Ventromedial prefrontal–subcortical systems and the generation of affective meaning

May combine two claims.

The pain map is largely distinct from the meaning-related maps and includes multiple parts of the ventromedial and cingulate cortices, including vmPFC, rostro-dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, dorsal anterior cingulate, insula, and somatosensory cortices.

“The pain map is largely distinct from the others, and includes multiple parts of the ventromedial and cingulate cortices, including vmPFC, rostro-dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (rdACC), and the dorsal anterior cingulate (dACC), insula, and somatosensory cortices.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The Neurosynth meta-analytic maps accurately represent the brain networks associated with the psychological domains they are intended to capture.
• AssumptionThe authors state this as an assumption: Pain does not always require the conceptual construction of meaning to induce affect.

May combine two claims.

The self and social cognition/mentalizing maps are similar to one another and load equally on both factors, suggesting that these processes share features of both subsystems.

“The self and social cognition/mentalizing maps were similar to one another and loaded equally on both factors, suggesting that these processes share features of both sub-systems.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The Neurosynth meta-analytic maps accurately represent the brain networks associated with the psychological domains they are intended to capture.

May combine two claims.

The second subsystem comprises the anterior and dorsal portion of the vmPFC and the posterior cingulate cortex, with memory and default-mode maps loading uniquely on this factor.

“The second subsystem comprises the anterior and dorsal portion of the vmPFC and the PCC. This might be called the ‘simulation’ subsystem, as the memory and default-mode maps load uniquely on this factor, and as this system appears to be involved in constructing internal models of the world based on mnemonic information, and using them to imagine projected future scenarios [5].”

• cites [5] Buckner RL Carroll DC Self-projection and the brain Trends Cogn. Sci 2007 11 49 57 17188554 sourceNot checked yet

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• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The Neurosynth meta-analytic maps accurately represent the brain networks associated with the psychological domains they are intended to capture.

May combine two claims.

A factor analysis of the eight domain maps that included consistent vmPFC activity shows two distinct subsystems, which also overlap only in the vmPFC.

“A factor analysis of the eight domain maps that included consistent vmPFC activity shows two distinct subsystems, which also overlap only in the vmPFC (Figure 2B).”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The Neurosynth meta-analytic maps accurately represent the brain networks associated with the psychological domains they are intended to capture.

May combine two claims.

Comparison of Neurosynth maps reveals striking overlap in the vmPFC across all meaning-related process domains (memory/default mode, self-reflection, social cognition/mentalizing, emotion, reward, and autonomic/endocrine changes), as well as functional specialization in different parts of the medial prefrontal cortex and associated regions.

“This comparison reveals striking overlap in vmPFC across all of the ‘meaning-related’ process domains (Figure 2a), as well as functional specialization in different parts of the MPFC and associated regions.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The Neurosynth meta-analytic maps accurately represent the brain networks associated with the psychological domains they are intended to capture.

May combine two claims.

The first subsystem encompasses the ventro-caudal vmPFC and subcortical structures associated with affect, valuation, and autonomic/endocrine control, with reward, autonomic, and emotion maps loading uniquely on this factor.

“The first subsystem encompasses the ventro-caudal vmPFC and subcortical structures associated with affect, valuation, and autonomic/endocrine control. This system might be called the ‘affect generation’ system, as the reward, autonomic, and emotion maps load uniquely on this factor.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The Neurosynth meta-analytic maps accurately represent the brain networks associated with the psychological domains they are intended to capture.

May combine two claims.

The vmPFC is not required for the learning or expression of anticipatory conditioned responses, including fear behavior.

“The vmPFC is not required for the learning or expression of anticipatory conditioned responses (CRs), including ‘fear’ behavior [34].”

• cites [34] Quirk GJ The Role of Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex in the Recovery of Extinguished Fear J. Neurosci 2000 20 6225 6231 10934272 PMC6772571 sourceNot checked yet

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May combine two claims.

The anatomical connectivity of the vmPFC parallels the functional findings and reinforces the view of the vmPFC as an integrative center.

“The anatomical connectivity of the vmPFC parallels these functional findings, and reinforces the view of vmPFC as an integrative center.”

May combine two claims.

