMechanisms underlying HIV-associated cognitive impairment and emerging therapies for its management
Ellis, R. J., Marquine, M. J., Kaul, M., Fields, J. A., & Schlachetzki, J. C. M. (2023) · Nature Reviews Neurology · doi:10.1038/s41582-023-00879-y · Cited by 101
“Pharmacological compounds, such as rapamycin, an mTOR inhibitor, show neuroprotective properties that coincide with the normalization of autophagy markers and levels of astrogliosis and microgliosis 388 .”
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Montano, M. A., Oursler, K. K., Xu, K., Sun, Y. V., & Marconi, V. C. (2022) · The Lancet Healthy Longevity · doi:10.1016/s2666-7568(21)00278-6 · Cited by 94
Astrocytes autophagy in aging and neurodegenerative disorders
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“Thus, neurons are prevented from degrading foreign proteins such as HIV-1 proteins [99].”
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Self-citationXu, Z., Asahchop, E. L., Branton, W. G., Gelman, B. B., Power, C., & Hobman, T. C. (2017) · PLoS Pathogens · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1006360 · Cited by 82
Autophagy, EVs, and Infections: A Perfect Question for a Perfect Time
Pleet, M. L., Branscome, H., DeMarino, C., Pinto, D. O., Zadeh, M. A., Rodriguez, M., Sariyer, I. K., El‐Hage, N., & Kashanchi, F. (2018) · Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fcimb.2018.00362 · Cited by 73
Autophagy: The multi‐purpose bridge in viral infections and host cells
Abdoli, A., Alirezaei, M., Mehrbod, P., & Forouzanfar, F. (2018) · Reviews in Medical Virology · doi:10.1002/rmv.1973 · Cited by 69
“One study suggests that Tat contributes to HIV‐1 neuropathogenesis by altering the autophagy pathway.(146) The authors show that Tat induces autophagic degradation by promoting fusion of autophagosomes and lysosomes, leading to abnormal neuronal autophagy and dysregulated degradation of critical intracellular componen…”
BackgroundCocaine Mediated Neuroinflammation: Role of Dysregulated Autophagy in Pericytes
Sil, S., Niu, F., Tom, E. C., Liao, K., Periyasamy, P., & Buch, S. J. (2018) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-018-1325-0 · Cited by 64
Dysregulation of autophagy by HIV-1 Nef in human astrocytes
Sarıbaş, A. S., Khalili, K., & Sariyer, I. K. (2015) · Cell Cycle · doi:10.1080/15384101.2015.1069927 · Cited by 62
“of this effect for neurological disorders have been reported.(34) Interestingly, unlike Nef, HIV-1 Tat increases autophagic degradation in neurons.”
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Donoso, M., Damico, D. C. S., Valdebenito, S., Hernandez, C. A., Prideaux, B., & Eugenín, E. A. (2022) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells11152379 · Cited by 59
Fülöp, T., Witkowski, J. M., Larbi, A., Khalil, A., Herbein, G., & Frost, E. H. (2019) · Journal of NeuroVirology · doi:10.1007/s13365-019-00732-3 · Cited by 59
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“interaction of Tat with lysosomal associated membrane protein 2A (LAMP2A) suggests that Tat induces autophagosome formation and lysosomal fusion in neurons [80].”
BackgroundInfluentialHuman Immunodeficiency Virus Promotes Mitochondrial Toxicity
Rozzi, S. J., Avdoshina, V., Fields, J. A., Trejo, M., Ton, H. T., Ahern, G. P., & Mocchetti, I. (2017) · Neurotoxicity Research · doi:10.1007/s12640-017-9776-z · Cited by 60
“Tat and gp120may promote abnormal neuronal autophagy and degradation of critical intracellular components (Fields et al. 2015).”
BackgroundSelf-citationMolecular Mechanisms Associated with Neurodegeneration of Neurotropic Viral Infection
Wongchitrat, P., Chanmee, T., & Govitrapong, P. (2023) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-023-03761-6 · Cited by 65
“HIV-1 proteins such as Nef and Tat alter neural autophagy in different manners related to the autophagosome formation and autophagic flux, which may contribute to HAND [79–81].”
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“release of inflammatory and toxic mediators and subsequent neuronal damage (Weiss et al. 1999; Eugenin et al. 2003; Norman et al. 2008; Fields et al. 2015).”
