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Cannabis Use Is Quantitatively Associated with Nucleus Accumbens and Amygdala Abnormalities in Young Adult Recreational Users
Open accessAbstract
Marijuana is the most commonly used illicit drug in the United States, but little is known about its effects on the human brain, particularly on reward/aversion regions implicated in addiction, such as the nucleus accumbens and amygdala. Animal studies show structural changes in brain regions such as the nucleus accumbens after exposure to Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol, but less is known about cannabis use and brain morphometry in these regions in humans. We collected high-resolution MRI scans on young adult recreational marijuana users and nonusing controls and conducted three independent analyses of morphometry in these structures: (1) gray matter density using voxel-based morphometry, (2) volume (total brain and regional volumes), and (3) shape (surface morphometry). Gray matter density analyses revealed greater gray matter density in marijuana users than in control participants in the left nucleus accumbens extending to subcallosal cortex, hypothalamus, sublenticular extended amygdala, and left amygdala, even after controlling for age, sex, alcohol use, and cigarette smoking. Trend-level effects were observed for a volume increase in the left nucleus accumbens only. Significant shape differences were detected in the left nucleus accumbens and right amygdala. The left nucleus accumbens showed salient exposure-dependent alterations across all three measures and an altered multimodal relationship across measures in the marijuana group. These data suggest that marijuana exposure, even in young recreational users, is associated with exposure-dependent alterations of the neural matrix of core reward structures and is consistent with animal studies of changes in dendritic arborization.
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“Adolescent rats treated with THC also have fewer synaptic contacts during adulthood and reduced efficiency of hippocampal networks 75”
From Association of Cannabis Use in Adolescence and Risk of Depression, Anxiety, and Suicidality in Young Adulthood (2019) · cites this paper as [75]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“We provide a weak recommendation against the use of cannabinoids in neuropathic pain, mainly because of negative results, potential misuse, abuse, diversion and long term mental health risks particularly in susceptible individuals.66–71”
From Pharmacotherapy for neuropathic pain in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis (2015) · cites this paper as [70]
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Cites
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–200 of 250
A Virtue Analysis of Recreational Marijuana Use
Sullivan, E., & Austriaco, N. P. G. (2016) · The Linacre Quarterly · doi:10.1080/00243639.2015.1125083 · Cited by 24
“In addition, a study has revealed that even casual pot use causes major alterations in the human brain, though it is not clear if these changes are associated with apparent adverse effects in cognition or behavior (Gilman et al. 2014).”
BackgroundRecent Self-Reported Cannabis Use Is Associated With the Biometrics of Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol
Smith, M. J., Alden, E., Herrold, A. A., Roberts, A. G., Stern, D., Jones, J., Barnes, A. J., O’Connor, K. P., Huestis, M. A., & Breiter, H. C. (2018) · Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs · doi:10.15288/jsad.2018.79.441 · Cited by 24
“…that no participant exhibited overt signs of intoxication, based on a four-item marijuana intoxication scale previously used by our laboratory (Gilman et al., 2014, 2016) to evaluate four signs of acute intoxication (Karschner et al., 2011): increased resting heart rate (>100 beats per…”
MethodSelf-citationIntrinsic Frontolimbic Connectivity and Mood Symptoms in Young Adult Cannabis Users
Shollenbarger, S. G., Thomas, A. M., Wade, N. E., Gruber, S. A., Tapert, S. F., Filbey, F. M., & Lisdahl, K. M. (2019) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2019.00311 · Cited by 24
“cannabis users and controls, including: vmPFC (91, 92), ACC (81, 93, 94), insula (95), and amygdala (88, 96, 97).”
BackgroundPharmacological treatment of schizophrenia with comorbid substance use disorder
Azorin, J., Simon, N., Adida, M., & Belzeaux-R, R. (2015) · Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1517/14656566.2016.1114101 · Cited by 22
“There is increasing evidence that drugs involved in SUD may lead to alteration in cortical and subcortical brain structures; this has been particularly well documented in the case of marijuana exposure.[120]”
BackgroundNeural mechanisms of sensitivity to peer information in young adult cannabis users
Gilman, J. M., Schuster, R. M., Curran, M. T., Calderon, V., van der Kouwe, A. J. W., & Evins, A. E. (2016) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-016-0421-8 · Cited by 25
“THCexposed rats showed structural changes in the NAc (e.g., increases in the length of dendrites and in the number of dendritic spines; Kolb, Gorny, Limebeer, & Parker, 2006), with similar increases in the NAc being reported in human MJ users (Gilman et al., 2014).”
