The DOI matches its Crossref record; 90 of the 90 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 1 of the 68 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment
Open accessAbstract
Decisions about sensory stimuli are often based on an accumulation of evidence in time. When subjects control stimulus duration, the decision terminates when the accumulated evidence reaches a criterion level. Under many natural circumstances and in many laboratory settings, the environment, rather than the subject, controls the stimulus duration. In these settings, it is generally assumed that subjects commit to a choice at the end of the stimulus stream. Indeed, failure to benefit from the full stream of information is interpreted as a sign of imperfect accumulation or memory leak. Contrary to these assumptions, we show that monkeys performing a direction discrimination task commit to a choice when the accumulated evidence reaches a threshold level (or bound), sometimes long before the end of stimulus. This bounded accumulation of evidence is reflected in the activity of neurons in the lateral intraparietal cortex. Thus, the readout of visual cortex embraces a termination rule to limit processing even when potentially useful information is available.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
Monkeys performing a fixed-duration motion discrimination task committed to a choice when accumulated evidence reached a bound, sometimes well before stimulus offset, so late information was ignored rather than leaked. LIP activity reflected this bounded accumulation and predicted response times on short no-delay trials.
Key findings
- Behavioral accuracy improved with longer viewing duration but saturated; discrimination thresholds deviated from perfect square-root-of-time accumulation after ~420 ms (transition at n=15, durations 403–443 ms). A bounded-accumulator model fit better than a leaky-accumulator model (BIC 59.5; Bayes factor 8.35 × 10^12).
- Weak 3.2% coherence motion pulses biased choices overall by 1.3 ± 0.1% coherence (p < 10^-8), but in trials >700 ms, late pulses had no significant effect (third quartile: 0.2 ± 0.4%, p = 0.26; fourth quartile: −0.1 ± 0.4%, p = 0.63), while early pulses did (p = 0.018).
- In 51 LIP neurons, decision-related activity began ~207 ± 13 ms after motion onset, and mean responses reached a common criterion at 257 ± 9 ms. For short (<200 ms) no-delay trials, neural buildup rate was larger for fast responses (slope change, 48.7 ± 21.3 spikes/s²; p = 0.02), but this difference was absent in delay and long-duration trials.
- Bound-crossing time estimated from single-trial LIP activity correlated with RT on short no-delay trials (r = 0.16; p = 1.4 × 10^-4) and was reduced by inserting a delay (p = 0.0005). Error trials showed the same pattern: faster errors had larger buildup rates for short no-delay trials (59.4 ± 31.2 spikes/s²; p = 0.05).
Methods
- Two male rhesus monkeys performed a direction discrimination task with dynamic random dots; coherence was 0, 6.4, 12.8, 25.6, or 51.2%, and stimulus duration was randomly sampled from 80–1500 ms. The Go signal either coincided with motion offset or followed a 500–1000 ms delay. Data included 51 LIP neurons, 42,647 physiology-plus-psychophysics trials, and 60,921 additional psychophysics trials.
- A motion-pulse experiment in one monkey added a 200 ms, 3.2% coherence pulse at random times on every trial (18,017 trials; durations 280–1500 ms). Analyses used psychometric fits, bilinear threshold fitting, motion-energy filters, leaky- versus bounded-accumulator model comparison, logistic regression for pulse bias, neural PSTHs, input-variance estimation, and regression of neural buildup/bound-crossing times against RT.
Limitations
- The paper states that the actual bound level is unknown, bound-crossing times are noisy single-neuron estimates, and trial-by-trial neural–RT correlations are weak with slopes <1; RT is also limited by motor preparation and Go-signal detection. It notes that error trials for long durations were too few for similar analysis, and the pulse experiment used only one monkey.
- Evident from the text: the main LIP findings are correlational, with no causal manipulation in this paper (though the authors cite prior microstimulation work); the sample is limited to two monkeys and 51 LIP neurons, and the short/long duration cutoffs are somewhat arbitrary, though the paper says results do not rest critically on that choice.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
69 Own result · 48 Own interpretation · 30 Not checked yet · 9 Own method · 6 No basis given · 1 Supported so far
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Contrary to these assumptions, we show that monkeys performing a direction discrimination task commit to a choice when the accumulated evidence reaches a threshold level (or bound), sometimes long before the end of stimulus.”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“We show that bounded accumulation of evidence explains the performance on this task.”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This bounded accumulation of evidence is reflected in the activity of neurons in the lateral intraparietal cortex.”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Additionally, we show that termination of a decision process, while the stimulus remains visible, delimits the improvement in performance that might otherwise accrue with prolonged stimulus exposures (Burr and Santoro, 2001).”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Introduction
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For the short-duration stimuli, the mean RT from the Go signal was 272.9 Ϯ 0.6 ms.”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > ).