None of the existing broad characterizations of vmPFC function accounts for the full range of processes involving the vmPFC, and many are difficult to reconcile with animal studies on vmPFC damage or inactivation.

“Although each of these characterizations is extremely useful in providing a common explanation to a broad range of vmPFC-related phenomena, none of them seems to account for the range of processes that involve the vmPFC, and many of these broad views are difficult to reconcile with animal studies on the functional impairments with vmPFC damage or inactivation.”

May combine two claims.

The vmPFC is not necessary for affective responses themselves, but is critical when affective responses are shaped by conceptual information about specific outcomes.

“The vmPFC is not necessary for affective responses per se, but is critical when affective responses are shaped by conceptual information about specific outcomes.”

May combine two claims.

A meaning-centered view predicts that the vmPFC and its subcortical connections are not essential for simple forms of affect, valuation, and affective learning, but are essential when conceptual information drives affective physiological and behavioral responses.

“Thus, a meaning-centered view of vmPFC predicts that vmPFC and its subcortical connections are not essential for simple forms of affect, valuation, and affective learning, but are essential when conceptual information drives affective physiological and behavioral responses.”

May combine two claims.

Animal studies reveal a selective pattern of effects following vmPFC lesions, suggesting that the vmPFC is not necessary for basic forms of affective learning and valuation, but is necessary to optimally guide behavior when the meaning of events must be inferred from particular configurations of situational cues.

“These studies suggest that vmPFC is not necessary for basic forms of affective learning and valuation, but is necessary to optimally guide behavior when the meaning of events has to be inferred from particular configurations of situational cues.”

May combine two claims.

The vmPFC plays a unique role in representing conceptual information relevant for survival and in transducing concepts into affective behavioral and physiological responses.

“As such, it plays a unique role in representing conceptual information relevant for survival and in transducing concepts into affective behavioral and physiological responses.”

May combine two claims.

Without the vmPFC, value is still estimated and motivated behavior occurs, but value and emotion are more 'reflexive' and not situation-appropriate, as occurs with utilization behavior and other reports of orbital/ventromedial prefrontal damage.

“One prediction that follows from this view is that without vmPFC, value is still estimated and motivated behavior occurs, but value and emotion are more ‘reflexive’ and not situation-appropriate, as occurs with ‘utilization behavior’ [32] and other reports of orbital/ventromedial prefrontal damage [33].”

• cites [32] Lhermite F “Utilization behaviour” and its relation to lesions of the frontal lobes Brain 1983 106 237 255 6850269 sourceNot checked yet

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• cites [33] Beer J Orbitofrontal cortex and social behavior: integrating self-monitoring and emotion-cognition interactions J. Cogn. Neurosci 18 871 879 16839295 sourceNot checked yet

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May combine two claims.

The vmPFC is monosynaptically connected with cortical structures associated with sensory hedonics and expectancies for specific rewards (orbitofrontal cortex), mentalizing and theory of mind (dorsomedial prefrontal cortex), and goal formation and maintenance (dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and frontopolar cortex).

“It is also monosynaptically connected with cortical structures associated with sensory hedonics and expectancies for specific rewards [15] (OFC), mentalizing and theory of mind [9] (dmPFC), and goal formation and maintenance (dlPFC and frontopolar cortex).”

• cites [15] Schoenbaum G Does the orbitofrontal cortex signal value? Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci 1239 87 99 22145878 PMC3530400 sourceNot checked yet

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• cites [9] Amodio DM Frith CD Meeting of minds: the medial frontal cortex and social cognition Nat. Rev. Neurosci 2006 7 268 277 16552413 sourceNot checked yet

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May combine two claims.

Converging effects in a number of related paradigms have led to the idea that the OFC-vmPFC system represents expectations about specific outcomes, which perhaps provides clues as to the roots of conceptual, prospective thought.

“Converging effects in a number of related paradigms has led to the idea that the OFC-vmPFC system represents expectations about specific outcomes [15,20], which perhaps provides clues as to the roots of conceptual, prospective thought.”