BackgroundSelf-citationCannabinoids in the Management of Musculoskeletal or Rheumatic Diseases
Fitzcharles, M., & Häuser, W. (2016) · Current Rheumatology Reports · doi:10.1007/s11926-016-0625-5 · Cited by 24
Coleman, J. R., Madularu, D., Ortiz, R. J., Athanassiou, M., Knudsen, A., Alkislar, I., Cai, X., Kulkarni, P. P., Cushing, B. S., & Ferris, C. F. (2022) · Addiction Biology · doi:10.1111/adb.13169 · Cited by 21
“Nor did we see changes in the accumbens as reported in the rodent and human literature.(37,38)”
BackgroundSousa, S. S., Sampaio, A., López‐Caneda, E., Bec, C., Gonçalves, Ó. F., & Crego, A. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.01005 · Cited by 23
“This natural decline in subcortical volume throughout adolescence – mostly driven by synaptic pruning (65) – has been reported as being disrupted by substance-induced toxicity, such as alcohol or cannabis (28, 31, 35).”
BackgroundAn Event-Related Potential Study on the Effects of Cannabis on Emotion Processing
Troup, L. J., Bastidas, S., Nguyen, M. T., Andrzejewski, J. A., Bowers, M., & Nomi, J. S. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0149764 · Cited by 26
“A recent structural study using both human and nonhuman subjects suggested that cannabis does have a detrimental effect on the brain structures associated with emotional processing, significantly changing the size and gray matter density of nucleus accumbens and amygdala [16].”
BackgroundCooke, M. E., Potter, K. W., Jashinski, J., Pascale, M. P., Schuster, R. M., Tervo‐Clemmens, B., Hoeppner, B. B., Pachas, G. N., Evins, A. E., & Gilman, J. M. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1083334 · Cited by 21
Self-citationMaple, K. E., Thomas, A. M., Kangiser, M. M., & Lisdahl, K. M. (2019) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2019.04.011 · Cited by 22
“Cannabis use has also been linked with volume differences in subcortical regions such as the amygdala, hippocampus, and cerebellum (Ashtari et al., 2011; Battistella et al., 2014; Cousijn et al., 2012; Demirakca et al., 2011; Gilman et al., 2014; Jarvis et al., 2008; Koenders et al., 2016; Matochik et al., 2005; McQue…”
BackgroundImpact of Cannabis Use on Brain Structure and Function in Suppressed HIV Infection
Kallianpur, K. J., Birn, R. M., Ndhlovu, L. C., Souza, S. A., Mitchell, B. I., Paul, R. H., Chow, D. C., Kohorn, L. B., & Shikuma, C. M. (2020) · Journal of Behavioral and Brain Science · doi:10.4236/jbbs.2020.108022 · Cited by 19
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BackgroundDrug law reform, performativity and the politics of childhood
Flacks, S. (2017) · International Journal of Drug Policy · doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2017.10.003 · Cited by 18
Gendy, M. N. S., Taisir, R., Sousa, S., Costello, M. J., Rush, B. R., Busse, J. W., & MacKillop, J. M. (2023) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2023.107667 · Cited by 19
Cannabis Addiction and the Brain: a Review
Zehra, A., Burns, J. A., Liu, C. K., Manza, P., Wiers, C. E., Volkow, N. D., & Wang, G. (2019) · FOCUS The Journal of Lifelong Learning in Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.focus.17204 · Cited by 18
Mashhoon, Y., Sagar, K. A., & Gruber, S. A. (2019) · Pediatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.pcl.2019.08.004 · Cited by 21
Marijuana use among adolescents is associated with deleterious alterations in mature BDNF
Míguez, M. J., Chan, W., Espinoza, L. A., Tarter, R. E., & Perez, C. (2019) · AIMS Public Health · doi:10.3934/publichealth.2019.1.4 · Cited by 18
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“Magnetic resonance imaging has imaged structural alterations resulting from marijuana use at a young age; the changes predominate in the nucleus accumbens and amygdala gray matter [17].”
