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Longitudinal Change in the Neural Bases of Adolescent Social Self-Evaluations: Effects of Age and Pubertal Development
Open accessAbstract
Self-evaluations undergo significant transformation during early adolescence, developing in parallel with the heightened complexity of teenagers' social worlds. Intuitive theories of adolescent development, based in part on animal work, suggest that puberty is associated with neural-level changes that facilitate a “social reorientation” (Nelson et al., 2005). However, direct tests of this hypothesis using neuroimaging are limited in humans. This longitudinal fMRI study examined neurodevelopmental trajectories associated with puberty, self-evaluations, and the presumed social reorientation during the transition from childhood to adolescence. Participants (N= 27, mean age = 10.1 and 13.1 years at time points one and two, respectively) engaged in trait evaluations of two targets (the self and a familiar fictional other), across two domains of competence (social and academic). Responses in ventromedial PFC increased with both age and pubertal development during self-evaluations in the social domain, but not in the academic domain. These results suggest that changes in social self-evaluations are intimately connected with biology, not just peer contexts, and provide important empirical support for the relationship between neurodevelopment, puberty, and social functioning.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
In a longitudinal fMRI study of 27 youths scanned at mean ages 10.1 and 13.1, ventral mPFC responses during self- versus other-evaluations increased with age, specifically in the social domain. Pubertal development, independent of age, was associated with this social-domain increase, supporting a neural component to adolescent social reorientation.
Key findings
- Ventral mPFC [-9 45 -12, t = 4.5, k = 14] showed longitudinal increases from age 10 to 13 for self > other evaluations; this was the only region across the whole brain to show such increases.
- The ventral mPFC increase was significant in the social domain (p = .0001) but marginal in the academic domain (p = .0556).
- Pubertal development (PDS at age 13 controlling for PDS at age 10, residualized for age) correlated with increased ventral mPFC self > other response in the social domain (r(25) = 0.53, p < .005), but not academic domain (r(25) = 0.11, ns); these correlations differed (z = 2.25, p = .025).
- Stable main effects: self > other engaged mPFC and ventral striatum; other > self engaged mPPC, lateral PFC, and TPJ.
Methods
- Longitudinal fMRI with 27 neurotypical participants (18 female), no psychiatric, neurological, or learning disorders, scanned at T1 (M = 10.1, SD = 0.35) and T2 (M = 13.1, SD = 0.33).
- Participants made trait evaluations of self and a familiar fictional other (Harry Potter) in social and academic domains; pubertal development was measured with the Pubertal Development Scale (PDS).
- fMRI data acquired on Siemens Allegra 3T and analyzed in SPM8 using random effects; paired t-tests and a 2×2×2 ANOVA with Target (Self/Other), Domain (Social/Academic), and Age (T1/T2); results thresholded at p < .001, k = 10 voxels unless noted.
Limitations
- Stated: the tight age range may attenuate the PDS-age correlation, and future studies should track both dorsal and ventral mPFC during self-evaluations to determine when each region peaks.
- Evident: the sample is small (N = 27) and predominantly female (18 female), and pubertal development was self-reported via PDS; no explicit limitations section is included in the paper.
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Claims the paper makes
20 Not checked yet · 18 Own result · 6 Own method · 6 Own interpretation · 5 No basis given
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At T1, there was no relationship between chronological age and pubertal development (r(25) = 0.04, ns).”
§ Longitudinal change in the neural bases of adolescent social self-evaluations: Effects of age and pubertal development > Materials & Methods
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These analyses demonstrated that the increase in ventral mPFC response was significant in the social domain (p = .0001), but marginal in the academic domain (p = .0556).”
§ Longitudinal change in the neural bases of adolescent social self-evaluations: Effects of age and pubertal development > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Because there were no significant gender differences in PDS scores at either timepoint (female Ms = 1.66 and 2.66, male Ms = 1.60 and 2.40, ns), analyses collapsed across gender to increase statistical power”
§ Longitudinal change in the neural bases of adolescent social self-evaluations: Effects of age and pubertal development > Materials & Methods
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and these two correlations were significantly different (z = 2.25, p = .025).”
