The DOI matches its Crossref record; 58 of the 58 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Cannabis Use Is Quantitatively Associated with Nucleus Accumbens and Amygdala Abnormalities in Young Adult Recreational Users
Open accessAbstract
Marijuana is the most commonly used illicit drug in the United States, but little is known about its effects on the human brain, particularly on reward/aversion regions implicated in addiction, such as the nucleus accumbens and amygdala. Animal studies show structural changes in brain regions such as the nucleus accumbens after exposure to Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol, but less is known about cannabis use and brain morphometry in these regions in humans. We collected high-resolution MRI scans on young adult recreational marijuana users and nonusing controls and conducted three independent analyses of morphometry in these structures: (1) gray matter density using voxel-based morphometry, (2) volume (total brain and regional volumes), and (3) shape (surface morphometry). Gray matter density analyses revealed greater gray matter density in marijuana users than in control participants in the left nucleus accumbens extending to subcallosal cortex, hypothalamus, sublenticular extended amygdala, and left amygdala, even after controlling for age, sex, alcohol use, and cigarette smoking. Trend-level effects were observed for a volume increase in the left nucleus accumbens only. Significant shape differences were detected in the left nucleus accumbens and right amygdala. The left nucleus accumbens showed salient exposure-dependent alterations across all three measures and an altered multimodal relationship across measures in the marijuana group. These data suggest that marijuana exposure, even in young recreational users, is associated with exposure-dependent alterations of the neural matrix of core reward structures and is consistent with animal studies of changes in dendritic arborization.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“Adolescent rats treated with THC also have fewer synaptic contacts during adulthood and reduced efficiency of hippocampal networks 75”
From Association of Cannabis Use in Adolescence and Risk of Depression, Anxiety, and Suicidality in Young Adulthood (2019) · cites this paper as [75]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“We provide a weak recommendation against the use of cannabinoids in neuropathic pain, mainly because of negative results, potential misuse, abuse, diversion and long term mental health risks particularly in susceptible individuals.66–71”
From Pharmacotherapy for neuropathic pain in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis (2015) · cites this paper as [70]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Hamilton, M. (1960) · Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.23.1.56 · Cited by 32,817 · cited 5×
“All participants also completed the State Trait Anxiety Inventory Form (STAI; Spielberger et al., 1983) to assess anxiety, the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D; Hamilton, 1960) to assess depression, and the Ten-Item Personality Inventory (TIPI; Gosling et al., 2003) to assess personality characteristics.”
BackgroundMethodInfluential(1970) · Cited by 24,983
SAUNDERS, J. B., AASLAND, O. G., BABOR, T. F., DE LA FUENTE, J. R., & GRANT, M. (1993) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1993.tb02093.x · Cited by 13,597 · cited 1×
“All participants completed the Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT; Saunders et al., 1993) to check for problem drinking; any potential participant scoring above an 8 was excluded from inclusion in the final cohort of matched participants.”
MethodVoxel-Based Morphometry—The Methods
Ashburner, J., & Friston, K. J. (2000) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.2000.0582 · Cited by 8,676 · cited 1×
“In voxel-based morphometry analyses, gray matter density is compared across the entire brain at every voxel, allowing the detection of differences in small or large regions, which can be topographically specified with high accuracy (Ashburner and Friston, 2000) even though all brains have been normalized.”
Fischl, B., Salat, D. H., Busa, E., Albert, M., Dieterich, M., Haselgrove, C., van der Kouwe, A., Killiany, R., Kennedy, D., Klaveness, S., et al. (2002) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(02)00569-x · Cited by 8,610
Self-citationA very brief measure of the Big-Five personality domains
Gosling, S. D., Rentfrow, P. J., & Swann, W. B. (2003) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/s0092-6566(03)00046-1 · Cited by 8,307 · cited 5×
“All participants also completed the State Trait Anxiety Inventory Form (STAI; Spielberger et al., 1983) to assess anxiety, the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D; Hamilton, 1960) to assess depression, and the Ten-Item Personality Inventory (TIPI; Gosling et al., 2003) to assess personality characteristics.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialNonparametric permutation tests for functional neuroimaging: A primer with examples
Nichols, T. E., & Holmes, A. P. (2002) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.1058 · Cited by 6,256
Koob, G. F., & Volkow, N. D. (2010) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2009.110 · Cited by 5,340 · cited 1×
“Converging findings in the addiction literature implicate these regions as being important to the impact that marijuana may have on the brain (for review, see Koob and Volkow, 2010).”
BackgroundBlood, A. J., & Zatorre, R. J. (2001) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.191355898 · Cited by 2,814 · cited 2×
“First, the nucleus accumbens and amygdala have been implicated in non-drug reward processing (Blood and Zatorre, 2001; Breiter et al., 2001), as well as with the euphoria associated with the rewarding effects of drugs (Breiter et al., 1997; Gálvez-Buccollini et al., 2008; Gilman et al., 2008).”
BackgroundSelf-citationLimbic Activation During Cue-Induced Cocaine Craving
Childress, A. R., Mozley, P. D., McElgin, W., Fitzgerald, J., Reivich, M., & O’Brien, C. P. (1999) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.156.1.11 · Cited by 1,513 · cited 1×
“Our observations indicate that such changes may occur before dependence, which is intriguing in the context that the amygdala appears to play an important role in drug craving (Breiter et al., 1997; Childress et al., 1999; Bonson et al., 2002).”
