The DOI matches its Crossref record; 90 of the 90 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 3 of the 68 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment
Open accessAbstract
Decisions about sensory stimuli are often based on an accumulation of evidence in time. When subjects control stimulus duration, the decision terminates when the accumulated evidence reaches a criterion level. Under many natural circumstances and in many laboratory settings, the environment, rather than the subject, controls the stimulus duration. In these settings, it is generally assumed that subjects commit to a choice at the end of the stimulus stream. Indeed, failure to benefit from the full stream of information is interpreted as a sign of imperfect accumulation or memory leak. Contrary to these assumptions, we show that monkeys performing a direction discrimination task commit to a choice when the accumulated evidence reaches a threshold level (or bound), sometimes long before the end of stimulus. This bounded accumulation of evidence is reflected in the activity of neurons in the lateral intraparietal cortex. Thus, the readout of visual cortex embraces a termination rule to limit processing even when potentially useful information is available.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
Monkeys performing a fixed-duration motion discrimination task committed to a choice when accumulated evidence reached a bound, sometimes well before stimulus offset, so late information was ignored rather than leaked. LIP activity reflected this bounded accumulation and predicted response times on short no-delay trials.
Key findings
- Behavioral accuracy improved with longer viewing duration but saturated; discrimination thresholds deviated from perfect square-root-of-time accumulation after ~420 ms (transition at n=15, durations 403–443 ms). A bounded-accumulator model fit better than a leaky-accumulator model (BIC 59.5; Bayes factor 8.35 × 10^12).
- Weak 3.2% coherence motion pulses biased choices overall by 1.3 ± 0.1% coherence (p < 10^-8), but in trials >700 ms, late pulses had no significant effect (third quartile: 0.2 ± 0.4%, p = 0.26; fourth quartile: −0.1 ± 0.4%, p = 0.63), while early pulses did (p = 0.018).
- In 51 LIP neurons, decision-related activity began ~207 ± 13 ms after motion onset, and mean responses reached a common criterion at 257 ± 9 ms. For short (<200 ms) no-delay trials, neural buildup rate was larger for fast responses (slope change, 48.7 ± 21.3 spikes/s²; p = 0.02), but this difference was absent in delay and long-duration trials.
- Bound-crossing time estimated from single-trial LIP activity correlated with RT on short no-delay trials (r = 0.16; p = 1.4 × 10^-4) and was reduced by inserting a delay (p = 0.0005). Error trials showed the same pattern: faster errors had larger buildup rates for short no-delay trials (59.4 ± 31.2 spikes/s²; p = 0.05).
Methods
- Two male rhesus monkeys performed a direction discrimination task with dynamic random dots; coherence was 0, 6.4, 12.8, 25.6, or 51.2%, and stimulus duration was randomly sampled from 80–1500 ms. The Go signal either coincided with motion offset or followed a 500–1000 ms delay. Data included 51 LIP neurons, 42,647 physiology-plus-psychophysics trials, and 60,921 additional psychophysics trials.
- A motion-pulse experiment in one monkey added a 200 ms, 3.2% coherence pulse at random times on every trial (18,017 trials; durations 280–1500 ms). Analyses used psychometric fits, bilinear threshold fitting, motion-energy filters, leaky- versus bounded-accumulator model comparison, logistic regression for pulse bias, neural PSTHs, input-variance estimation, and regression of neural buildup/bound-crossing times against RT.
Limitations
- The paper states that the actual bound level is unknown, bound-crossing times are noisy single-neuron estimates, and trial-by-trial neural–RT correlations are weak with slopes <1; RT is also limited by motor preparation and Go-signal detection. It notes that error trials for long durations were too few for similar analysis, and the pulse experiment used only one monkey.
- Evident from the text: the main LIP findings are correlational, with no causal manipulation in this paper (though the authors cite prior microstimulation work); the sample is limited to two monkeys and 51 LIP neurons, and the short/long duration cutoffs are somewhat arbitrary, though the paper says results do not rest critically on that choice.