InfluentialHIV and Alzheimer’s disease: complex interactions of HIV-Tat with amyloid β peptide and Tau protein
Hategan, A. P., Masliah, E., & Nath, A. (2019) · Journal of NeuroVirology · doi:10.1007/s13365-019-00736-z · Cited by 52
Self-citationXu, M., Moresco, J. J., Chang, M. W., Mukim, A., Smith, D. M., Diedrich, J. K., Yates, J. R., & Jones, K. A. (2018) · PLoS Pathogens · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1007071 · Cited by 49
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HIV-1 Vpr protein impairs lysosome clearance causing SNCA/alpha-synuclein accumulation in neurons
Santerre, M., Arjona, S. P., Allen, C. N. S., Callen, S. E., Buch, S. J., & Sawaya, B. E. (2021) · Autophagy · doi:10.1080/15548627.2021.1915641 · Cited by 51
“Another study showed that HIV-1 Tat protein alters neuronal autophagy by modulating autophagosome fusion to lysosome through its interaction with LAMP2A protein [44].”
BackgroundVitaliano, G. D., Kim, J. K., Kaufman, M. J., Adam, C. W., Zeballos, G., Shanmugavadivu, A., Subburaju, S., McLaughlin, J. P., Lukas, S. E., & Vitaliano, F. (2022) · Communications Biology · doi:10.1038/s42003-022-03177-3 · Cited by 48
HIV-1 Nef-induced cardiotoxicity through dysregulation of autophagy
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Modulation of mTORC1 Signaling Pathway by HIV-1
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“…secretion of viral products such as Nef, Tat, or Vpr, which have all been shown to induce neurotoxicity (Chang et al., 2011; Fan and He, 2016; Fields et al., 2015; James, Nonnemacher, Wigdahl, & Krebs, 2016; Ranki et al., 1995; Sami Saribas et al., 2017), could contribute to the pathogenesis…”
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Fields, J. A., & Ellis, R. J. (2019) · International review of neurobiology · doi:10.1016/bs.irn.2019.04.003 · Cited by 43
Self-citationZhao, X., Fan, Y., Vann, P. H., Wong Jessica, M., Sumien, N., & He, J. J. (2020) · Aging and Disease · doi:10.14336/ad.2019.0323 · Cited by 43
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MethodSelf-citationHIV-1 gp120 Promotes Lysosomal Exocytosis in Human Schwann Cells
Datta, G., Miller, N. M., Afghah, Z., Geiger, J., & Chen, X.-S. (2019) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2019.00329 · Cited by 39
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Self-citationMethamphetamine and Cannabis: A Tale of Two Drugs and their Effects on HIV, Brain, and Behavior
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“Multiple studies have shown that HIV proteins can interfere with autophagic and mitophagic pathways that are linked to neurodegeneration (6, 7, 10, 19).”
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Understanding the Multifaceted Role of Human Down Syndrome Kinase DYRK1A
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“Their work also revealed that Tat colocalizes with autophagosome and lysosomal markers and enhances autophagosome-lysosome fusion in neuroblastoma cells [101].”
BackgroundInfluentialDysregulation of mitochondrial bioenergetics and quality control by HIV‐1 Tat in cardiomyocytes
Tahrir, F. G., Shanmughapriya, S., Ahooyi, T. M., Knezevic, T., Gupta, M. K., Kontos, C. D., McClung, J. M., Madesh, M., Gordon, J., Feldman, A. M., et al. (2017) · Journal of Cellular Physiology · doi:10.1002/jcp.26002 · Cited by 33
“Autophagy, an intracellular degradation pathway in which dysfunctional proteins and organelles are delivered to lysosomes for further degradation, has been reported to be targeted by HIV proteins (Fields et al., 2015).”
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HIV Tat-mediated induction of autophagy regulates the disruption of ZO-1 in brain endothelial cells
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“HIV-1 Tat inhibits autophagy in bystander macrophages (42) and neurons (43).”
Adult neurogenic deficits in HIV-1 Tg26 transgenic mice
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“This is in line with numerous studies which showed that the HIV-1 viral proteins Tat and Nef are involved in autophagy deregulation in infected cells [56,57].”
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Self-citationImplication of Different HIV-1 Genes in the Modulation of Autophagy
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“In another study focusing on patients suffering from HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND), Tat was shown to induce a decrease in the abundance of the autophagy markers LC3II andp62/SQSTM1 associated to membrane in neurons [54].”
BackgroundAutophagy Intertwines with Different Diseases—Recent Strategies for Therapeutic Approaches
Ramesh, J., Ronsard, L., Gao, A., & Venugopal, B. (2019) · Diseases · doi:10.3390/diseases7010015 · Cited by 26
“In neurons, Tat induces the autophagic degradation by promoting the fusion process [153].”