• cites [15] Schoenbaum G Does the orbitofrontal cortex signal value? Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci 1239 87 99 22145878 PMC3530400 sourceNot checked yet

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• cites [20] Balleine BW O'Doherty JP Human and Rodent Homologies in Action Control: Corticostriatal Determinants of Goal-Directed and Habitual Action Neuropsychopharmacology 2010 35 48 69 19776734 PMC3055420 sourceNot checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Overtraining on extinction should eliminate the need for an intact vmPFC during retrieval.

“One prediction that follows from this is that overtraining on extinction should eliminate the need for an intact vmPFC during retrieval.”

May combine two claims.

Lateral OFC appears to be important for the assignment of value to specific cues, whereas vmPFC is more important for the action value of those items, whether behavioral, emotional, or visceromotor.

“Lateral OFC appears to be important for the assignment of value to specific cues [15,44], whereas vmPFC is more important for the action value of those items [45], whether behavioral, 'emotional,' or visceromotor.”

• cites [15] Schoenbaum G Does the orbitofrontal cortex signal value? Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci 1239 87 99 22145878 PMC3530400 sourceNot checked yet

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• cites [44] Walton ME Separable Learning Systems in the Macaque Brain and the Role of Orbitofrontal Cortex in Contingent Learning Neuron 2010 65 927 939 20346766 PMC3566584 sourceNot checked yet

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• cites [45] Noonan MP Separate value comparison and learning mechanisms in macaque medial and lateral orbitofrontal cortex Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A 2010 107 20547 20552 21059901 PMC2996698 sourceNot checked yet

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May combine two claims.

Lesions of the MPFC-OFC system do not result in impairments in responding to cues that are predictive of food rewards, nor do they impair avoidance of a food that has been paired with illness or satiated.

“Lesions of this system do not result in impairments in responding to cues that are predictive of food rewards, nor do they impair avoidance of a food that has been paired with illness or satiated.”

• cites [15] Schoenbaum G Does the orbitofrontal cortex signal value? Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci 1239 87 99 22145878 PMC3530400 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

vmPFC inactivation abolishes all these benefits of control without affecting the learning of escape responses per se.

“vmPFC inactivation abolishes all these benefits of control without affecting the learning of escape responses per se.”

• cites [40] Amat J Medial prefrontal cortex determines how stressor controllability affects behavior and dorsal raphe nucleus Nat. Neurosci 2005 8 365 371 15696163 sourceNot checked yet

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• cites [41] Baratta MV Role of the ventral medial prefrontal cortex in mediating behavioral control-induced reduction of later conditioned fear Learn Mem 2008 15 84 87 18235108 PMC12599004 sourceNot checked yet

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• cites [42] Maier SF Watkins LR Role of the medial prefrontal cortex in coping and resilience Brain Res 2010 1355 52 60 20727864 PMC2967290 sourceNot checked yet

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May combine two claims.

The rostro-dorsal anterior cingulate cortex should be more active when there is greater demand for immediate motivated behavior or action monitoring, whereas the vmPFC should be more active when it is necessary to update representations of the situational context itself.

“More specifically, rdACC should be more active when there is greater demand for immediate motivated behavior or action monitoring, whereas vmPFC should be more active when it is necessary to update representations of the situational context itself—though the action vs. context updating dichotomy is confounded with valence in the literature, leading to ambiguity on the functional dissociations”

May combine two claims.

Control over shock speeds subsequent escape learning, slows subsequent fear conditioning, reduces threat-related serotonin responses in the dorsal raphe to novel contexts, and buffers animals against later adverse effects of inescapable shock.

“Control speeds subsequent escape learning [40] and slows subsequent fear conditioning [41], reduces threat-related serotonin responses in the dorsal raphe to novel contexts [40], and buffers the animals against later adverse effects of inescapable shock [42].”

• cites [40] Amat J Medial prefrontal cortex determines how stressor controllability affects behavior and dorsal raphe nucleus Nat. Neurosci 2005 8 365 371 15696163 sourceNot checked yet

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• cites [41] Baratta MV Role of the ventral medial prefrontal cortex in mediating behavioral control-induced reduction of later conditioned fear Learn Mem 2008 15 84 87 18235108 PMC12599004 sourceNot checked yet

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• cites [42] Maier SF Watkins LR Role of the medial prefrontal cortex in coping and resilience Brain Res 2010 1355 52 60 20727864 PMC2967290 sourceNot checked yet

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May combine two claims.