§ Longitudinal change in the neural bases of adolescent social self-evaluations: Effects of age and pubertal development > Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This confirmed that the three clusters reported in Table 1 to survive FWE correction (mPFC and VS for self > other, mPPC for other > self) were indeed responsive at both timepoints.”
§ Longitudinal change in the neural bases of adolescent social self-evaluations: Effects of age and pubertal development > Results
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Additionally, correlations between pubertal development and responses in this ventral mPFC ROI during evaluations of self versus other in the social domain were consistent across gender (r(16) = 0.45 for girls, r(7) = 0.74 for boys, ps = .06 and .02, respectively).”
§ Longitudinal change in the neural bases of adolescent social self-evaluations: Effects of age and pubertal development > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These analyses demonstrated that the increase in ventral mPFC response was significant in the social domain (p = .0001), but marginal in the academic domain (p = .0556).”
§ Longitudinal change in the neural bases of adolescent social self-evaluations: Effects of age and pubertal development > Results
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Responses in mPFC (rostral and dorsal ACC) as well as VS were greater during self-evaluations, while responses in mPPC, lateral PFC, and temporoparietal junction (TPJ) were greater during other-evaluations.”
§ Longitudinal change in the neural bases of adolescent social self-evaluations: Effects of age and pubertal development > Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There was a highly significant increase from T1 to T2 on the PDS (Ms = 1.64 and 2.58, SDs = 0.46 and 0.68 at T1 and T2, respectively; t(1, 26) = 7.95, p≃ 0).”
§ Longitudinal change in the neural bases of adolescent social self-evaluations: Effects of age and pubertal development > Materials & Methods
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Finally, supplementary whole-brain analyses indicated that pubertal development was not significantly positively or negatively correlated with longitudinal changes in any other brain regions when collapsing across domains.”
§ Longitudinal change in the neural bases of adolescent social self-evaluations: Effects of age and pubertal development > Results
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Probably not a substantial claim. 18
- It may state two separate claims as one. 11
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At T2, chronological age and pubertal development were moderately correlated in the expected direction, although this was only a trend (r(25) = 0.29, one-tailed p = .07).”
§ Longitudinal change in the neural bases of adolescent social self-evaluations: Effects of age and pubertal development > Materials & Methods
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Intuitive theories of adolescent development, based in part on animal work, suggest that puberty is associated with neural-level changes that facilitate a “social reorientation” (Nelson, Leibenluft, McClure, and Pine, 2005).”
- Also stated in: § Introduction · hedged
“For example, pubertal development is thought to fuel a “social reorientation” (Nelson et al., 2005) that heightens the salience of peer relations.”
§ Longitudinal change in the neural bases of adolescent social self-evaluations: Effects of age and pubertal development > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Nelson et al., 2005
hedgedcorrelationaln = 27- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Also stated in: § Introduction · hedged
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As a result, social self-concepts (evaluative self-knowledge pertaining to the peer domain) might be in a state of considerable flux and sensitivity.”
§ Longitudinal change in the neural bases of adolescent social self-evaluations: Effects of age and pubertal development > Introduction
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Yet we know very little about how changes in brain function relate to adolescent self-development, and in particular we lack information about longitudinal changes in the neural correlates of self-evaluations across social and academic domains.”
§ Longitudinal change in the neural bases of adolescent social self-evaluations: Effects of age and pubertal development > Introduction
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In this study, levels of sex steroid hormones positively correlated with responses in left temporal pole during social emotion processing (embarrassment and guilt, as compared with basic emotion processing of fear and disgust). Meanwhile, age (controlling for pubertal development) negatively correlated with activity in dorsal (but not ventral) mPFC, making the findings complementary.”