BackgroundLorenzetti, V., Kowalczyk, M., Duehlmeyer, L., Greenwood, L.-M., Chye, Y., Yücel, M., Whittle, S., & Roberts, C. A. (2023) · Cannabis & Cannabinoid Research · doi:10.1089/can.2021.0099 · Cited by 17
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“There is also growing concern that exposure to cannabis during adolescence can have a variety of harmful effects in the maturing brain (Giedd et al., 1999; Gilman et al., 2014; Lenroot & Giedd, 2006).”
BackgroundAdolescents' Neural Processing of Risky Decisions: Effects of Sex and Behavioral Disinhibition
Crowley, T. J., Dalwani, M. S., Mikulich‐Gilbertson, S. K., Young, S. E., Sakai, J. T., Raymond, K. M., McWilliams, S. K., Roark, M. J., & Banich, M. T. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0132322 · Cited by 18
“, [74–76]) and possibly structure [77].”
Kichloo, A., Albosta, M. S., Aljadah, M. M., El‐amir, Z., Goldar, G., Khan, M. Z., Dahiya, D. S., Vallabhaneni, S., Wani, F., & Singh, J. (2021) · SAGE Open Medicine · doi:10.1177/20503121211000909 · Cited by 18
Increased nucleus accumbens volume in first-episode psychosis
Forns, M., Bergé, D., Sem, F., Mané, A., Igual, L., Guinart, D., & Vilarroya, Ó. (2017) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2017.03.007 · Cited by 16
“…volume in post-mortem schizophrenic subjects (Mamah et al., 2007; Spoletini et al., 2011; Tamagaki et al., 2005; Womer et al., 2014), decreased or no differences in first episode psychosis in relation to control subjects (Ballmaier et al., 2008; Glenthoj et al., 2007; Gunduz et al., 2002).”
BackgroundHigh times: The effect of medical marijuana laws on student time use
Chu, Y. L., & Gershenson, S. (2018) · Economics of Education Review · doi:10.1016/j.econedurev.2018.08.003 · Cited by 16
“Some evidence suggests that the impacts of marijuana use on the brain could be permanent, and brain abnormities can be found even among casual and abstinent users (Raver, Haughwout, and Keller 2013; Bolla et al. 2005; Gilman et al. 2014).”
The impact of medical marijuana laws on marijuana use and other risky health behaviors
Choi, A. (2014) · Health & Healthcare in America: From Economics to Policy · Cited by 15
Wallace, A. L., Maple, K. E., Barr, A. T., & Lisdahl, K. M. (2020) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-020-05608-7 · Cited by 15
Prevalence and correlates of a lifetime cannabis use disorder among pregnant former tobacco smokers
Emery, R. L., Gregory, M. P., Grace, J. L., & Levine, M. D. (2015) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2015.12.008 · Cited by 15
“Cannabis use also has lasting effects on cognition and the regulatory networks of the brain (Filbey et al., 2009; Gilman et al., 2014), which can lead to memory impairments, deficiencies in attention, slowed reaction time, poor impulse control and increased hostility as well as difficulties with…”
BackgroundJoint culpability: The effects of medical marijuana laws on crime
Chu, Y. L., & Townsend, W. (2020) · doi:10.26686/wgtn.12444122 · Cited by 15
Prefrontal cortex and putamen grey matter alterations in cannabis and tobacco users
Daniju, Y., Faulkner, P., Brandt, K., & Allen, P. (2022) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/02698811221117523 · Cited by 14
“Relative to the control group, cannabis users who also smoked cigarettes exhibited greater GMV in the bilateral putamen, which is consistent with previous findings by Gilman et al (2014).”
ResultAttitudes, perceptions, and use of marijuana in youth with multiple sclerosis
Brenton, J. N., Schreiner, T., Karoscik, K., Richter, M., Ferrante, S., Waldman, A. T., & Banwell, B. (2017) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/s00415-017-8715-5 · Cited by 14
“1 3 and has been associated with cognitive impairments, a negative impact on CNS white matter integrity [26], and alterations in brain volume and structure [27].”
BackgroundOwens, M. M., Sweet, L. H., & MacKillop, J. M. (2020) · Addiction Biology · doi:10.1111/adb.12874 · Cited by 16
Allick, A., Park, G. S. H., Kim, K., Vintimilla, M., Rathod, K., Lebo, R. A., Nanavati, J., & Hammond, C. J. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.745193 · Cited by 14
“(39) – CU participants were defined as weekly or more frequent CU who did not meet DSM-IV criteria for cannabis dependence.”