Background
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- First MB Spitzer Robert L Gibbon Miriam Williams Janet B.W (2002) Structured clinical interview for DSM-IV-TR axis I disorders, research version, patient edition (SCID-I/P) (Biometrics Research, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York).
- 10.1176/appi.neuropsych.18.3.318 · DOI
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Pharmacotherapy for neuropathic pain in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Finnerup, N. B., Attal, N., Haroutounian, S., McNicol, E., Baron, R., Dworkin, R. H., Gilron, I., Haanpää, M., Hansson, P., Jensen, T. S., et al. (2015) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(14)70251-0 · Cited by 3,980
Gobbi, G., Atkin, T., Zytynski, T., Wang, S., Askari, S., Boruff, J., Ware, M., Marmorstein, N., Cipriani, A., Dendukuri, N., et al. (2019) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2018.4500 · Cited by 914
Medical Marijuana for Treatment of Chronic Pain and Other Medical and Psychiatric Problems
Hill, K. P. (2015) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2015.6199 · Cited by 508
Scott, J. C., Slomiak, S. T., Jones, J. D., Rosen, A. F. G., Moore, T. M., & Gur, R. C. (2018) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2018.0335 · Cited by 391
Rosenberg, E. C., Tsien, R. W., Whalley, B. J., & Devinsky, O. (2015) · Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1007/s13311-015-0375-5 · Cited by 292
Long-term effects of marijuana use on the brain
Filbey, F. M., Aslan, S., Calhoun, V. D., Spence, J. S., Damaraju, E., Caprihan, A., & Segall, J. (2014) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1415297111 · Cited by 249
Cannabis Addiction and the Brain: a Review
Zehra, A., Burns, J. A., Liu, C. K., Manza, P., Wiers, C. E., Volkow, N. D., & Wang, G. (2018) · Journal of Neuroimmune Pharmacology · doi:10.1007/s11481-018-9782-9 · Cited by 277
The neuropsychopharmacology of cannabis: A review of human imaging studies
Bloomfield, M., Hindocha, C., Green, S. F., Wall, M. B., Lees, R., Petrilli, K., Costello, H., Ogunbiyi, O., Bossong, M. G., & Freeman, T. P. (2018) · Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.10.006 · Cited by 247
“Findings of increased grey matter density in other limbic subcortical structures in young cannabis users may reflect cannabis-induced changes in arborisation (Gilman et al., 2014).”
BackgroundThe Role of cannabinoids in neuroanatomic alterations in cannabis users.
Lorenzetti, V., Solowij, N., & Yücel, M. (2016) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.11.013 · Cited by 208
“, amounts of gray or white matter concentration in each voxel) within the amygdala and striatum (41,43,52,58,63), PFC (40–42,49,55,70), parietal cortex (41,49,55), insular cortex (40,41,49), and cerebellum (50,53,56).”
BackgroundInfluentialBrain anatomy alterations associated with social networking site (SNS) addiction
He, Q., Turel, O., & Bechara, A. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep45064 · Cited by 200
Pando‐Naude, V., Toxto, S., Fernandez‐Lozano, S., Parsons, C. E., Alcauter, S., & Garza‐Villarreal, E. A. (2021) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-020-01128-2 · Cited by 195
Considering Marijuana Legalization: Insights for Vermont and Other Jurisdictions
Caulkins, J. P., Kilmer, B., R.Kleiman, M. A., MacCoun, R. J., Midgette, G., Oglesby, P., Pacula, R. L., & Reuter, P. (2015) · RAND Corporation eBooks · doi:10.7249/rr864 · Cited by 154
“But because several different factors influence brain development, the question remains: If marijuana changes human brain development, does this lead to long-term negative consequences? A recent neurological study comparing recreational users and nonusers found significant differences in gray-matter density in several…”
BackgroundMechanisms of Action and Persistent Neuroplasticity by Drugs of Abuse
Korpi, E. R., den Hollander, B., Farooq, U., Vashchinkina, E., Rajkumar, R., Nutt, D. J., Hyytiä, P., & Dawe, G. S. (2015) · Pharmacological Reviews · doi:10.1124/pr.115.010967 · Cited by 148
“…use compared with nonusers, have suggested statistically significant alterations in gray matter density and/or volumes of brain regions involved in reward and cognition, such as the HC, NAc, and amygdala (Yucel et al., 2008; Demirakca et al., 2011; Gilman et al., 2014; Lorenzetti et al., 2015).”
BackgroundBurggren, A. C., Shirazi, A., Ginder, N., & London, E. D. (2019) · The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse · doi:10.1080/00952990.2019.1634086 · Cited by 144
“amygdala, and left amygdala, with shape differences in the left nucleus accumbens and right amygdala (59).”