§ Longitudinal change in the neural bases of adolescent social self-evaluations: Effects of age and pubertal development > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Goddings et al., 2012
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Prior studies also linked pubertal development either with structural metrics (Bramen et al., 2011; Peper, Pol, Crone, and Van Honk, 2011), or with responses elicited by socioemotional or rewarding stimuli (Forbes et al., 2010; Forbes et al., 2011; Moore et al., 2012; Op de Macks et al., 2011).”
§ Longitudinal change in the neural bases of adolescent social self-evaluations: Effects of age and pubertal development > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bramen et al., 2011
- Not checked yetcites Peper, Pol, Crone, and Van Honk, 2011
- Not checked yetcites Forbes et al., 2010
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Reviews of the neural systems supporting adult self-evaluations have converged on a set of critical regions, predominantly focusing on cortical midline structures (CMS): medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC, including rostral anterior cingulate cortex, ACC) and medial posterior parietal cortex (mPPC; Northoff, Qin, and Feinberg, 2011; Van Overwalle, 2009).”
§ Longitudinal change in the neural bases of adolescent social self-evaluations: Effects of age and pubertal development > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Northoff, Qin, and Feinberg, 2011
- Not checked yetcites Van Overwalle, 2009
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, while dorsal mPFC may be more engaged in late childhood during self-evaluations, ventral mPFC may be increasingly recruited in early adolescence.”
§ Longitudinal change in the neural bases of adolescent social self-evaluations: Effects of age and pubertal development > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Furthermore, this same region of ventral mPFC differentiates between self and others in neurotypical adults, but fails to do so in adults and adolescents with autism spectrum disorders (ASD; Lombardo et al., 2010; Pfeifer et al., 2013).”
§ Longitudinal change in the neural bases of adolescent social self-evaluations: Effects of age and pubertal development > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lombardo et al., 2010
- Not checked yetcites Pfeifer et al., 2013
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Furthermore, excluding these two participants from correlational analyses relating to pubertal development did not change the results.”
§ Longitudinal change in the neural bases of adolescent social self-evaluations: Effects of age and pubertal development > Materials & Methods
plainn = 2- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Existing animal work demonstrates that puberty affects neurodevelopment of structures and transmitters strongly implicated in social behavior (Ahmed et al., 2008; Romeo 2003; Schulz et al., 2009; Sisk and Zehr, 2005), but studies directly testing the theorized associations between neural, pubertal, and social changes in adolescent humans are still few in number.”
§ Longitudinal change in the neural bases of adolescent social self-evaluations: Effects of age and pubertal development > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ahmed et al., 2008
- Not checked yetcites Romeo 2003
- Not checked yetcites Schulz et al., 2009
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This suggests executive functions, memory, and perspective-taking are implicated in other-evaluations.”
§ Longitudinal change in the neural bases of adolescent social self-evaluations: Effects of age and pubertal development > Discussion
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Ventral mPFC is not only associated with self-referential processing (Northoff et al., 2011; Van Overwalle, 2009), but also with reward and valuation processes (Chib, Rangel, Shimojo, and O’Doherty, 2009; Hare, Camerer, and Rangel, 2009; Rangel, Camerer, and Montague, 2008).”
§ Longitudinal change in the neural bases of adolescent social self-evaluations: Effects of age and pubertal development > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Northoff et al., 2011
- Not checked yetcites Van Overwalle, 2009
- Not checked yetcites Chib, Rangel, Shimojo, and O’Doherty, 2009
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In other words, while academic self-evaluations may change due to contextual factors like school transitions (Eccles et al., 1993), social self-evaluative change is intimately connected with biology and not just interpersonal contexts.”
§ Longitudinal change in the neural bases of adolescent social self-evaluations: Effects of age and pubertal development > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Eccles et al., 1993
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In each run, participants demonstrated < 5% of images with bad slices detected and fixed by ARTrepair, and < 0.5 mm mean image-to-image motion or < 5 mm max (single) image-to-image motion.”
§ Longitudinal change in the neural bases of adolescent social self-evaluations: Effects of age and pubertal development > Materials & Methods
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, direct tests of this hypothesis using neuroimaging are limited in humans.”