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Claims the paper makes
69 Own result · 48 Own interpretation · 29 Not checked yet · 9 Own method · 6 No basis given · 1 Supported so far · 1 Partly supported · accuracy not yet measured
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“First, the representation of accumulated evidence in LIP is delayed by at least 100 ms compared with the activity of direction-selective neurons in the middle temporal area (MT) (Britten et al., 1996;Bair et al., 2002;Roitman and Shadlen, 2002;Osborne et al., 2004;Huk and Shadlen, 2005).”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Britten et al., 1996
- Could not verifycites Bair et al., 2002 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The ‘Latency for response onsets and offsets’ section reports response timing for MT neurons, and ‘Δ AP in DS cells’ compares MT with V1. Neither section addresses accumulated evidence in LIP or a delay of at least 100 ms between LIP and MT; searches for those terms found no passage establishing the comparison. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.75)
- Partly supportedcites Roitman and Shadlen, 2002 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion reports that LIP activity reflecting motion strength and direction begins about 200 ms after motion onset, and interprets LIP activity as representing accumulated sensory evidence (page unavailable in our copy). It contrasts LIP with direction-selective MT neurons but gives no MT response latency, so this source alone does not establish a delay of at least 100 ms relative to MT. (LLM, conf=0.83)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Contrary to these assumptions, we show that monkeys performing a direction discrimination task commit to a choice when the accumulated evidence reaches a threshold level (or bound), sometimes long before the end of stimulus.”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“We show that bounded accumulation of evidence explains the performance on this task.”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This bounded accumulation of evidence is reflected in the activity of neurons in the lateral intraparietal cortex.”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Additionally, we show that termination of a decision process, while the stimulus remains visible, delimits the improvement in performance that might otherwise accrue with prolonged stimulus exposures (Burr and Santoro, 2001).”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Introduction
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For the short-duration stimuli, the mean RT from the Go signal was 272.9 Ϯ 0.6 ms.”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > ).
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In this study, we show that both of these challenges are met in a simple perceptual decision about motion direction.”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Introduction
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: When a behavioral response is solicited by an exogenous cue or instruction, there can be a discrepancy between the time of response and commitment to a choice.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the differences in mean responses of individual neurons do not achieve a common statistical criterion until 257 Ϯ 9 ms after motion onset (t test; p Ͻ 0.05).”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > A challenge to the role of LIP in the decision process
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“␣ 3 was indistinguishable from 0 (Ϫ0.12Ϯ 0.19; p ϭ 0.26), indicating no inherent effect of pulse time independent of pulse direction.”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Motion energy analysis.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Similar patterns are apparent in the motion energy profiles of shorter-duration trials and in the motion energy profiles of trials with Ͼ0% coherence (data not shown).”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Bounded integration of evidence
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The maximum likelihood fit places the transition point at n ϭ 15, which corresponds to stimulus durations 403-443 ms (mean, 420 ms).”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Motion energy analysis.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 31
- The quote only partly states this claim. 2
- Probably not a substantial claim. 29
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“the firing rate of these neurons reflects both the choice the monkey makes at the end of the trial (T in or T out ) and quality of evidence (the motion strength) in support of these choices”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > A challenge to the role of LIP in the decision process
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Shadlen and Newsome, 2001
- Supportedcites Roitman and Shadlen, 2002 source
The Neural response during direction discrimination task section reports that LIP activity increased or decreased according to the monkey’s ultimate T1 or T2 choice, and that the rate of change depended on motion strength. The Errors section likewise reports different activity for choices into versus out of the neuron’s response field. (LLM, conf=0.94)
- Not checked yetcites Huk and Shadlen, 2005
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We have demonstrated already that decision-related activity in LIP precedes the behavioral response and is predictive of the monkey's choice.”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Neural correlate of bounded integration in short-duration trials
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The random fluctuations in motion energy that occur early during stimulus viewing affect the choices, whereas later fluctuations are less effective.”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Bounded integration of evidence
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: At any moment, in any one trial, the stimulus contains motion energy toward or away from the targets.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although the data approximately conform to this prediction for the shorter-duration stimuli (Ͻ420 ms), there is a clear deviation from this relation at longer durations.”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Bounded integration of evidence
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This sustained level of activity was similar for short-duration stimuli (Ͻ200 ms; firing rate, 34.9 Ϯ 3.1 spikes/s) and long-duration stimuli (Ͼ700 ms; firing rate, 35.3 Ϯ 3.2 spikes/s) and for different coherence levels.”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Motion energy analysis.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The results depicted in Figure 4 D clearly favor the termination hypothesis.”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Bounded integration of evidence
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The procedure detected bound crossings for 81.2% of individual trials for the short-duration, no-delay stimuli, 95.2% of short-duration delay trials, and 94.4% of trials for the long-duration stimuli.”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Motion energy analysis.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Both models achieve good fits to the data in Figure 3, although a model comparison favors bounded accumulation (Bayes information criterion, 59.5; Bayes factor, 8.35 ϫ 10 12 ).”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Motion energy analysis.