Instructions to conceptualize the CS+ in an emotionally positive manner increase vmPFC activity and decrease amygdala and skin conductance responses.

“Conversely, instructions to conceptualize the CS+ in an emotionally positive manner (e.g., think of a blue square as a calming, peaceful ocean) increases vmPFC activity and decreases amygdala and skin conductance responses [52] (figure 1f).”

• cites [52] Delgado MR Neural Circuitry Underlying the Regulation of Conditioned Fear and Its Relation to Extinction Neuron 2008 59 829 838 18786365 PMC3061554 sourceNot checked yet

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May combine two claims.

The vmPFC is not necessary for representing the aversive value of shocks or learning to escape them, but is crucial for integrating information about the external environment and the efficacy of one's actions-or, more simply, conceiving of the meaning of the shocks in context.

“Thus, vmPFC is not necessary for representing the aversive value of shocks or learning to escape them, but it is crucial for integrating information about the external environment and the efficacy of one’s actions—or, more simply, conceiving of the meaning of the shocks in context.”

May combine two claims.

Following devaluation, the value of the action as represented by the model-free, incremental value-learning system remains high, but the value of the action represented by the model-based system has changed.

“Following devaluation, the value of the action as represented by the model-free, incremental value-learning system remains high (the action was associated with tasty rewards), but the value of the action represented by the model-based system has changed.”

May combine two claims.

In this study, vmPFC activity was associated with increased reappraisal success in a manner mediated by changes in the ventral striatum, though other dorsomedial and lateral prefrontal regions are likely to be important as well.

“In this study, vmPFC activity was associated with increased reappraisal success in a manner mediated by changes in the ventral striatum, though other dorsomedial and lateral prefrontal regions are likely to be important as well [54,55].”

• cites [54] Wager TD Prefrontal-Subcortical Pathways Mediating Successful Emotion Regulation Neuron 2008 59 1037 1050 18817740 PMC2742320 sourceNot checked yet

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• cites [55] Ochsner KN Reflecting upon feelings: an fMRI study of neural systems supporting the attribution of emotion to self and other J. Cogn. Neuro 2004 16 1 27 15701226 sourceNot checked yet

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May combine two claims.

Positive reappraisal reduces amygdala responses to aversive visual images and increases activity in the ventral striatum, which in turn predict reappraisal effects on emotional experience.

“In one recent study, positive reappraisal reduced amygdala responses to aversive visual images and increases activity in the ventral striatum, which in turn predict reappraisal effects on emotional experience [54] (figure 1h).”

• cites [54] Wager TD Prefrontal-Subcortical Pathways Mediating Successful Emotion Regulation Neuron 2008 59 1037 1050 18817740 PMC2742320 sourceNot checked yet

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May combine two claims.

Human studies of fear extinction and reversal show vmPFC and hippocampal co-activation during the recall of extinction, suggesting parallel function in animals and humans and perhaps the involvement of explicit memory systems.

“Findings in animals are paralleled by human studies of fear extinction and reversal, which show vmPFC and hippocampal co-activation during the recall of extinction [38], suggesting parallel function in animals and humans and perhaps the involvement of explicit memory systems.”

• cites [38] Milad MR Neurobiological Basis of Failure to Recall Extinction Memory in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Biol. Psychiatry 2009 66 1075 1082 19748076 PMC2787650 sourceNot checked yet

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May combine two claims.

vmPFC lesions in humans and monkeys interfere with decision-making when the value of alternative outcomes is close together, or reverses rapidly, and the vmPFC is sensitive to the values of all available choices, not only the best ones.

“Moreover, vmPFC lesions in humans and monkeys have been shown to interfere with decision-making when the value of alternative outcomes is close together [45,47], or reverses rapidly [48], and is sensitive to the values of all available choices, not only the best ones [45,49] (Figure 1n).”