Marroun, H. E., Tiemeier, H. W., Franken, I. H. A., Jaddoe, V. W. V., van der Lugt, A., Verhulst, F. C., Lahey, B. B., & White, T. J. H. (2015) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.08.024 · Cited by 152
Daily Marijuana Use Is Not Associated with Brain Morphometric Measures in Adolescents or Adults
Weiland, B. J., Thayer, R. E., Depue, B. E., Sabbineni, A., Bryan, A. D., & Hutchison, K. E. (2015) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2946-14.2015 · Cited by 141
“…the top six studies in Figure 1 suggest that choice of analysis software (e.g., FSLVBM or FreeSurfer) impacts effect sizes, highlighting an important consideration when interpreting results in imaging literature and the need to use multiple approaches in data analysis (Gilman et al., 2014).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialLorenzetti, V., Chye, Y., Silva, P., Solowij, N., & Roberts, C. A. (2019) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-019-00979-1 · Cited by 125
A Tripartite Neurocognitive Model of Internet Gaming Disorder
Lei, W. I., Zhang, S., Turel, O., Bechara, A., & He, Q. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00285 · Cited by 127
“Accordingly, the amygdala has been repeatedly reported to be involved in risk-taking behavior; lower density of gray matter in the amygdala has been found in many substance addiction cases (52, 53) and may be perceived as indicative of making the amygdala-striatal system more efficient (28, 29).”
BackgroundNader, D. A., & Sanchez, Z. M. (2017) · The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse · doi:10.1080/00952990.2017.1306746 · Cited by 119
“Few studies assessed specific personality features (20,42,43,62,66), affect or mood states (19,49,51,56,63), anxiety (19,42,51,52,60,63,67), or depressive symptoms (19,22,29,30,40,48,51,52,60,61), all of which may have affected the results.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialHe, Q., Turel, O., Brevers, D., & Bechara, A. (2017) · Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2017.09.003 · Cited by 109
“, 2001); it is a central reward hub that has been shown to be involved in many excess behaviors (Gilman et al., 2014).”
Marijuana Use in Pregnancy: A Review
Thompson, R., DeJong, K. N., & Lo, J. O.-T. (2019) · Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey · doi:10.1097/ogx.0000000000000685 · Cited by 112
Are medical marijuana users different from recreational users? The view from primary care
Roy‐Byrne, P., Maynard, C. C., Bumgardner, K., Krupski, A., Dunn, C. W., West, I. I., Donovan, D. M., Atkins, D. C., & Ries, R. K. (2015) · American Journal on Addictions · doi:10.1111/ajad.12270 · Cited by 103
Association of Marijuana Use With Blunted Nucleus Accumbens Response to Reward Anticipation
Martz, M. E., Trucco, E. M., Cope, L. M., Hardee, J. E., Jester, J. M., Zucker, R. A., & Heitzeg, M. M. (2016) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2016.1161 · Cited by 112
Grey Matter Volume Differences Associated with Extremely Low Levels of Cannabis Use in Adolescence
Orr, C., Spechler, P. A., Cao, Z., Albaugh, M. D., Chaarani, B., Mackey, S., D’Souza, D. C., Allgaier, N. A., Banaschewski, T., Bokde, A. L. W., et al. (2019) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3375-17.2018 · Cited by 108
“One study has reported differences in gray-matter density and shape of the amygdala and nucleus accumbens in recreational cannabis users (Gilman et al., 2014), but subsequent research has suggested that these findings may be associated with alcohol (Weiland et al.”
BackgroundJacobus, J., Squeglia, L. M., Meruelo, A. D., Castro, N., Brumback, T., Giedd, J. N., & Tapert, S. F. (2015) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2015.04.006 · Cited by 104
“…al., 2011; Demirakca et al., 2011; Schacht et al., 2012) and others have identified macrostructural volume increases in CB1-dense brain regions such as neocortex, amygdala, striatum, hippocampus, and cerebellum (Cousijn et al., 2012; Gilman et al., 2014; McQueeny et al., 2011; Medina et al., 2010).”
BackgroundMoser, D. A., Doucet, G. E., Lee, W. H., Rasgon, A., Krinsky, H., Leibu, E., Ing, A., Schumann, G., Rasgon, N., & Frangou, S. (2018) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2017.4741 · Cited by 94
Opportunities for cannabis in supportive care in cancer
Kleckner, A. S., Kleckner, I. R., Kamen, C. S., Tejani, M. A., Janelsins, M. C., Morrow, G. R., & Peppone, L. J. (2019) · Therapeutic Advances in Medical Oncology · doi:10.1177/1758835919866362 · Cited by 92
Blest‐Hopley, G., Colizzi, M., Giampietro, V., & Bhattacharyya, S. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00859 · Cited by 92
“However, reduction in grey matter (82) and hippocampal (78) volumes have not always been consistently seen.”
BackgroundGrey Matter Changes Associated with Heavy Cannabis Use: A Longitudinal sMRI Study
Koenders, L., Cousijn, J., Vingerhoets, W. A. M., van den Brink, W., Wiers, R. W. H. J., Meijer, C. J., Machielsen, M. W. J., Veltman, D. J., Goudriaan, A. E., & de Haan, L. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0152482 · Cited by 83
“Yet, conflicting results have also been reported, with several studies showing no morphological brain differences between regular cannabis users and non-cannabis using controls [14–20], and some others reporting even larger regional brain volumes in cannabis users compared to controls [12, 17, 21].”