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Insertion of a delay period reduced this latency by Ͼ50 ms (mean RT, 219.1 Ϯ 0.6 ms; t test, p Ͻ 10 Ϫ8 ), which is similar to the latencies of simple visually guided saccades in our screening trials (220.7 Ϯ 0.8 ms).”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > ).
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When the duration of the stimulus increased, the probability of a correct response improved for all coherence levels (Fig. 3A), but this improvement saturated for moderate stimulus durations.”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Bounded integration of evidence
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The correlation between T bc and RT, and also the difference in buildup rate of activity varied continuously as a function of motion duration.”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Motion energy analysis.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When provided with more information, the monkeys' accuracy improved, but by less than expected for perfect accumulation of evidence (Fig. 3).”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In error trials, the LIP neurons reflected the monkey's choice rather than the direction of random dot motion (Fig. 8 A): the firing rate rose to almost the same level for the T in trials independent of whether the monkey's choice was correct or incorrect.”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Errors are governed by the same mechanism as the correct responses
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“for each motion strength, the rate of rise and the bound-crossing times of LIP neural activity were correlated with the monkey's RT for short-duration trials but not for longer durations or delay trials (Figs. 6, 7).”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Late motion pulses do not bias the monkey's behavior, whereas early pulses do.”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Discussion
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Distribution of the monkey's RT from the motion onset for very short, no-delay trials (motion durations, 80 -150 ms; mean, 100 ms).”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Discussion
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The number of errors was small at the higher motion strengths (e.g., n ϭ 52 for 25.6% coherence), hence the larger confidence interval.”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Discussion
plaincorrelationaln = 52- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The motion pulses caused a significant shift in the psychometric functions for the earlier two quartiles (C, D), but not for the later quartiles (E, F ).”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Discussion
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“An accumulation-to-bound mechanism, in which momentary sensory evidence (furnished by direction-selective neurons) is accumulated over time toward a criterion level or bound, explains the choice and RT functions (Mazurek et al., 2003;Lo and Wang, 2006;Shadlen et al., 2006).”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Mazurek et al., 2003
- Not checked yetcites Lo and Wang, 2006
- Not checked yetcites Shadlen et al., 2006
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In a reaction-time (RT) version of the motion direction discrimination task, subjects are both faster and more accurate for stronger motion stimuli (Link, 1992;Roitman and Shadlen, 2002;Ratcliff and Smith, 2004).”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Link, 1992
- Not checked yetcites Roitman and Shadlen, 2002 source
- Not checked yetcites Ratcliff and Smith, 2004
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The pulse strength and duration were chosen to minimize the number of conditions and to increase the power of the analysis.”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Motion direction discrimination task.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The latency of decision-related activity is at least 100 ms longer than the emergence of directional responses from neurons in areas MT and V1 (Britten et al., 1996;Bair et al., 2002;Osborne et al., 2004), and it exceeds simple saccadic latencies (Carpenter, 1988).”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > A challenge to the role of LIP in the decision process
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Britten et al., 1996
- Not checked yetcites Bair et al., 2002 source
- Not checked yetcites Carpenter, 1988
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is as if for the shorter-duration stimuli the monkey used all the available information, but for the longer durations, the information was used only partially.”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Bounded integration of evidence
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We used a weak pulse strength, well within the variability of the ongoing motion, to avoid a conspicuous event in the trial, which might promote a change in decision strategy.”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Motion direction discrimination task.
hedgedconditionalSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The results do not rest critically on this arbitrary choice.”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Motion energy analysis.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We also used Monte Carlo methods to validate this analysis (Fig. S3, available at www.jneurosci.org as supplemental material).”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Motion energy analysis.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Similar results were obtained without this extension.”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Motion energy analysis.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, faster decisions only affect the measured RT in Figure 6 A. For the other panels, the variation in RT after the Go signal does not reflect the speed of decision formation.”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Neural correlate of bounded integration in short-duration trials
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This is consistent with our hypothesis that the LIP firing rates reflect formation of a decision, which terminates earlier when the buildup is faster.”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Neural correlate of bounded integration in short-duration trials
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, the fitting ensures that the predictions are based on mechanisms that are compatible with the behavioral observations.”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Motion energy analysis.
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“We hypothesize that this diminishing contribution of information to the decision (Luna et al., 2005) is a result of application of a termination rule before the Go signal, and that the termination rule is a bound on the accumulated information.”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Luna et al., 2005
hedgeddirect- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“We used exponentially distributed durations, which prevented monkeys from expecting the end of stimulus and encouraged them to start the decision process as the motion stimulus appeared (Janssen and Shadlen, 2005).”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Janssen and Shadlen, 2005
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“it is possible to arrange leaky neurons in a recurrent network to implement nearly perfect accumulators (Wang, 2002;Major and Tank, 2004;Machens et al., 2005;Cisek, 2006;Ma et al., 2006;Wong and Wang, 2006;Bogacz, 2007).”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Wang, 2002
- Not checked yetcites Major and Tank, 2004
- Not checked yetcites Machens et al., 2005
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This value depends on the choice of bound and the method for smoothing the spike trains, but the sign and significance of the correlation did not depend critically on these assumptions.”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Neural correlate of bounded integration in short-duration trials
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Such temporal alignment of the decision process to an experimentally controlled reference time is necessary to explore when and how the decision process terminates.”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“According to this hypothesis, the monkey commits to one of the choices when the accumulated evidence reaches a criterion level (Link, 1992;Mazurek et al., 2003).”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Link, 1992
- Not checked yetcites Mazurek et al., 2003
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These results suggest that the monkey commits to an error, because the accumulated evidence reaches a bound (in this case, the wrong bound) perhaps because of noise in the stimulus or noise in the neural responses in sensory areas.”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Errors are governed by the same mechanism as the correct responses
hedgedconditionalSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In fact, such a threshold-crossing mechanism together with a recurrent accumulator network (Cisek, 2006;Ma et al., 2006;Wong and Wang, 2006;Bogacz, 2007;Wong et al., 2007) could explain many of the phenomena touched on here.”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cisek, 2006
- Not checked yetcites Ma et al., 2006
- Not checked yetcites Wong and Wang, 2006
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“If the source of evidence changes in a predictable way, for example, later evidence might be more informative.”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“They may be useful for the perception of temporal intervals (Leon and Shadlen, 2003;Janssen and Shadlen, 2005) and contribute to learning.”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Leon and Shadlen, 2003
- Not checked yetcites Janssen and Shadlen, 2005
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Some of these recurrent networks (Wang, 2002;Wong and Wang, 2006) have attractor states that implement a decision termination without an explicit bound, although they too need a mechanism to detect absorption to the attractor state to initiate an action (Kiani et al., 2006;Lo and Wang, 2006).”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Wang, 2002
- Not checked yetcites Wong and Wang, 2006
- Not checked yetcites Kiani et al., 2006
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“For stimulus durations of 2 s in our task, Britten et al. (1992) have shown that individual monkey MT neurons can perform as well as the monkey, provided that the activity of the neuron is averaged over the full stimulus presentation period.”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Britten et al., 1992 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The number of errors was small at the higher motion strengths (e.g., n ϭ 52 for 25.6% coherence), hence the larger confidence interval.”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, the cost in accuracy associated with ignoring available information may be offset by capacities that underlie the very flexibility of thought.”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Rests on an assumption: Cognitive processes, unlike simple behaviors, may be dynamically switched on and off at will.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The stochastic function underlying the stimulus in our task was stationary, not biasing the monkey to any particular period in time.”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“More generally, termination rules allow the brain to cascade states with complex dependencies on each other (Fine et al., 1998;Caspi et al., 2004).”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Fine et al., 1998