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In this study, we show that both of these challenges are met in a simple perceptual decision about motion direction.”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Introduction
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: When a behavioral response is solicited by an exogenous cue or instruction, there can be a discrepancy between the time of response and commitment to a choice.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the differences in mean responses of individual neurons do not achieve a common statistical criterion until 257 Ϯ 9 ms after motion onset (t test; p Ͻ 0.05).”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > A challenge to the role of LIP in the decision process
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“␣ 3 was indistinguishable from 0 (Ϫ0.12Ϯ 0.19; p ϭ 0.26), indicating no inherent effect of pulse time independent of pulse direction.”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Motion energy analysis.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Similar patterns are apparent in the motion energy profiles of shorter-duration trials and in the motion energy profiles of trials with Ͼ0% coherence (data not shown).”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Bounded integration of evidence
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The maximum likelihood fit places the transition point at n ϭ 15, which corresponds to stimulus durations 403-443 ms (mean, 420 ms).”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Motion energy analysis.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Similarly, the firing rates were overlapping for trials with stimulus durations of 700 ms or more (Fig. 6C) (slope change, Ϫ6.6 Ϯ 19.0 spikes/s 2 ; p ϭ 0.37).”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Neural correlate of bounded integration in short-duration trials
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Importantly, these pulses were more effective when they were presented earlier in the trial.”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Bounded integration of evidence
plaindirectSingle case ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The motion pulses significantly biased the monkey's choice toward the pulse direction (Fig. 5A) (psychometric function shift across all trials, 1.3 Ϯ 0.1% coherence; p Ͻ 10 Ϫ8 )”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Bounded integration of evidence
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the bias caused by the late pulses was indistinguishable from 0 (third quartile: shift, 0.2 Ϯ 0.4%, p ϭ 0.26; fourth quartile: shift, Ϫ0.1 Ϯ 0.4%, p ϭ 0.63).”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Bounded integration of evidence
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This increase in input variance was first evident 207 Ϯ 13 ms after the motion onset.”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > A challenge to the role of LIP in the decision process
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The buildup rate of neural activity was significantly larger for the trials in which the monkey responded faster (Fig. 6 A) (slope change, 48.7 Ϯ 21.3 spikes/s 2 ; p ϭ 0.02).”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Neural correlate of bounded integration in short-duration trials
plaincorrelationalSingle case ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For short-duration trials (Ͻ200 ms) in which a 500 -1000 ms delay period was introduced before the Go signal (i.e., delay trials), the firing rate of the short-and long-RT trials essentially overlapped from the beginning of the accumulation process (Fig. 6 B) (slope change, Ϫ17.4 Ϯ 18.2 spikes/s 2 ; p ϭ 0.18).”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Neural correlate of bounded integration in short-duration trials
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This is 150 -200 ms after the emergence of the decision build up in LIP.”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > A challenge to the role of LIP in the decision process
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Also, ␣ 2 is significantly larger than 0 (1.51 Ϯ 0.52; p ϭ 0.002), compatible with the results of Equation 4.”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Motion energy analysis.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The discrimination thresholds were similar for delay and no-delay trials.”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Motion energy analysis.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the same set of stimuli, matched for coherence and exposure duration, gave rise to much faster responses on trials incorporating a delay period after the stimulus.”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > ).
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Figure 3B shows a clear decrease in discrimination threshold (i.e., an increase in sensitivity) when the monkeys were provided longer viewing durations.”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Bounded integration of evidence
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The distribution shown in Figure 2C has its central tendency almost 400 ms after stimulus onset (mean, 393 Ϯ 0.7 ms; interquartile range, 366 -413 ms).”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > A challenge to the role of LIP in the decision process
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This value was significantly negative (␣ 4 ϭ Ϫ0.40 Ϯ 0.19) indicating a diminishing effect for later pulses.”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Motion energy analysis.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although the motion was brief, the eye movements were initiated only after a relatively long latency.”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > A challenge to the role of LIP in the decision process
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the early pulses caused significantly larger biases than the late ones (Fig. 5B) ( p ϭ 0.018)”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Bounded integration of evidence
plaindirectSingle case ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No other terms were significant in the analysis ( p Ն 0.1), indicating that motion strength did not affect the correlation.”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Motion energy analysis.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Moreover, baseline firing rates did not affect RT ( p Ͼ 0.17; H 0 :  3 ϭ 0) for any coherence level.”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Motion energy analysis.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The data, however, are only partly consistent with this prediction.”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Bounded integration of evidence
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The stochastic motion stimulus produces a stream of evidence samples that are statistically independent over the time course of the trial.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A three-way ANOVA with coherence and duration as the fixed effects and the neurons as the random effect showed no significant effect for coherence (F (4,270) ϭ 1.07; p ϭ 0.37) or stimulus duration (F (1,58) ϭ 0.36; p ϭ 0.55).”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Motion energy analysis.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For all coherence levels,  2 remained significantly different from zero ( p Ͻ 0.01; H 0 :  2 ϭ 0).”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Motion energy analysis.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“the firing rates associated with T in and T out choices begin to diverge Ͼ200 ms after motion onset”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > A challenge to the role of LIP in the decision process
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kim and Shadlen, 1999
- Not checked yetcites Roitman and Shadlen, 2002 source
- Not checked yetcites Huk and Shadlen, 2005
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For 0% coherence trials with no delay and short stimulus durations (Ͻ200 ms), the monkey's RTs relative to the Go signal were positively correlated to the decision times estimated from the neural data (Fig. 7A) (r ϭ 0.16; p ϭ 1.4 ϫ 10 Ϫ4 , Fisher z).”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Neural correlate of bounded integration in short-duration trials