ResultShared Predisposition in the Association Between Cannabis Use and Subcortical Brain Structure
Pagliaccio, D., Barch, D. M., Bogdan, R., Wood, P. K., Lynskey, M. T., Heath, A. C., & Agrawal, A. (2015) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2015.1054 · Cited by 77
Longitudinal changes in white matter microstructure after heavy cannabis use
Becker, M. P., Collins, P. F., Lim, K. O., Muetzel, R. L., & Luciana, M. M. (2015) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2015.10.004 · Cited by 82
Cannabis: An Overview of its Adverse Acute and Chronic Effects and its Implications
Ford, T. C., Hayley, A. C., Downey, L. A., & Parrott, A. C. (2017) · Current Drug Abuse Reviews · doi:10.2174/1874473710666170712113042 · Cited by 80
Orr, J. M., Paschall, C. J., & Banich, M. T. (2016) · NeuroImage Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2016.06.006 · Cited by 78
Cannabinoid modulation of drug reward and the implications of marijuana legalization
Covey, D. P., Wenzel, J. M., & Cheer, J. F. (2014) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2014.11.034 · Cited by 75
Shrier, L. A., Burke, P. J., Kells, M., Scherer, E. A., Sarda, V., Jonestrask, C., Xuan, Z., & Harris, S. K. (2018) · mHealth · doi:10.21037/mhealth.2018.07.04 · Cited by 70
Cannabis, Cigarettes, and Their Co-Occurring Use: Disentangling Differences in Gray Matter Volume
Wetherill, R. R., Jagannathan, K., Hager, N., Childress, A. R., Rao, H., & Franklin, T. R. (2015) · The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1093/ijnp/pyv061 · Cited by 69
“Similarly, only two cannabis-related studies statistically controlled for cigarette use (Jager et al., 2007; Gilman et al., 2014).”
Medicinal use of cannabis in Europe
Bifulco, M., & Pisanti, S. (2015) · EMBO Reports · doi:10.15252/embr.201439742 · Cited by 69
“Brain imaging studies have shown that regular cannabis use modifies brain structure, with massive structural abnormalities in the brain’s grey matter density, volume and shape, particularly in the nucleus accumbens and amygdala [3].”
Effects of marijuana use on prefrontal and parietal volumes and cognition in emerging adults
Price, J. S., McQueeny, T. M., Shollenbarger, S. G., Browning, E. L., Wieser, J., & Lisdahl, K. M. (2015) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-015-3931-0 · Cited by 70
“A recent study by Gilman et al. (2014) utilizing VBM noted morphometric abnormalities among emerging adult MJ users as compared to controls, with respect to density, volume, and shape in reward regions including the left nucleus accumbens and bilateral amygdala.”
BackgroundPresynaptic G Protein-Coupled Receptors: Gatekeepers of Addiction?
Johnson, K. A., & Lovinger, D. M. (2016) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2016.00264 · Cited by 67
“One report indicated that chronic cannabis drug use was associated with increased gray matter in young adult human NAc (Gilman et al., 2014), but a subsequent report indicated that most of this effect could be attributed to co-morbid alcohol use (Weiland et al.”
BackgroundCollo, G., Cavalleri, L., & Spano, P. (2014) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2014.00259 · Cited by 67
“Chronic exposures to opioids reduce soma size and dendrites of the dopaminergic neurons located in the VTA of adult rodents without reducing the number of neurons (Sklair-Tavron et al., 1996; Spiga et al., 2003; Russo et al., 2007).”
Adverse Structural and Functional Effects of Marijuana on the Brain: Evidence Reviewed
Mandelbaum, D. E., & de la Monte, S. M. (2016) · Pediatric Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2016.09.004 · Cited by 66
Joint culpability: The effects of medical marijuana laws on crime
Chu, Y. L., & Townsend, W. (2018) · Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization · doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2018.07.003 · Cited by 62
Adolescent Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol Exposure Alters WIN55,212-2 Self-Administration in Adult Rats
Scherma, M., Dessì, C., Muntoni, A. L., Lecca, S., Satta, V., Luchicchi, A., Pistis, M., Panlilio, L. V., Fattore, L., Goldberg, S. R., et al. (2015) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2015.295 · Cited by 61
“Moreover, young recreational users show morphological abnormalities in the brain, including increases in gray matter volume in the NAc and amygdala, two brain regions implicated in drug addiction (Gilman et al, 2014).”
Lichenstein, S. D., Manco, N., Cope, L. M., Egbo, L., Garrison, K. A., Hardee, J., Hillmer, A. T., Reeder, K., Stern, E. F., Worhunsky, P., et al. (2022) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-021-01226-9 · Cited by 63
“Three studies also examined shape differences [91, 97, 114], with only one finding significant shape differences in the amygdala and NAcc [97].”
BackgroundInfluentialEffect of high-potency cannabis on corpus callosum microstructure
Rigucci, S., Marques, T. R., Forti, M. D., Taylor, H., Dell’Acqua, F., Mondelli, V., Bonaccorso, S., Simmons, A., David, A. S., Girardi, P., et al. (2015) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291715002342 · Cited by 59
“Interestingly, the THC component of cannabis has been proposed to have a neurotoxic effect on the brain (Gilman et al. 2014), while the CBD component has been proposed to be actually neuroprotective (Pertwee, 2008).”