- Not checked yetcites Caspi et al., 2004
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Thresholds and accumulation to thresholds seem to be widely used in neural mechanisms, from spiking of individual neurons (Gerstein and Mandelbrot, 1964;Ricciardi, 1977;Shadlen and Newsome, 1994) to higher brain functions.”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Gerstein and Mandelbrot, 1964
- Not checked yetcites Ricciardi, 1977
- Not checked yetcites Shadlen and Newsome, 1994
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In contrast, a nonstationary function, more generally the nonstationarities of the real world, result in periods of time with more reliable evidence than others.”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In trials with long durations, leaky accumulation would render information at the beginning of the trial irrelevant, whereas bounded accumulation would render information at the end of the trial irrelevant.”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Discussion
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The use of a threshold would necessitate mechanisms for detection of threshold crossing.”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Discussion
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In our task, a potential candidate is an interconnected network that includes LIP and the basal ganglia (Lo and Wang, 2006).”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lo and Wang, 2006
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Thresholds are involved in decision making (Laming, 1968;Link and Heath, 1975;Smith, 1988;Ratcliff et al., 1999;Reddi and Carpenter, 2000;Shadlen and Gold, 2004), target selection, and saccade initiation (Hanes and Schall, 1996;Schall and Thompson, 1999).”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Laming, 1968
- Not checked yetcites Link and Heath, 1975
- Not checked yetcites Smith, 1988
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The policy that governs decision time is presumably the setting of the bound on the evidence.”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Discussion
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The bound on evidence establishes the trade-off between accuracy and speed of decisions.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Knowledge of when to start the next process presupposes control over the termination of preceding states.”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Cognitive processes, unlike simple behaviors, may be dynamically switched on and off at will.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“This circuitry can detect the bound crossing in LIP activity and is capable of implementing a flexible bound, which is necessary for adjustable behavior in a complex environment (Link, 1992;Mazurek et al., 2003;Ratcliff and Smith, 2004;Palmer et al., 2005).”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Link, 1992
- Not checked yetcites Mazurek et al., 2003
- Not checked yetcites Ratcliff and Smith, 2004
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The authors state this as an assumption.
Spiking is a point process.
“Under the assumption that spiking is a point process, the input variance may be estimated by subtracting ϫ mean spike count from the measured variance.”
The paper relies on this without support.
When a behavioral response is solicited by an exogenous cue or instruction, there can be a discrepancy between the time of response and commitment to a choice.
“Second, when a behavioral response is solicited by an exogenous cue or instruction, there can be a discrepancy between the time of response and commitment to a choice.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The stochastic motion stimulus produces a stream of evidence samples that are statistically independent over the time course of the trial.
“The stochastic motion stimulus used in these experiments produces a stream of evidence samples that are statistically independent over the time course of the trial.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The bound height for each neuron is near the level of firing rate that the neuron attains at the end of long-duration stimuli or during the delay period after the stimulus in delay trials.
“according to our hypothesis, it should be near the level of firing rate that a neuron attains at the end of the long-duration stimuli or during the delay period after the stimulus in the delay trials (Mazurek et al., 2003).”
The paper relies on this without support.
At any moment, in any one trial, the stimulus contains motion energy toward or away from the targets.
“at any moment, in any one trial, the stimulus contains motion energy toward or away from the targets.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Behavior is controlled by many neurons, and estimates of bound-crossing times from a single neuron in each trial are highly variable.
“the behavior is undoubtedly controlled by many neurons, and the estimates of bound-crossing times from a single neuron in each trial are highly variable.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Collecting evidence for reaching a decision consumes limited mental resources and retards engagement in other decisions or cognitive functions.
“Collecting evidence for reaching a decision consumes limited mental resources and retards engagement in other decisions or cognitive functions.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The bound on evidence establishes the trade-off between accuracy and speed of decisions.
“This bound establishes the trade off between accuracy and speed of decisions.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Cognitive processes, unlike simple behaviors, may be dynamically switched on and off at will.