• cites [45] Noonan MP Separate value comparison and learning mechanisms in macaque medial and lateral orbitofrontal cortex Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A 2010 107 20547 20552 21059901 PMC2996698 sourceNot checked yet

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• cites [47] Tsuchida A Beyond Reversal: A Critical Role for Human Orbitofrontal Cortex in Flexible Learning from Probabilistic Feedback J. Neurosci 2010 30 16868 16875 21159958 PMC6634931 sourceNot checked yet

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• cites [48] Fellows L Farah M Ventromedial frontal cortex mediates affective shifting in humans: evidence from a reversal learning paradigm Brain 2003 126 1830 1837 12821528 sourceNot checked yet

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May combine two claims.

In instructed fear, participants are informed through language that a cue will be followed by a strong shock, which is sufficient to produce a well-characterized pattern of increases in the amygdala and rostro-dorsal anterior cingulate cortex and decreases in the vmPFC.

“For example, in instructed fear, participants are informed through language that a cue will be followed by a strong shock, which is sufficient to produce a well-characterized pattern of increases in the amygdala and rdACC and decreases in vmPFC (both of which may be part of the broad ‘meaning construction’ response; see Box 1) [50,51] (Figure 1g).”

• cites [50] Mechias M-L A meta-analysis of instructed fear studies: Implications for conscious appraisal of threat NeuroImage 2010 49 1760 1768 19786103 sourceNot checked yet

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• cites [51] Phelps EA Extinction Learning in Humans: Role of the Amygdala and vmPFC Neuron 2004 43 897 905 15363399 sourceNot checked yet

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May combine two claims.

Some forms of placebo analgesia require the presence of endogenous opioids, and correlated increases in endogenous opioid activity are found in both the vmPFC and periaqueductal gray under placebo treatment.

“Some forms of placebo analgesia require the presence of endogenous opioids, and correlated increases in endogenous opioid activity are found in both structures under placebo treatment [59] (Figure 1i).”

• cites [59] Wager TD Placebo effects on human µ-opioid activity during painin Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A 2007 104 11056 11061 PMC1894566 17578917 sourceNot checked yet

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May combine two claims.

Both effects tracked the individual time course of autonomic changes during the challenge, and the relationships between vmPFC and autonomic changes were mediated in part by activity in the periaqueductal gray.

“Both effects tracked the individual time course of autonomic changes during the challenge, and the relationships between vmPFC and autonomic changes were mediated in part by activity in PAG.”

• cites [64] Wager TD Brain mediators of cardiovascular responses to social threat NeuroImage 2009 47 821 835 19465137 PMC3275821 sourceNot checked yet

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• cites [65] Wager TD Brain mediators of cardiovascular responses to social threat, Part II: Prefrontal-subcortical pathways and relationship with anxiety NeuroImage 2009 47 836 851 19465135 PMC4169880 sourceNot checked yet

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Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

An emerging view is that activity in the vmPFC, particularly the ventral/medial orbitofrontal portion deactivated in stress studies, predicts value after the integration of diverse kinds of conceptual information.

“An emerging view is that activity in vmPFC, particularly the ventral/medial orbitofrontal portion deactivated in stress studies, predicts value after the integration of diverse kinds of conceptual information.”

May combine two claims.

In another recent study, vmPFC damage increased perceived threat and negative affect and altered endocrine responses to social evaluative threat.

“In another recent study, vmPFC damage increased perceived threat and negative affect and altered endocrine responses to this type of challenge [66].”

• cites [66] Buchanan TW Medial prefrontal cortex damage affects physiological and psychological stress responses differently in men and women Psychoneuroendocrinology 2010 35 56 66 19783103 PMC2795091 sourceNot checked yet

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May combine two claims.

Greater vmPFC activity is elicited in comparisons between flavors labeled as 'rich and delicious' versus 'boiled vegetable water', wines labeled as expensive versus cheap, and skin creams presented as 'rich and moisturizing' versus 'basic'.

“Greater vmPFC activity is elicited in comparisons between flavors labeled as “rich and delicious” vs. “boiled vegetable water” [69], wines labeled as expensive vs. cheap [70], and skin creams presented as “rich and moisturizing” vs. “basic” [71].”