BackgroundMeda, S. A., Hawkins, K. A., Dager, A. D., Tennen, H. A., Khadka, S., Austad, C. S., Wood, R. M., Raskin, S. A., Fallahi, C. R., & Pearlson, G. D. (2018) · Biological Psychiatry Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.bpsc.2018.02.006 · Cited by 64
“In contrast to the above however, cannabis use has been associated (albeit inconsistently) with other brain regions including the core reward network in young adult users (54).”
BackgroundADHD Is Highly Prevalent in Patients Seeking Treatment for Cannabis Use Disorders
Notzon, D. P., Pavlicová, M., Glass, A., Mariani, J. J., Mahony, A. L., Brooks, D. J., & LEVIN, F. R. (2016) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054716640109 · Cited by 63
“…in inattention symptoms with stimulant treatment of ADHD is correlated with increased dopamine signaling in the ventral striatum (Volkow et al., 2012), a brain region involved in behavioral motivation and task selection that is also altered in cannabis use disorders (Gilman et al., 2014).”
BackgroundLees, B., Garcia, A. M., Debenham, J., Kirkland, A. E., Bryant, B. E., Mewton, L. R., & Squeglia, L. M. (2021) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108500 · Cited by 64
Karoly, H. C., Bryan, A. D., Weiland, B. J., Mayer, A. R., Dodd, A. B., & Ewing, S. W. F. (2015) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2015.05.005 · Cited by 61
Neuroimaging of the dopamine/reward system in adolescent drug use
Ernst, M., & Luciana, M. M. (2015) · CNS Spectrums · doi:10.1017/s1092852915000395 · Cited by 59
“Synaptic transmission in these regions is altered after marijuana use.(98) We emphasize studies that focus on dopamine-innervated structures in the reward system; among these are the nucleus accumbens of the ventral striatum, medial prefrontal cortex (including orbitofrontal and anterior cingulate regions), and amygda…”
BackgroundChoi, J., Cho, H., Kim, J.-Y., Jung, D. J., Ahn, K. J., Kang, H.-B., Choi, J., Chun, J., & Kim, D. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-01275-5 · Cited by 56
Neuropsychiatric and Behavioral Involvement in AAS Abusers. A Literature Review
Bertozzi, G., Salerno, M., Pomara, C., & Sessa, F. (2019) · Medicina · doi:10.3390/medicina55070396 · Cited by 58
“Thinner cortex areas and augmentation in nucleus accumbens dimensions were proven even in cannabinoid and alcohol abuse [55,56], maybe explaining the anatomical substrate for the development of drug addictive behavior.”
BackgroundCortical thinness and volume differences associated with marijuana abuse in emerging adults
Mashhoon, Y., Sava, S., Sneider, J. T., Nickerson, L. D. H., & Silveri, M. M. (2015) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.06.016 · Cited by 50
Lisdahl, K. M., Tamm, L., Epstein, J. N., Jernigan, T. L., Molina, B. S. G., Hinshaw, S. P., Swanson, J. M., Newman, E. R., Kelly, C. A. M., Bjork, J. M., et al. (2016) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.01.032 · Cited by 55
“, 2005) and human findings of abnormal left nucleus accumbens shape in regular CAN users (Gilman et al., 2014).”
BackgroundInterrelationships among depression, anxiety, flourishing, and cannabis use in youth
Butler, A. E., Patte, K. A., Ferro, M. A., & Leatherdale, S. T. (2018) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.10.007 · Cited by 50
Early onset marijuana use is associated with learning inefficiencies.
Schuster, R. M., Hoeppner, S. S., Evins, A. E., & Gilman, J. M. (2016) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/neu0000281 · Cited by 53
“…M anuscript A uthor M anuscript A uthor M anuscript quantitatively assess for frequency, amount and recency of use in the past 90 days (reported in detail in Gilman et al., 2015; Gilman et al., 2014; Gilman, Treadway, Curran, Calderon, & Evins, 2015), Nicotine use was assessed by self-report only.”
MethodSelf-citationBrain structural changes in cannabis dependence: association with MAGL
Manza, P., Yuan, K., Kojori, E. S., Tomasi, D. G., & Volkow, N. D. (2019) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-019-0577-z · Cited by 51
A primer on medicinal cannabis safety and potential adverse effects
Arnold, J. C. (2021) · Australian Journal of General Practice · doi:10.31128/ajgp-02-21-5845 · Cited by 47
THC and CBD: Villain versus Hero? Insights into Adolescent Exposure
Pintori, N., Caria, F., Luca, M. A. D., & Miliano, C. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms24065251 · Cited by 50
Characteristics of Child Maltreatment and Adolescent Marijuana Use
Dubowitz, H., Thompson, R., Arria, A. M., English, D., Metzger, R., & Kotch, J. B. (2015) · Child Maltreatment · doi:10.1177/1077559515620853 · Cited by 46
“Brain imaging studies have found structural abnormalities in gray matter density, volume, and shape of the nucleus accumbens and amygdala in 18- to 25-year-old marijuana users (Gilman et al., 2014).”