BackgroundInfluentialLapierre, J., Rodriguez, M., Ojha, C. R., & El‐Hage, N. (2018) · Journal of Neuroimmune Pharmacology · doi:10.1007/s11481-018-9788-3 · Cited by 23
“Intravenous drug users (IDU) become highly susceptible to HIV not only because of shared contaminated needles but also due to opiate induced immune suppression (Friedman et al. 2006).”
The HIV-1 Accessory Protein Vpu Downregulates Peroxisome Biogenesis
Xu, Z., Lodge, R., Power, C., Cohen, É. A., & Hobman, T. C. (2020) · mBio · doi:10.1128/mbio.03395-19 · Cited by 24
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Morphine Tolerance and Physical Dependence Are Altered in Conditional HIV-1 Tat Transgenic Mice
Fitting, S., Stevens, D. L., Khan, F. A., Scoggins, K. L., Enga, R. M., Beardsley, P. M., Knapp, P. E., Dewey, W. L., & Hauser, K. F. (2015) · Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics · doi:10.1124/jpet.115.226407 · Cited by 23
“The interaction of mTOR and Tat has been previously reported, with mTOR being involved in Tat-induced neurotoxicity (Fields et al., 2015).”
BackgroundEmerging Role of Nef in the Development of HIV Associated Neurological Disorders
Yarandi, S. S., Duggan, M. R., & Sariyer, I. K. (2020) · Journal of Neuroimmune Pharmacology · doi:10.1007/s11481-020-09964-1 · Cited by 22
“…in levels of LC3, a protein which is otherwise responsible for initiating autophagosome formation; furthermore, such Tat-induced variation in autophagy is accompanied by elevated neurodegeneration in vivo, particularly in the CA3 region of the hippocampus (Fields et al. 2015; Hui et al. 2012).”
BackgroundLi, J., Wang, W., Tong, P., Leung, C., Yang, G., Li, Z., Li, N., Sun, X., Han, Y., Lü, C., et al. (2018) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2018.00921 · Cited by 22
Different profiles of neurocognitive impairment in patients with hepatitis B and C virus infections
Tan, C., Chang, M.-C., Tsai, W., Chuang, W., Huang, J., Lin, Z., Dai, C., Yeh, M., Li, C.-T., & Yu, R. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-14736-3 · Cited by 21
Friends and Foes: The Ambivalent Role of Autophagy in HIV-1 Infection
Klute, S., & Sparrer, K. M. J. (2024) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v16040500 · Cited by 21
“The interaction of Tat with Lysosome-associated membrane protein (LAMP2) was proposed to enhance autophago-some and lysosome fusion to alter autophagic degradation [107].”
HIV-associated neurodegeneration: exploitation of the neuronal cytoskeleton
Wenzel, E. D., Avdoshina, V., & Mocchetti, I. (2019) · Journal of NeuroVirology · doi:10.1007/s13365-019-00737-y · Cited by 21
“, 2015), Tat (Fields et al., 2015), and Nef (Kyei et al.”
Canchi, S., Swinton, M. K., Rissman, R. A., & Fields, J. A. (2020) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/s12974-020-01781-w · Cited by 21
“As previously described [21], B103 cells (rat neuroblastoma) were cultured at 37 and 5% CO2.”
MethodSelf-citationMustafa, M., Musselman, D. L., Jayaweera, D. T., Ferreira, A. D. F., Marzouka, G. R., & Dong, C. (2024) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms252011170 · Cited by 24
“HIV regulatory proteins (Tat, Nef, gp120) inhibit proteases that degrade amyloid-beta and disrupt autophagy processes [79–82], a mechanism similarly observed in AD [83].”
BackgroundRole of Autophagy in HIV Pathogenesis and Drug Abuse
Cao, L., Glazyrin, A. L., Kumar, S., & Kumar, A. (2016) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-016-0118-6 · Cited by 19
VDR agonists down regulate PI3K/Akt/mTOR axis and trigger autophagy in Kaposi's sarcoma cells
Suares, A., Tapia, C., & Pardo, V. G. (2019) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02367 · Cited by 19
Guo, M., & Buch, S. J. (2019) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2019.146446 · Cited by 19
“Other studies have reported that TAT resulting in block in fusion of lysosomes with the autophagosomes, leading resulting in neuronal injury in primary hippocampal neurons [76, 77].”