“Unlike simple behaviors, which are more or less automatic, cognitive processes may be dynamically switched on and off at will.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The decision terminates naturally when there is no more evidence (e.g., when the stimulus duration is short) or when v reaches a critical level or bound.”
From Representation of Confidence Associated with a Decision by Neurons in the Parietal Cortex (2009) · cites this paper as [20]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The present results show that the same neurons that participate in decision formation (20, 55) carry the relevant signals for assigning the probability of obtaining a reward.”
From Representation of Confidence Associated with a Decision by Neurons in the Parietal Cortex (2009) · cites this paper as [20]
In the citing paper
“Single unit recordings from the lateral intraparietal area (LIP) of the macaque in eye movement versions of this task, suggest the non-decision time includes sensory and motor delays of around 220 ms and 80 ms, respectively15,16.”
From Changes of mind in decision-making (2009) · cites this paper as [16]
In the citing paper
“variation in the buildup rate also affects the amount of time it takes to reach a decision (19–21, 37, 38)”
From Representation of Confidence Associated with a Decision by Neurons in the Parietal Cortex (2009) · cites this paper as [20]
In the citing paper
“It explains both the diminishing returns associated with prolonged viewing in our experiment (Fig. S3) (20) and the tradeoff between speed and accuracy in reaction time experiments (13, 39, 40).”
From Representation of Confidence Associated with a Decision by Neurons in the Parietal Cortex (2009) · cites this paper as [20]
In the citing paper
“The mechanism underlying the representation of certainty in LIP is linked to the same evidence accumulation that underlies choice and decision time (17, 20).”
From Representation of Confidence Associated with a Decision by Neurons in the Parietal Cortex (2009) · cites this paper as [20]
In the citing paper
“The dip, observed in other studies 2,12–14, seems to mark the beginning of evidence accumulation.”
From Decision-making with multiple alternatives (2008) · cites this paper as [14]
Citations
Cites
(1966) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 10,293
Ratcliff, R. (1978) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.85.2.59 · Cited by 4,513
The Neural Basis of Decision Making
Gold, J. I., & Shadlen, M. N. (2007) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.29.051605.113038 · Cited by 3,764
Self-citationSpatiotemporal energy models for the perception of motion
Adelson, E. H., & Bergen, J. R. (1985) · Journal of the Optical Society of America A · doi:10.1364/josaa.2.000284 · Cited by 3,442
Spikes: Exploring the Neural Code
Rieke, F. M., Warland, D., van Steveninck, R. R. D. R., & Bialek, W. (1996) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 2,844
The time course of perceptual choice: The leaky, competing accumulator model.
Usher, M., & McClelland, J. L. (2001) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.108.3.550 · Cited by 2,152
(1986) · Cited by 2,022
The analysis of visual motion: a comparison of neuronal and psychophysical performance
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Metadata
- Authors
- Kiani, R., Hanks, T. D., & Shadlen, M. N.
- Affiliations
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute (US)
- Venue
- The Journal of Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Society for Neuroscience
- Published
- 2008-03-19
- Volume
- 28
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 3017-3029
- ISSN
- 0270-6474 (ISSN-L)
- 1529-2401
- PMC
- PMC6670720
- OpenAlex
- W2063716754
- Semantic Scholar
- 071bd456926e77dcd2c38a5cedf9e696dbb09774
- Cited by
- 500
- References
- 90
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 27 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 36 · 2020: 27 · 2019: 29 · 2018: 34 · 2017: 33 · 2016: 31 · 2015: 32 · 2014: 31 · 2013: 30 · 2012: 37
- FWCI
- 10.33
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute
- National Eye Institute (EY11378, R01EY011378)
- National Center for Research Resources (RR00166, P51RR000166)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Visual perception and processing mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural dynamics and brain function
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- decision-making, evidence accumulation, stimulus duration, direction discrimination, memory leaks
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Behavior, Animal, Choice Behavior, Discrimination, Psychological, Environment, Eye Movements, Macaca mulatta, Male, Motion Perception, Neurons, Parietal Lobe, Reaction Time, Statistics as Topic, Time Factors, Signal Detection, Psychological, Entropy
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-09, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-09 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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