BackgroundResultPrenatal exposure to Cannabis smoke induces early and lasting damage to the brain
Benevenuto, S. G. D. M., Domenico, M. D., Yariwake, V. Y., Dias, C. T., Mendes‐da‐Silva, C., Alves, N. D. O., Caumo, S. E. D. S., Vasconcellos, P. D. C., de Morais, D. R., Cardoso, M. S., et al. (2022) · Neurochemistry International · doi:10.1016/j.neuint.2022.105406 · Cited by 14
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“…et al., 2014; Volkow et al., 1996), memory and cognition (Volkow et al., 1996; Yücel et al., 2008; Zalesky et al., 2012), motivational and reward systems (Albrecht et al., 2013; Gilman et al., 2014), and pain regulation (Cooper et al., 2013; Wallace et al., 2007; Wilsey et al., 2013, 2008).”
Sexual risk-taking and subcortical brain volume in adolescence
Ewing, S. W. F., Hudson, K. A., Caouette, J. D., Mayer, A. R., Thayer, R. E., Ryman, S. G., & Bryan, A. D. (2018) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1093/abm/kax027 · Cited by 12
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“In light of evidence that externalizing disorders are characterized by dysfunction in mesolimbic reward and emotional-salience systems (Durazzo et al., 2011; Gilman et al., 2014; Glenn and Yang, 2012; Korponay et al., 2017), we hypothesized that the externalizing PS may also moderate network resting-state connectivity…”
BackgroundÇolak, Ç., Celik, Z. C., Zorlu, N., Kitiş, Ö., & Yüncü, Z. (2019) · Nöro Psikiyatri Arşivi · doi:10.29399/npa.23495 · Cited by 11
“(13) found increased nucleus accumbens volume in cannabis users at trend-level.”
BackgroundJohnstad, P. G. (2022) · Drug Science Policy and Law · doi:10.1177/20503245221095228 · Cited by 12
“However, Gilman et al. (2014) did control for tobacco and alcohol use to find greater gray matter density in cannabis users, while a large-scale MRI study by Scott et al. (2019) found “no significant differences by cannabis group in global or regional brain volumes, cortical thickness, or gray…”
BackgroundStructural imaging for addiction medicine
Brown, G. G., Jacobus, J., & McKenna, B. S. (2015) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/bs.pbr.2015.07.029 · Cited by 11
“In a recent study by Gilman and colleagues, the authors found that marijuana users had greater gray matter density of the left nucleus accumbens, which was related to increased marijuana use severity (Gilman et al., 2014).”
BackgroundReduction in hippocampal volumes subsequent to heavy cannabis use: a 3-year longitudinal study
Wang, Y., Zuo, C., Wang, W., Xu, Q., & Lei, H. C. (2020) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113588 · Cited by 13
Considering Marijuana Legalization
Caulkins, J. P., Kilmer, B., R.Kleiman, M. A., MacCoun, R. J., Midgette, G., Oglesby, P., Pacula, R. L., & Reuter, P. (2015) · Cited by 11
Razavi, Y., Rashvand, M., Sharifi, A., Haghparast, A., Keyhanfar, F., & Haghparast, A. (2021) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2021.136141 · Cited by 10
Schmill, M. P., Thompson, Z., Lee, D., Haddadin, L., Mitra, S., Ezzat, R., Shelton, S. M., Levin, P., Behnam, S., Huffman, K. J., et al. (2023) · Brain Behavior and Evolution · doi:10.1159/000533524 · Cited by 10
“For example, Makris et al. [2008] showed a decrease in volume in reward-related areas in alcoholic men, Gilman et al. [2014] found greater gray matter density in the NAc of young adult marijuana users, and Seifert et al. [2015] observed a decrease in NAc volume in heroin-dependent users undergoing…”
BackgroundNakagawa, Y. (2017) · Journal of Drug and Alcohol Research · doi:10.4303/jdar/236017 · Cited by 10
Hatchard, T., Byron-Alhassan, A., Mioduszewski, O., Holshausen, K., Correia, S., Leeming, A., Ayson, G., Chiasson, C., Fried, P. A., Cameron, I. G. M., et al. (2020) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-020-00226-y · Cited by 10
Garimella, A. H., Rajguru, S., Singla, U. K., & Alluri, V. (2020) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.109897 · Cited by 10
THC Exposure is Reflected in the Microstructure of the Cerebral Cortex and Amygdala of Young Adults
Cabeen, R. P., Allman, J. M., & Toga, A. W. (2020) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhaa087 · Cited by 13
Park, S., Ryu, S. Y., Constantino, N. L., Yun, G. W., Jennings, E., & Fred, D. (2020) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.1080/07448481.2020.1751171 · Cited by 10
“juana use on brain development and thus their use concerns educators.(6) The final dataset contained responses from 215 students.”