§ Longitudinal change in the neural bases of adolescent social self-evaluations: Effects of age and pubertal development > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Transitioning from elementary to middle school, meanwhile, is known to significantly impact academic self-concepts (Eccles, Wigfield, Harold, and Blumenfield, 1993) – they become more negative overall, and academic engagement decreases.”
§ Longitudinal change in the neural bases of adolescent social self-evaluations: Effects of age and pubertal development > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Eccles, Wigfield, Harold, and Blumenfield, 1993
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In the present study, assessing evaluative processing in an academic domain (which is comparatively much less social and more objective by definition; Denissen, Zarrett, and Eccles, 2007; Hymel et al., 1999) likewise allowed us to conduct an empirical test that provided strong support – at the neural level – for the “social reorientation” teenagers are proposed to experience (Nelson et al., 2005).”
§ Longitudinal change in the neural bases of adolescent social self-evaluations: Effects of age and pubertal development > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Denissen, Zarrett, and Eccles, 2007
- Not checked yetcites Hymel et al., 1999
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Results were also the same whether correlations between ventromedial PFC activity were conducted using raw or residualized PDS scores, perhaps due to the borderline moderate correlation between PDS and age at T2 only.”
§ Longitudinal change in the neural bases of adolescent social self-evaluations: Effects of age and pubertal development > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Variability in knowledge across timepoints was not significantly correlated with brain activity extracted from the region of ventral mPFC that demonstrated longitudinal increases during self > other evaluations.”
§ Longitudinal change in the neural bases of adolescent social self-evaluations: Effects of age and pubertal development > Materials & Methods
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Objectively, each participant reported reading at least one book, or watching at least three movies, from the series.”
§ Longitudinal change in the neural bases of adolescent social self-evaluations: Effects of age and pubertal development > Materials & Methods
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The other target was a fictional character, Harry Potter, about whom participants all had substantial knowledge (as indicated via questionnaire).”
§ Longitudinal change in the neural bases of adolescent social self-evaluations: Effects of age and pubertal development > Materials & Methods
plainn = 7- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“It should be noted that two participants (one girl and one boy) each “regressed” by less than one point on average in their self-reports of pubertal development, but the presence and proportion of “regressions” in this sample is highly consistent with that reported in other longitudinal research using the PDS (e.g., Petersen et al., 1988).”
§ Longitudinal change in the neural bases of adolescent social self-evaluations: Effects of age and pubertal development > Materials & Methods
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Petersen et al., 1988
boostedcorrelationaln = 2- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Also falling within our medial cluster of activation, ventromedial PFC and medial OFC activation likely reflects engagement in social cognitive processes, consistent with past research that has associated these regions with social and self-relevant evaluative processes (Burnett et al., 2011; Pfeifer et al., 2013; 2011).”
From Neural correlates of social exclusion across ages: A coordinate-based meta-analysis of functional MRI studies (2017) · cites this paper as Pfeifer et al., 2013
Statistics recomputed
Every reported test result, recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom. A result shows as not adding up only once an independent check has confirmed it.
- Consistentr(25) = 0.04reported n.s. · recomputed p = .843
“r(25) = 0.04, ns”
- Consistentr(25) = 0.53reported p < .005 · recomputed p = .004
“r(25) = 0.53, p < .005”
- Consistentr(25) = 0.11reported n.s. · recomputed p = .585
“r(25) = 0.11, ns”
- Consistentz = 2.25reported p = .025 · recomputed p = .024
“(z = 2.25, p = .025”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Longitudinal change in the neural bases of adolescent social self-evaluations: Effects of age and pubertal development > Materials & Methods
“Each of the four blocks was 75 seconds long, and included the 20 stimulus trials (ordered pseudorandomly) and five null events during which no phrase was presented. Blocks were separated by 21 seconds of rest.”