Chye, Y., Solowij, N., Suo, C., Batalla, A., Cousijn, J., Goudriaan, A. E., Martín‐Santos, R., Whittle, S., Lorenzetti, V., & Yücel, M. (2017) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-017-4606-9 · Cited by 47
“The caudate volume was not affected by either CB use or dependence, in line with previous studies on CB use (Cousijn et al. 2012; Gilman et al. 2014).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialGenome-wide association study identifies a novel locus for cannabis dependence
Arpana Agrawal, A., Chou, Y.-L., Carey, C. E., Baranger, D. A. A., Zhang, B., Sherva, R., Wetherill, L. F., Kapoor, M., Wang, J.-C., Bertelsen, S. E., et al. (2017) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2017.200 · Cited by 46
“,(16)), at least one study has implicated common predisposing influences, such as genetic liability, as the major contributor to the association between casual cannabis use and variability in amygdala volume (17).”
Friend, L. N., Weed, J., Sandoval, P. J., Nufer, T. M., Ostlund, I., & Edwards, J. G. (2017) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0190-17.2017 · Cited by 47
“It is also important to note that other GABAergic sources, including rostromedial tegmental nucleus (Matsui and Williams, 2011) and NAc (Brown et al., 2012; Edwards et al., 2017) innervate and regulate DA cell activity and should be considered.”
BackgroundInfluentialAlteration to hippocampal volume and shape confined to cannabis dependence: a multi‐site study
Chye, Y., Lorenzetti, V., Suo, C., Batalla, A., Cousijn, J., Goudriaan, A. E., Jenkinson, M., Martín‐Santos, R., Whittle, S., Yücel, M., et al. (2018) · Addiction Biology · doi:10.1111/adb.12652 · Cited by 48
“…of studies have failed to detect hippocampal volume differences in cannabis users compared with CON, as these studies may have included varying proportions of dependent and non-dependent users (Tzilos et al. 2005; Medina et al. 2007; Gilman et al. 2014; Mashhoon et al. 2015; Weiland et al. 2015).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialLongitudinal study of hippocampal volumes in heavy cannabis users
Koenders, L., Lorenzetti, V., de Haan, L., Suo, C., Vingerhoets, W. A. M., van den Brink, W., Wiers, R. W. H. J., Meijer, C. J., Machielsen, M. W. J., Goudriaan, A. E., et al. (2017) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881117718380 · Cited by 44
“…studies found no evidence for smaller hippocampal volumes in cannabis users (Ashtari et al., 2011; Block et al., 2000; Cousijn et al., 2012; Demirakca et al., 2011; Gilman et al., 2014; Lorenzetti et al., 2015; Matochik et al., 2005; Medina et al., 2007; Tzilos et al., 2005; Yücel et al., 2008).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialStructural brain characteristics of anabolic–androgenic steroid dependence in men
Hauger, L. E., Westlye, L. T., Fjell, A. M., Walhovd, K. B., & Bjørnebekk, A. (2019) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.14629 · Cited by 44
“has been reported in other dependencies [43,48,71].”
Kim, S., Park, J., Lee, H., Lee, H., Woo, S., Kwon, R., Kim, S., Koyanagi, A., Smith, L., Rahmati, M., et al. (2024) · World Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1007/s12519-024-00828-9 · Cited by 49
“A recent review using magnetic resonance imaging images of young people reported that cannabis use may lead to a decreased volume of the amygdala and hippocampus, both of which are linked to emotional responses [84].”
Cannabis use in youth is associated with limited alterations in brain structure
Scott, J. C., Rosen, A. F. G., Moore, T. M., Roalf, D. R., Satterthwaite, T. D., Calkins, M. E., Ruparel, K., Gur, R. E., & Gur, R. C. (2019) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-019-0347-2 · Cited by 44
“For example, Weiland and colleagues [17] compared 50 adolescent daily users of cannabis to 50 demographically matched non-users, replicating methods from an earlier study [47], and found non-significant differences in volume, surface-based morphometry, and shape.”
BackgroundCousijn, J., Núñez, A. E., & Filbey, F. M. (2017) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.14084 · Cited by 41
“A quick glance of the literature indicated that ‘heavy cannabis use’ has been defined as having more than 40 occasions of use in a life-time [22] as well as having multiple occasions of use per day [23], whereas ‘recreational use’ has been defined as more than 20 life-time occasions of use [24], using monthly [25] and…”
Warnick, B. J., Kier, A. S., LaFrance, E. M., & Cuttler, C. (2021) · Journal of Business Venturing · doi:10.1016/j.jbusvent.2020.106088 · Cited by 44
Medical marijuana in neurology
Benbadis, S. R., Sanchez‐Ramos, J., Bozorg, A. M., Giarratano, M., Kalidas, K., Katzin, L. W., Robertson, D. S., Vu, T., Smith, A., & Zesiewicz, T. A. (2014) · Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1586/14737175.2014.985209 · Cited by 40
“Another study reported that young marijuana smokers have brain ‘abnormalities’ even if they only smoked one joint per week [106].”
BackgroundIs the medical use of cannabis a therapeutic option for children?