BackgroundMarijuana Use and Sexual Risk Behavior Among Young Black Men Who Have Sex with Men in California
D’Anna, L. H., Chang, K., Wood, J. L., Washington, T. A., & the PPOWER Team (2020) · Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities · doi:10.1007/s40615-020-00915-3 · Cited by 10
“Additionally, a significant proportion of people who smoke marijuana recreationally experience symptoms of dependence [43, 44], and prolonged marijuana use can lead to adverse physical and mental health outcomes [45–53].”
BackgroundWu, Y., Besson, P., Azcona, E. A., Bandt, S. K., Parrish, T. B., Breiter, H. C., & Katsaggelos, A. K. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-22313-x · Cited by 15
“…of other subcortical regions, particularly those with minimal association to Gf in the literature, that also have been linked to other aspects of cognitive science, such as reward processing in judgment and decision-making as well as emotion regulation (e.g., NAc and amygdala) 11,38–41 .”
BackgroundSelf-citationThayer, R. E., Ewing, S. W. F., Dodd, A. B., Hansen, N. S., Mayer, A. R., Ling, J. M., & Bryan, A. D. (2015) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2015.09.009 · Cited by 12
“Interestingly, in light of ongoing questions surrounding the impact of marijuana on the developing brain (Filbey et al., 2014; Gilman et al., 2014; Weiland et al., 2015), marijuana use”
Recent tobacco use has widespread associations with adolescent white matter microstructure
Thayer, R. E., Hansen, N. S., Prashad, S., Karoly, H. C., Filbey, F. M., Bryan, A. D., & Ewing, S. W. F. (2019) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.106152 · Cited by 9
“, 2019), and significantly greater GM density (Gilman et al., 2014), in adolescent and young adult cannabis users compared to non-users, although a large study (n=781) found no significant relationship between adolescent cannabis use and global or regional GM volume, thickness, or density (Scott et al.”
BackgroundResultSami, M. B., Cole, J. H., Kempton, M. J., Annibale, L., Das, D., Kelbrick, M., Eranti, S. V., Collier, T., Onyejiaka, C., O’Neill, A., et al. (2020) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.25131 · Cited by 9
“Cannabis use is associated with enlargement of the nucleus accumbens and amygdala in recreational users (Gilman et al., 2014) and regional hippocampal deflation in cannabis dependent PwP (Chye et al., 2019a).”
BackgroundGender differences in the risk and protective factors of marijuana use among U.S. College students
Park, S., Yun, G. W., Constantino, N. L., & Ryu, S. Y. (2021) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/13591053211002248 · Cited by 9
“Although the state law allowed marijuana use by adults who were 21 and older, the use of the substance by legal-age students was still a concern because marijuana use adversely affects the developing brains of people between 21 and 25 (Gilman et al., 2014).”
BackgroundCannabis Use Disorders and Altered Brain Morphology: Where Is the Evidence?
Lorenzetti, V., Batalla, A., & Cousijn, J. (2016) · Current Addiction Reports · doi:10.1007/s40429-016-0102-2 · Cited by 8
“…Gilman and colleagues [21] found larger grey matter density (i.e., amounts of gray or white matter concentration in each voxel) in the ventral striatum (i.e., NAcc) in non-dependent regular cannabis users relative to non-cannabis using controls (but no group difference for NAcc volume) [21].”