BackgroundKhan, N., Halcrow, P. W., Afghah, Z., Baral, A., Geiger, J. D., & Chen, X. (2022) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.202101722r · Cited by 18
Vallee, K.-A. J., & Fields, J. A. (2022) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci12030308 · Cited by 18
Self-citationFields, J. A., Metcalf, J., Overk, C., Adame, A., Spencer, B. J., Wrasidlo, W., Florio, J. B., Rockenstein, E. M., He, J. J., & Masliah, E. (2017) · Journal of NeuroVirology · doi:10.1007/s13365-016-0502-z · Cited by 18
“This biphasic shift in Tat-induced alterations may explain the observed differences between high and low doses of Tat on neuronal autophagy in vitro (Fields et al. 2015a).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationRetractedMechanisms of mTOR and Autophagy in Human Endothelial Cell Infected with Dengue Virus-2
Kong, W., Mao, J., Yang, Y., Yuan, J., Chen, J., Luo, Y., Lai, T., & Zuo, L. (2020) · Viral Immunology · doi:10.1089/vim.2019.0009 · Cited by 18
Andhavarapu, S., Katuri, A., Bryant, J., Patel, V. P., Gupta, U., Asemu, G., & Makar, T. K. (2020) · Journal of NeuroVirology · doi:10.1007/s13365-020-00861-0 · Cited by 18
“Tat is an autophagy suppressor in macrophages and bystander monocytes (Fields et al. 2015).”
BackgroundHan, M. M., Frizzi, K. E., Ellis, R. J., Calcutt, N. A., & Fields, J. A. (2021) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2021.663373 · Cited by 18
Self-citationCheng, Y., Jung, J., Guo, L., Shuboni-Mulligan, D. D., Chen, J.-F., Hu, W., & Guo, M.-L. (2025) · Brain, Behavior, and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2024.09.011 · Cited by 16
Improving combination antiretroviral therapy by targeting HIV-1 gene transcription
Douce, V. L., Aït-Ammar, A., Forouzanfar, F., Fahmi, F., Quiel, J., Mekdad, H. E., Daouad, F., Marban, C., Rohr, O., & Schwartz, C. (2016) · Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets · doi:10.1080/14728222.2016.1198777 · Cited by 16
“hagy function [55], deregulation of pathway that involved p53 and EXPERT OPINION ON THERAPEUTIC TARGETS 1313”
BackgroundAutophagy and Programmed Cell Death Modalities Interplay in HIV Pathogenesis
Lamsira, H. K., Sabatini, A., Ciolfi, S., Ciccosanti, F., Sacchi, A., Piacentini, M., & Nardacci, R. (2025) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells14050351 · Cited by 17
“For instance, a study published in The Journal of Neuroscience reported that HIV-1 Tat alters neuronal autophagy by modulating the mTOR pathway, leading to neurodegeneration [38].”
Natarajaseenivasan, K., Shanmughapriya, S., Velusamy, P., Sayre, M., Garcia, A., Gomez, N. M., & Langford, D. (2020) · Translational Neurodegeneration · doi:10.1186/s40035-020-00211-4 · Cited by 15
Rodriguez, M., Soler, Y., Karuppan, M. K. M., Zhao, Y., Batrakova, E. V., & El‐Hage, N. (2021) · Pharmaceutics · doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics13020223 · Cited by 15
HIV-1 Nef blocks autophagy in human astrocytes
Sardo, L., Iordanskiy, S., Klase, Z. A., & Kashanchi, F. (2015) · Cell Cycle · doi:10.1080/15384101.2015.1105700 · Cited by 15
Endoplasmic reticulum stress and autophagy in HIV-1-associated neurocognitive disorders
Chen, X., Zhang, T., & Zhang, Y. (2020) · Journal of NeuroVirology · doi:10.1007/s13365-020-00906-4 · Cited by 14
HIV Infection and Related Mental Disorders
Nosik, M. N., Lavrov, V. F., & Свитич, О. А. (2021) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci11020248 · Cited by 14
“the phagosomes in neurons changes the morphology of these formations, thereby preventing their fusion with lysosomes [91].”
BackgroundLAMP2 deficiency attenuates the neurodegeneration markers induced by HSV-1 infection
Kristen, H., Sastre, I., Aljama, S., Fuentes, M., Recuero, M., Frank, A., Martín, Á. G., Sánchez‐Juan, P., Lage, C., Bullido, M. J., et al. (2021) · Neurochemistry International · doi:10.1016/j.neuint.2021.105032 · Cited by 14
Potential Role for Herpesviruses in Alzheimer’s Disease
Duggan, M. R., Torkzaban, B., Ahooyi, T. M., & Khalili, K. (2020) · Journal of Alzheimer's Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-200814 · Cited by 13
Reduced gyrification in fetal growth restriction with prenatal magnetic resonance images
Yehuda, B., Rabinowich, A., Zilberman, A., Wexler, Y., Haratz, K. K., Miller, E., Ben‐Sira, L., Hiersch, L., & Bashat, D. B. (2024) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhae250 · Cited by 14
Njoku, G. C., & Kanmogne, G. D. (2025) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms26189069 · Cited by 15
“Tat also suppresses genes required for autophagosome maturation and lysosomal acidification, disrupting autophagic flux and leading to defective degradation of internalized A β [211].”