Rieder, M. J. (2016) · Paediatrics & Child Health · doi:10.1093/pch/21.1.31 · Cited by 39
Effects of Marijuana Use on Brain Structure and Function
Brumback, T., Castro, N., Jacobus, J., & Tapert, S. F. (2016) · International review of neurobiology · doi:10.1016/bs.irn.2016.06.004 · Cited by 38
“In addition to effects on hippocampal volume, several studies have reported consequences of marijuana use on the amygdala and striatum, including increased GM density (likely reflecting denser dendritic branching; Gilman et al., 2014; Matochik et al., 2005), and decreased volumes (Lorenzetti et al.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSouthward, M. W., Heiy, J. E., & Cheavens, J. S. (2019) · Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1521/jscp.2019.38.6.451 · Cited by 40
“, the amygdala and prefrontal cortex) associated with emotion regulation (Gilman et al., 2014; Oscar-Berman & Marinkovic, 2004), suggesting that emotions may be exacerbated by substance use.”
BackgroundRitchay, M. M., Huggins, A. A., Wallace, A. L., Larson, C. L., & Lisdahl, K. M. (2021) · NeuroImage Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2021.102664 · Cited by 36
Filbey, F. M., Gohel, S., Prashad, S., & Biswal, B. B. (2018) · Brain Structure and Function · doi:10.1007/s00429-018-1690-5 · Cited by 35
“Individually, each substance has been associated with alterations in brain structure (cannabis: Cousijn et al. 2012; Gilman et al. 2014; Filbey et al. 2014; nicotine: Brody et al. 2004; Yu et al. 2011; Liao et al. 2012) and function (cannabis: Filbey and Yezhuvath 2013; Cousijn et al.”
Medical cannabis as an alternative therapeutics for Parkinsons’ disease: Systematic review
Bougea, A. M., Koros, C., Simitsi, A., Chrysovitsanou, C., Leonardos, A., & Stefanis, L. (2020) · Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.ctcp.2020.101154 · Cited by 36
Mejia, M. H., Wade, N. E., Baca, R. E., Diaz, V. G., & Jacobus, J. (2020) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2020.09.021 · Cited by 39
(2020) · International review of neurobiology · doi:10.1016/bs.irn.2020.03.012 · Cited by 34
Moreno‐Alcázar, A., Gonzalvo, B., Canales-Rodríguez, E. J., Blanco, L., Bachiller, D., Romaguera, A., Monté, G. C., Roncero, C., McKenna, P. J., & Pomarol‐Clotet, E. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00175 · Cited by 34
“(27) assessed the nucleus accumbens and the amygdala using different types of neuroimaging analysis.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialBlest‐Hopley, G., Giampietro, V., & Bhattacharyya, S. (2020) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci10020102 · Cited by 38
Wong, J. E., Cao, J., Dorris, D. M., & Meitzen, J. (2016) · Brain Structure and Function · doi:10.1007/s00429-015-1158-9 · Cited by 32
“…accumbens structure may be susceptible to envi- ronmental influences such as stress, drug exposure and dis- ease (McClure et al. 2004; Mamah et al. 2007; Gilman et al. 2014), broad interpretations regarding nucleus accumbens lateralizations in both humans and rodents should be cautious.”
BackgroundThalamic Volume Is Reduced in Cervical and Laryngeal Dystonias
Waugh, J. L., Kuster, J. K., Levenstein, J. M., Makris, N., Multhaupt‐Buell, T., Sudarsky, L. R., Breiter, H. C., Sharma, N., & Blood, A. J. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0155302 · Cited by 32
Self-citationWadsley, M. G., & Ihssen, N. (2023) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci13050787 · Cited by 40
Levar, N., Francis, A., Smith, M. J., Ho, W. C., & Gilman, J. M. (2018) · Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research · doi:10.1089/can.2017.0030 · Cited by 33
“Since THC-COOH, the main secondary metabolite of tetrahydrocannabinol, can still be detected in urine up to several weeks after last use, we used a four-item cannabis intoxication scale 42 to rule out acute intoxication.”
Self-citationMeier, M. H., Schriber, R. A., Beardslee, J., Hanson, J. L., & Pardini, D. A. (2019) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.05.012 · Cited by 30
“The few studies that have examined this association have mainly relied on adult cannabis users’ retrospective reports of age-ofonset of cannabis use (Ashtari et al., 2011; Battistella et al., 2014; Cousijn et al., 2012; Filbey et al., 2015; Gilman et al., 2014; Lorenzetti et al., 2014; Matochik et al., 2005; Pagliacci…”
InfluentialLippard, E., Mazure, C. M., Johnston, J. A. Y., Spencer, L., Weathers, J., Pittman, B. P., Wang, F., & Blumberg, H. P. (2016) · Journal of Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1002/jnr.23901 · Cited by 30
“This suggests that previous observations of amygdala abnormalities as observed in adolescents/young adults without BD but with cannabis (Gilman et al., 2014; Padula et al., 2015) or alcohol use (Dager et al., 2013) as well as in adolescents with BD and comorbid cannabis use (Bitter et al., 2014)…”
BackgroundAbnormal white matter integrity in synthetic cannabinoid users
Zorlu, N., Biase, M. A. D., Kalaycı, Ç. Ç., Zalesky, A., Bağcı, B., Oğuz, N., Gelal, F. M., Beşiroğlu, L., Gülseren, Ş., Sarıçiçek, A., et al. (2016) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2016.08.015 · Cited by 29
Associations between adolescent cannabis use and brain structure in psychosis
Abush, H., Ghose, S., Enkevort, E. A. V., Clementz, B. A., Pearlson, G. D., Sweeney, J. A., Keshavan, M. S., Tamminga, C. A., & Ivleva, E. I. (2018) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2018.03.008 · Cited by 27
Colizzi, M., McGuire, P. K., Giampietro, V., Williams, S., Brammer, M. J., & Bhattacharyya, S. (2018) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2018.04.003 · Cited by 28
Cannabinoid type 1 receptor antagonism ameliorates harmaline‐induced essential tremor in rat
Abbassian, H., Whalley, B. J., Sheibani, V., & Shabani, M. (2016) · British Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/bph.13581 · Cited by 28
“Finally, recreational abuse of synthetic cannabinoids (typically CB1 receptor agonists) is also increasing, presenting additional risks within the ET patient population (Fox et al., 2004; Gilman et al., 2014; Tudge et al., 2015).”