§ Longitudinal change in the neural bases of adolescent social self-evaluations: Effects of age and pubertal development > Materials & Methods
“The functional scan lasted 4 minutes and 54 seconds”
Citations
Cites
A self‐report measure of pubertal status: Reliability, validity and initial norms
Petersen, A. C., Crockett, L., Richards, M., & Boxer, A. (1988) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/bf01537962 · Cited by 3,129
Eccles, J. S., Midgley, C., Wigfield, A., Buchanan, C. M., Reuman, D., Flanagan, C., & Mac Iver, D. (1993) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.48.2.90 · Cited by 2,616 · cited 2×
“Transitioning from elementary to middle school, meanwhile, is known to significantly impact academic self-concepts (Eccles et al., 1993); they become more negative overall, and academic engagement decreases.”
BackgroundA framework for studying the neurobiology of value-based decision making
Rangel, A., Camerer, C., & Montague, P. R. (2008) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn2357 · Cited by 2,184
The Construction of the Self: A Developmental Perspective
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Self-Control in Decision-Making Involves Modulation of the vmPFC Valuation System
Hare, T. A., Camerer, C. F., & Rangel, A. (2009) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1168450 · Cited by 1,928
Valid conjunction inference with the minimum statistic
Nichols, T. E., Brett, M., Andersson, J., Wager, T. D., & Poline, J. (2005) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.12.005 · Cited by 1,854
Social cognition and the brain: A meta-analysis
Van Overwalle, F. (2009) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.20547 · Cited by 1,792 · cited 2×
“Ventral mPFC is not only associated with self-referential processing (Van Overwalle, 2009; Northoff et al., 2011), but also with reward and valuation processes (Rangel et al., 2008; Chib et al., 2009; Hare et al., 2009).”
BackgroundPubertal hormones organize the adolescent brain and behavior
Sisk, C. L., & Zehr, J. L. (2005) · Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2005.10.003 · Cited by 1,082
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Ventromedial prefrontal–subcortical systems and the generation of affective meaning
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Importance of investing in adolescence from a developmental science perspective
Dahl, R. E., Allen, N. B., Wilbrecht, L., & Suleiman, A. B. (2018) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature25770 · Cited by 1,196
The Brain on Stress: Vulnerability and Plasticity of the Prefrontal Cortex over the Life Course
McEwen, B. S., & Morrison, J. H. (2013) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2013.06.028 · Cited by 1,079
Puberty and the human brain: insights into adolescent development
Vijayakumar, N., Op de Macks, Z., Shirtcliff, E. A., & Pfeifer, J. H. (2018) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.06.004 · Cited by 437
Self-citationPfeifer, J. H., & Allen, N. B. (2021) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2020.09.002 · Cited by 411
Self-citationPfeifer, J. H., & Berkman, E. T. (2018) · Child Development Perspectives · doi:10.1111/cdep.12279 · Cited by 354
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Pfeifer, J. H., Kahn, L. E., Merchant, J. S., Peake, S. J., Veroude, K., Masten, C. L., Lieberman, M. D., Mazziotta, J. C., & Dapretto, M.
- Affiliations
- University of Oregon (US)
- Vanderbilt University (US)
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- Venue
- The Journal of Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Society for Neuroscience
- Published
- 2013-04-24
- Volume
- 33
- Issue
- 17
- Pages
- 7415-7419
- ISSN
- 0270-6474 (ISSN-L)
- 1529-2401
- PMC
- PMC3809090
- OpenAlex
- W2111384114
- Semantic Scholar
- 806a68425132229cf6a4f65bdeb386f8655cf67d
- Cited by
- 125
- References
- 39
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 2
- FWCI
- 4.57
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- VU Research Portal (publishedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (RR12169, RR13642)
- National Institute of Mental Health (L40MH087356, F31MH075299)
- National Center for Research Resources (P41RR013642, RR12169, RR 13642, RR00865, M01RR000865, C06RR012169)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (L40HD059442)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Keywords
- pubertal development, ventromedial prefrontal cortex, neural development, transition from childhood to adolescence, trait evaluation, social competence, academic competence, age effects
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Brain, Child, Female, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Photic Stimulation, Puberty, Self-Assessment, Adolescent Development
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-10, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-10 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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