InfluentialPatterns of Medical Cannabis Use among Patients Diagnosed with Multiple Sclerosis
Guarnaccia, J. B., Khan, A., Ayettey, R. G., Treu, J. A., Comerford, B., & Njike, V. Y. (2021) · Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.msard.2021.102830 · Cited by 8
Transition of Care to Adult Neuroimmunology
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Felice, M. D., Szkudlarek, H. J., Uzuneser, T. C., Rodríguez-Ruiz, M., Sarikahya, M. H., Pusparajah, M., Lazo, J. P. G., Whitehead, S. N., Yeung, K. K. ‐., Rushlow, W. J., et al. (2024) · Biological Psychiatry Global Open Science · doi:10.1016/j.bpsgos.2024.100361 · Cited by 8
“Imaging studies have revealed morphometric Acb abnormalities in young cannabis users (5).”
Functionally Relevant Brain Alterations in Polysubstance Users
Meyerhoff, D. J. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-805373-7.00021-9 · Cited by 7
Cannabinoids and Brain Damage: A Systematic Review on a Frequently Overlooked Issue
Scopetti, M., Morena, D., Manetti, F., Santurro, A., Fazio, N. D., D’Errico, S., Padovano, M., Frati, P., & Fineschi, V. (2022) · Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology · doi:10.2174/1389201023666220614145535 · Cited by 7
The impact of conventional and nonconventional inhalants on children and adolescents
Nasr, S. Z., Nasrallah, A., Abdulghani, M., & Sweet, S. C. (2017) · Pediatric Pulmonology · doi:10.1002/ppul.23836 · Cited by 7
“suggest that marijuana exposure, even in young recreational users, is associated with exposure-dependent alterations of the neural matrix of core reward structures and is consistent with animal studies of changes in dendritic arborization.(55)”
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The consequences of chronic cannabis smoking in vulnerable adolescents
Al‐Iede, M., Nunn, K. P., Milne, B., & Fitzgerald, D. A. (2016) · Paediatric Respiratory Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.prrv.2016.11.001 · Cited by 7
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Neural Correlates of Social Influence Among Cannabis Users
Gilman, J. M. (2017) · Current Addiction Reports · doi:10.1007/s40429-017-0141-3 · Cited by 6
Self-citationAmygdala volume and depression symptoms in young adolescents who use cannabis
Wallace, A. L., Huestis, M., Sullivan, R. M., & Wade, N. (2024) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2024.115150 · Cited by 5
Nosko, L., Crocker, C. E., & Tibbo, P. G. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1644105 · Cited by 6
Health considerations in regulating marijuana in Vermont
Chen, H., & Searles, J. S. (2017) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2017.06.004 · Cited by 5
Cannabis Use Disorders and Brain Morphology
Lorenzetti, V., & Cousijn, J. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-800213-1.00072-9 · Cited by 6
“…with theoretical models of a ventral-todorsal striatal shift as the SUD progresses (Koob & Volkow, 2010), cannabis users without a CUD showed an altered ventral striatum (Gilman et al., 2014), while cannabis users with a CUD exhibited alterations within the dorsal striatum (Yip et al., 2014).”
InfluentialGreen Hope: Perspectives on Cannabis from People who Use Opioids
Boeri, M. W., Pereira, E., Minkova, A., Marcato, K., Martinez, E., & Woodall, D. R. (2020) · Sociological Inquiry · doi:10.1111/soin.12359 · Cited by 5
Cingulate Cortex Structural Alterations in Substance Use Disorder Psychiatric Inpatients
Oh, H., Gosnell, S. N., Nguyen, T., Tran, T. M., Kosten, T. R., & Salas, R. (2020) · American Journal on Addictions · doi:10.1111/ajad.13093 · Cited by 5
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Wu, Y.-N., Besson, P., Azcona, E. A., Bandt, S., Parrish, T., Breiter, H., & Katsaggelos, A. (2020) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/2020.10.14.331199 · Cited by 5
“…of other subcortical regions, particularly those with minimal association to Gf in the literature, that also have been linked to other aspects of cognitive science, such as reward processing in judgement and decision-making as well as emotion regulation (e.g., NAc and amygdala) 11,12,35–38 .”