BackgroundRossetti, M. G., Mackey, S., Patalay, P., Allen, N. B., Batalla, A., Bellani, M., Chye, Y., Conrod, P., Cousijn, J., Garavan, H., et al. (2021) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-021-01382-y · Cited by 29
Psychotropic drug abuse in pregnancy and its impact on child neurodevelopment: A review
Etemadi-Aleagha, A., & Akhgari, M. (2022) · World Journal of Clinical Pediatrics · doi:10.5409/wjcp.v11.i1.1 · Cited by 30
Marijuana for Glaucoma: A Recipe for Disaster or Treatment?
Sun, X., Xu, C. S., Chadha, N., Chen, A., & Liu, J. (2015) · PubMed Central · Cited by 27
Gillespie, N. A., Neale, M. C., Bates, T. C., Eyler, L. T., Fennema‐Notestine, C., Vassileva, J., Lyons, M. J., Prom‐Wormley, E. C., McMahon, K. L., Thompson, P. M., et al. (2018) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.14252 · Cited by 27
“We reviewed 24 studies (7-30), one review (31), and one meta-analysis (32) examining GMV and SU.”
InfluentialCannabis Affects Cerebellar Volume and Sleep Differently in Men and Women
McPherson, K. L., Tomasi, D. G., Wang, G., Manza, P., & Volkow, N. D. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.643193 · Cited by 26
Gilman, J. M., Lee, S., Kuster, J. K., Lee, M. J., Kim, B. W., van der Kouwe, A. J. W., Blood, A. J., & Breiter, H. C. (2016) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.459 · Cited by 27
“Brain and Behavior published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. fslwiki/FSLVBM), an optimized VBM protocol carried out with FSL tools, as used in a previous publication, with a partially overlapping cohort (Gilman et al. 2014).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationHill, S. Y., Sharma, V., & Jones, B. L. (2016) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2016.05.009 · Cited by 27
Zuo, Y., Iemolo, A., Montilla-Perez, P., Li, H.-R., Yang, X., & Telese, F. (2022) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-022-01413-2 · Cited by 25
“In line with these findings, brain morphological studies of human cannabis users have shown that marijuana use may be associated with disrupting the neural organization of the Amy and NAc 61 .”
InfluentialMorales, A. M., Boyd, S. J., Seghete, K. L. M., Johnson, A. J., Bellis, M. D. D., & Nagel, B. J. (2019) · Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs · doi:10.15288/jsad.2019.80.594 · Cited by 24
“Consistent with prior work demonstrating that young marijuana users have greater NAcc volumes than control participants (Gilman et al., 2014) and that sensation seeking predicts other substance use (Castellanos-Ryan et al., 2013), we also demonstrate that the association between greater NAcc volume…”
Result
Metadata
- Authors
- Gilman, J. M., Kuster, J. K., Lee, S., Lee, M. J., Kim, B. W., Makris, N., van der Kouwe, A., Blood, A. J., & Breiter, H. C.
- Affiliations
- Northwestern University (US)
- Harvard University (US)
- Venue
- The Journal of Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Society for Neuroscience
- Published
- 2014-04-16
- Volume
- 34
- Issue
- 16
- Pages
- 5529-5538
- ISSN
- 0270-6474 (ISSN-L)
- 1529-2401
- PMC
- PMC3988409
- OpenAlex
- W2030725437
- Cited by
- 250
- References
- 58
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 30 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 26 · 2017: 26 · 2016: 32 · 2015: 36 · 2014: 11
- FWCI
- 25.51
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Northwestern University
- Office of National Drug Control Policy (DABK39-03-C-0098)
- National Institutes of Health
- U.S. Public Health Service (NIDA 026104, NIDA 14118, NIDA 026002, NIDA 027804, NINDS 052368, NIDA 034093)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (K01DA034093)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (052368)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychedelics and Drug Studies
- Keywords
- cannabis use, nucleus accumbens, amygdala, gray matter density, brain volume, brain shape, reward systems, delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, young adults, subcallosal cortex, dendritic branching
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Amygdala, Female, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Marijuana Smoking, Nucleus Accumbens, Organ Size, Severity of Illness Index, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