• cites [69] Grabenhorst F How Cognition Modulates Affective Responses to Taste and Flavor: Top-down Influences on the Orbitofrontal and Pregenual Cingulate Cortices Cereb Cortex 2007 18 1549 1559 18056086 sourceNot checked yet

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• cites [70] Plassmann H Marketing actions can modulate neural representations of experienced pleasantness Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A 2008 105 1050 1054 18195362 PMC2242704 sourceNot checked yet

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• cites [71] McCabe C Cognitive influences on the affective representation of touch and the sight of touch in the human brain Soc. Cogn. Affect. Neurosci 2008 3 97 108 19015100 PMC2555465 sourceNot checked yet

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May combine two claims.

Studies of placebo analgesia show reliable increases in the vmPFC and reliable connections between the vmPFC and periaqueductal gray.

“Studies of placebo analgesia show reliable increases in vmPFC [53] (Figure 1e) and reliable connections between vmPFC and PAG [58].”

• cites [53] Diekhof EK Fear is only as deep as the mind allows NeuroImage 2011 58 275 285 21669291 sourceNot checked yet

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• cites [58] Meissner K The Placebo Effect: Advances from Different Methodological Approaches J. Neurosci 2011 31 16117 16124 22072664 PMC3242469 sourceNot checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted).

A second prediction is that reappraisal-related fMRI activity will emerge when controlling for activity in lateral cortical attention systems.

“A second prediction is that reappraisal-related fMRI activity will emerge when controlling for activity in lateral cortical ‘attention systems’ (partially done in [54]; see Supplementary Online Materials for additional discussion).”

• cites [54] Wager TD Prefrontal-Subcortical Pathways Mediating Successful Emotion Regulation Neuron 2008 59 1037 1050 18817740 PMC2742320 sourceNot checked yet

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May combine two claims.

Altogether, these results clearly show that representations in the vmPFC are strongly influenced by various forms of conceptual information, and that the vmPFC mediates processes that extend beyond preferences, including physiological responses related to well being.

“Altogether, these results clearly show that representations in the vmPFC are strongly influenced by various forms of conceptual information, and that vmPFC mediates processes that extend beyond preferences, including physiological responses related to well being.”

May combine two claims.

Reappraisal paradigms require cognitive effort and external attention, which produces large de-activations in the vmPFC across many paradigms.

“One difficulty with reappraisal paradigms is that they require cognitive effort and external attention [56,57], which produces large de-activations in vmPFC across many paradigms [17].”

• cites [56] Urry HL Individual differences in some (but not all) medial prefrontal regions reflect cognitive demand while regulating unpleasant emotion NeuroImage 2009 47 852 863 19486944 PMC2766667 sourceNot checked yet

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• cites [57] van Reekum CM Gaze fixations predict brain activation during the voluntary regulation of picture-induced negative affect NeuroImage 2007 36 1041 1055 17493834 sourceNot checked yet

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• cites [17] Raichle M A default mode of brain function Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A 2001 98 676 682 PMC14647 11209064 sourceNot checked yet

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Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

A prediction of the meaning-centered view is that reappraisal will be impaired with vmPFC lesions.

“That notwithstanding, a prediction of the meaning-centered view is that reappraisal will be impaired with vmPFC lesions.”

May combine two claims.

rdACC and vmPFC have different functional profiles, paralleling the prelimbic/infralimbic distinction in rats.

“RDACC and vmPFC have different functional profiles, paralleling a distinction between prelimbic (PL) and infralimbic (IL) cortices in rats (Figure Ic).”

May combine two claims.

vmPFC and rdACC are considered part of the same functional zone at the broadest level but are also clearly dissociable.

“Though we consider vmPFC and rdACC to be part of the same functional zone at the broadest level, they are also clearly dissociable.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Cognitive-behavioral therapy and other meaning-centered therapies target pathological interpretations of self and world and are thought effective for these disorders.

“Cognitive-behavioral therapy and other forms of meaning-centered therapy [83] target these pathological interpretations of the self and the world and break them down, and are thought to be effective for all these disorders.”

• cites [83] Ellis A Joffe Ellis D Rational emotive behavior therapy 2011 American Psychological AssociationNot checked yet

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May combine two claims.

Depression is characterized by biases toward negative information and rumination.

“Depression, for example, is characterized by biases towards negative information and rumination [81]”

• cites [81] McLaughlin KA Nolen-Hoeksema S Rumination as a transdiagnostic factor in depression and anxiety Behav. Res. Ther 2011 49 186 193 21238951 PMC3042543 sourceNot checked yet

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May combine two claims.