BackgroundSelf-citationJoint culpability: The effects of medical marijuana laws on crime
Chu, Y. L., & Townsend, W. (2020) · doi:10.26686/wgtn.12444122.v1 · Cited by 5
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Neural and Behavioral Correlates Associated with Adolescent Marijuana Use
Subramaniam, P., & Yurgelun-Todd, D. A. (2020) · Current Addiction Reports · doi:10.1007/s40429-020-00335-7 · Cited by 4
Sulley, S., Ndanga, M., & Saka, A. K. (2022) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.28361 · Cited by 4
“Some studies have associated cannabis use and other substance use and neurologic changes in certain areas of the brain [31,32].”
BackgroundA neuroimaging study of altered cortical and subcortical volume in adolescent methamphetamine users
Temircan, Z. (2023) · Çukurova medical journal (Online)/Çukurova medical journal · doi:10.17826/cumj.1349328 · Cited by 4
“Numerous neuroimaging studies have been performed to highlight the functional and structural brain abnormalities in adolescents with illicit drug abuse 4,5 .”
BackgroundCannabis and the Mesolimbic System
Cannizzaro, C., & Diana, M. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-800213-1.00074-2 · Cited by 4
Marijuana, Alcohol, and ED: Correlations with LUTS/BPH
Lloyd, G. L., Wiesen, B. M., Atwell, M., & Malykhina, A. P. (2021) · Current Urology Reports · doi:10.1007/s11934-020-01031-9 · Cited by 4
Effects of Cannabis Use on Neurocognition in Adolescents and Emerging Adults
Wright, N. E., Maple, K. E., & Lisdahl, K. M. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-800756-3.00017-x · Cited by 4
Ganesh, S., Vidya, K. L., Rashid, A., Singh, J., & D’Souza, D. C. (2018) · Current Addiction Reports · doi:10.1007/s40429-018-0233-8 · Cited by 4
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Joint Culpability: The Effects of Medical Marijuana Laws on CrimePreprint
Chu, Y. L., & Townsend, W. (2017) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2915909 · Cited by 4
High times: The effect of medical marijuana laws on student time use
Chu, Y. L., & Gershenson, S. (2021) · doi:10.26686/wgtn.14294645 · Cited by 4
The Endocannabinoid System in Local and Systemic Inflammation
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Pharmacosophrosyne Revisited: Drug Use and Virtue Ethics
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Montana, A., Alfieri, L., Neri, M., Piano, D., Renier, E., Marti, M., Palpacelli, M., Basile, G., Tossetta, G., & Busardò, F. P. (2024) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines12030681 · Cited by 4
“The study by Butterworth and colleagues [116] described pseudolaminar cortical necrosis and neuronal cell loss from the basal ganglia, thalamus, and cerebellum, which died following acute hepatic encephalopathy after liver transplantation.”
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Striatal brain volume linked to severity of substance use in high-risk incarcerated youth
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White Matter, Schizophrenia, and Cannabis
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La mariguana en México: implicaciones biológicas y sociales en su legalización y regulación
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“En otra revisión (Hall, 2009), que incluyó 89 estudios, se detectaron los principales efectos adversos para la salud del uso regular y sostenido de la cannabis.”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Gilman, J. M., Kuster, J. K., Lee, S., Lee, M. J., Kim, B. W., Makris, N., van der Kouwe, A., Blood, A. J., & Breiter, H. C.
- Affiliations
- Northwestern University (US)
- Harvard University (US)
- Venue
- The Journal of Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Society for Neuroscience
- Published
- 2014-04-16
- Volume
- 34
- Issue
- 16
- Pages
- 5529-5538
- ISSN
- 0270-6474 (ISSN-L)
- 1529-2401
- PMC
- PMC3988409
- OpenAlex
- W2030725437
- Cited by
- 250
- References
- 58
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 30 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 26 · 2017: 26 · 2016: 32 · 2015: 36 · 2014: 11
- FWCI
- 25.51
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Northwestern University
- Office of National Drug Control Policy (DABK39-03-C-0098)
- National Institutes of Health
- U.S. Public Health Service (NIDA 026104, NIDA 14118, NIDA 026002, NIDA 027804, NINDS 052368, NIDA 034093)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (K01DA034093)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (052368)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychedelics and Drug Studies
- Keywords
- cannabis use, nucleus accumbens, amygdala, gray matter density, brain volume, brain shape, reward systems, delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, young adults, subcallosal cortex, dendritic branching
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Amygdala, Female, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Marijuana Smoking, Nucleus Accumbens, Organ Size, Severity of Illness Index, Young Adult
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