Gao, Z., Shan, J., Wang, B., Qiao, L., Chen, D., & Zhang, Y. (2017) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-017-0426-5 · Cited by 13
“Interestingly, the Tat protein was reported to induce autophagosome and lysosome fusion by interacting with lysosomal-associated membrane protein 2A and to lead to abnormal neuronal autophagy [33].”
Genotoxic consequences of viral infections
Szewczyk-Roszczenko, O. K., Roszczenko, P., Vassetzky, Y. S., & Sjakste, N. (2025) · npj Viruses · doi:10.1038/s44298-024-00087-5 · Cited by 13
Tyagi, M., Naik, U. P., Tyagi, K., Sharma, M., Kaushal, G., Bhushan, A., Bukrinsky, M., & Tyagi, P. (2026) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms27052192 · Cited by 15
“In HIV-relevant contexts, Tat-associated neuronal injury involves lysosomal dysfunction (supporting lysosomes as an early structural/functional lesion) [81,101,103,245].”
InfluentialRole of Autophagy in HIV-1 and Drug Abuse-Mediated Neuroinflammaging
Sil, S., Thangaraj, A., Oladapo, A., Hu, G., Kutchy, N. A., Liao, K., Buch, S. J., & Periyasamy, P. (2022) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v15010044 · Cited by 10
Emerging therapeutic roles of exosomes in HIV-1 infection
Pang, S.-W., & Teow, S. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-816053-4.00007-9 · Cited by 10
HIV Nef-mediated Ubiquitination of BCL2: Implications in Autophagy and Apoptosis
Castro‐Gonzalez, S., Simpson, S., Shi, Y., Chen, Y., Benjamin, J., & Serra-Moreno, R. (2021) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.682624 · Cited by 10
Targeted Elimination of Peroxisomes During Viral Infection: Lessons from HIV and Other Viruses
Wong, C. P., Xu, Z., Power, C., & Hobman, T. C. (2018) · DNA and Cell Biology · doi:10.1089/dna.2018.4153 · Cited by 10
“…HAND is thought to be influenced by genetic host susceptibility and viral factors (Si et al. , 2002; Gill et al. , 2014; Vartak-Sharma et al. , 2014; Fields et al. , 2015), altered host immune responses (Spudich et al. , 2011; Walsh et al. , 2014), as well as neurotoxic effects of antiretroviral…”
Pinto, D. O., DeMarino, C., Vo, T. T., Cowen, M., Kim, Y., Pleet, M. L., Barclay, R. A., Hooten, N. N., Evans, M. K., Heredia, A., et al. (2020) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v12080885 · Cited by 10
Structural Insights into the Mechanism of HIV-1 Tat Secretion from the Plasma Membrane
Ghanam, R. H., Eastep, G. N., & Saad, J. S. (2022) · Journal of Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2022.167880 · Cited by 17
Metadata
- Authors
- Fields, J., Dumaop, W., Elueteri, S., Campos, S., Serger, E., Trejo, M., Kosberg, K., Adame, A., Spencer, B., Rockenstein, E., He, J. J., & Masliah, E.
- Affiliations
- University of California San Diego (US)
- University of North Texas Health Science Center (US)
- Venue
- The Journal of Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Society for Neuroscience
- Published
- 2015-02-04
- Volume
- 35
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 1921-1938
- ISSN
- 0270-6474 (ISSN-L)
- 1529-2401
- PMC
- PMC4315828
- OpenAlex
- W2050541584
- Cited by
- 133
- References
- 64
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 4
- FWCI
- 10.72
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Aging (AG043384, R01AG043384)
- National Institute of Mental Health (U01MH083506, R01MH062962, U24MH100928, U01MH083500, MH5974, MH83506, MH062962, U24MH100929)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (F32NS083426)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Autophagy in Disease and Therapy
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Virology › HIV Research and Treatment
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Keywords
- HIV-1 Tat protein, neuronal autophagy, autophagosome-lysosome fusion, HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders, neurodegeneration, LAMP2A, LC3-II, p62, bafilomycin A1, rapamycin, neurotoxicity
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Autophagy, Cells, Cultured, Lysosomes, Neurons, Phagosomes, Protein Binding, HIV-1, AIDS Dementia Complex, Cell Line, Tumor, Mice, Rats, Lysosomal-Associated Membrane Protein 2, tat Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus
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