Meaning-guided affect represented in vmPFC is generative and can be easily transferred to new situations or configurations of informational elements.

“we propose that meaning-guided affect as represented in vmPFC is a) generative and can be easily transferred to new situations or configurations of informational elements;”

May combine two claims.

Dysfunction of vmPFC is thought to be critical in anxiety disorders such as PTSD, depression, counterproductive motivation in drug addiction, and dysregulation of autonomic and endocrine systems related to chronic stress and pain.

“Dysfunction of the vmPFC is thought to be critical in anxiety disorders such as PTSD [10] (Figure 1vw), depression [79] (figure 1x), counterproductive motivation in drug addiction [80], and dysregulation of autonomic and endocrine systems related to chronic stress [12] and pain [13].”

• cites [10] Etkin A Wager TD Functional neuroimaging of anxiety: a meta-analysis of emotional processing in PTSD, social anxiety disorder, and specific phobia Am. J. Psychiatry 2007 164 1476 1488 17898336 PMC3318959 sourceNot checked yet

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• cites [79] Drevets W Subgenual prefrontal cortex abnormalities in mood disorders Nature 1997 386 824 827 9126739 sourceNot checked yet

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• cites [80] Peters J Extinction circuits for fear and addiction overlap in prefrontal cortex Learn Mem 2009 16 279 288 19380710 PMC4527308 sourceNot checked yet

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May combine two claims.

Like vmPFC, rdACC is integral in shaping subcortical responses and may participate in constructing and/or deploying meaning.

“This connectivity suggests that, like vmPFC, rdACC is integral in shaping subcortical responses and may participate in the construction and/or deployment of ‘meaning.’”

May combine two claims.

Recent evidence links PL and rdACC to appetitive drug-seeking behavior, which argues in favor of a process account of the rdACC/vmPFC distinction.

“Recent evidence linking PL and rdACC to appetitive, drug seeking behavior [80] argues in favor of a process account.”

• cites [80] Peters J Extinction circuits for fear and addiction overlap in prefrontal cortex Learn Mem 2009 16 279 288 19380710 PMC4527308 sourceNot checked yet

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May combine two claims.

Human findings show rdACC and vmPFC preference for negative and positive emotion, respectively.

“similar findings in humans showing that the rdACC and vmPFC show a preference for negative and positive emotion, respectively [88] (Figure Ie)”

• cites [88] Lindquist K The brain basis of emotion: a meta-analytic review Behav. Brain Sci (in press) PMC4329228 22617651Not checked yet

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May combine two claims.

PL stimulation impairs fear extinction, and PL activity after extinction predicts reduced extinction recall, whereas IL activity has opposite effects.

“For example, PL stimulation impairs fear extinction, and PL activity after extinction predicts reduced extinction recall [87], whereas IL activity has the opposite effects [87].”

• cites [87] Sotres-Bayon F Quirk GJ Prefrontal control of fear: more than just extinction Curr. Opin. Neurobiol 2010 20 231 235 20303254 PMC2878722 sourceNot checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted). May combine two claims.

One view holds that rdACC translates between meaning and action systems, including selecting meaning-guided actions under uncertainty and monitoring action consequences, whereas ventral vmPFC updates representations of the organism's internal state.

“One view is that rdACC is involved in translating between ‘meaning’ and action systems—including selecting meaning-guided actions under conditions of uncertainty [23,24] and monitoring the consequences of actions [25]—whereas ventral vmPFC are primarily involved in updating representations of the internal state of the organism.”

• cites [23] Shackman AJ The integration of negative affect, pain and cognitive control in the cingulate cortex Nat. Rev. Neurosci 2011 12 154 167 21331082 PMC3044650 sourceNot checked yet

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• cites [24] Van Snellenberg J Wager TD Christensen AL Bougakov D Goldberg E Cognitive and motivational functions of the human prefrontal cortex Luria's Legacy in the 21st century 2009 Oxford University Press 30 61Not checked yet

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• cites [25] Rushworth MFS Frontal Cortex and Reward-Guided Learning and Decision-Making Neuron 2011 70 1054 1069 21689594 sourceNot checked yet

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