plaincorrelationalSingle case ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The bound height for each neuron is near the level of firing rate that the neuron attains at the end of long-duration stimuli or during the delay period after the stimulus in delay trials.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Similar to the correct trials, the difference in the buildup rate was not significant for delay trials with short stimulus durations (slope change, Ϫ11.6 Ϯ 29.6 spikes/s 2 ; p ϭ 0.35).”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Errors are governed by the same mechanism as the correct responses
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“They did not appear to lose, or leak away, information acquired at the beginning of the trial (Figs. 4, 5).”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Discussion
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The time from the estimated neural decision to saccade initiation was 94.4 Ϯ 2.0 ms (mean Ϯ SEM for all trials represented in Fig. 7 A, B).”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Neural correlate of bounded integration in short-duration trials
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The bound height for each neuron is near the level of firing rate that the neuron attains at the end of long-duration stimuli or during the delay period after the stimulus in delay trials.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Importantly, inserting a delay period before the Go signal reduced the correlation between the bound-crossing time and the response time (Fig. 7C,D) ( p ϭ 0.0005) (Eq.7).”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Neural correlate of bounded integration in short-duration trials
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In fact, the correlation coefficients were not significantly different from 0.”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Neural correlate of bounded integration in short-duration trials
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the time-limited accumulation fails to account for the changes of discrimination thresholds (Fig. S1, available at www.jneurosci.org as supplemental material).”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The correlation remained significant for all coherence levels ( p Ͻ 0.01).”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Neural correlate of bounded integration in short-duration trials
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A weak positive correlation is evident on short-duration stimuli.”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Neural correlate of bounded integration in short-duration trials
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Moreover, the rate of buildup for fast and slow errors greatly resembled that of the pattern observed with fast and slow correct choices.”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Errors are governed by the same mechanism as the correct responses
plaincorrelationalSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This is exactly what we observed (Fig. S2, available at www.jneurosci.org as supplemental material).”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the slopes of regression between the bound-crossing time and the monkey's response time are Ͻ1”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For short stimulus duration trials (Ͻ200 ms) without a delay period, the buildup rate of neural activity was significantly larger in the trials in which the monkey responded faster (slope change, 59.4 Ϯ 31.2 spike/s 2 ; p ϭ 0.05).”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Errors are governed by the same mechanism as the correct responses
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“despite the long latency for the representation of accumulated evidence in LIP, activity in this structure preceded the monkey's behavioral re- sponses even for extremely short stimuli.”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The neural responses begin to convey information about motion direction and choice after ϳ200 ms.”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Limited improvement in perceptual accuracy with longer motion viewing duration.”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The effect of motion information on decisions diminishes at longer viewing times.”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Behavioral discrimination thresholds deviate from perfect accumulation for longer viewing duration.”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The rise in neural response variance corresponds with accumulation of noisy evidence.”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The motion pulses significantly biased the monkey's choice toward their corresponding target.”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, as demonstrated here, monkeys base their decisions on accumulation of evidence for much shorter durations.”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Discussion
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we observed a similar diminishing effect of viewing duration in monkeys that were never trained on an RT task.”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This bias is quantified by the horizontal separation of the two functions, here equivalent to 1.3 Ϯ 0.1% coherent motion.”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Discussion
plaincorrelationalSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The arrow indicates when the input variance begins to increase reliably.”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Discussion
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We show that subjects behave in this way in our experiment”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Discussion
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Correlation between saccadic response times and the neural bound crossing time (T bc ).”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“First, the representation of accumulated evidence in LIP is delayed by at least 100 ms compared with the activity of direction-selective neurons in the middle temporal area (MT) (Britten et al., 1996;Bair et al., 2002;Roitman and Shadlen, 2002;Osborne et al., 2004;Huk and Shadlen, 2005).”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Introduction
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The finding overturns a long-held assumption that such failure is a sign of inefficient (leaky) integration”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Introduction
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We show instead that the decision process may terminate when the accumulated information reaches a critical level, even when subjects are required to view the whole stimulus.”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Introduction
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, the readout of visual cortex embraces a termination rule to limit processing even when potentially useful information is available.”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Hence, the accumulation-to-bound mechanism generalizes beyond simple RT tasks.”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Introduction
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The build up of activity in LIP represents an accumulation of evidence in favor of one or the other direction alternatives.”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Bounded integration of evidence
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This divergence marks the beginning of the formation of the decision variable represented in LIP.”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > A challenge to the role of LIP in the decision process
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The absence of a correlation between buildup rates and response times in Figure 6, B and C, can be explained if the decision process has terminated before the Go instruction on these trials.”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Neural correlate of bounded integration in short-duration trials
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The preceding analysis suggests that the mechanism for decision making in longduration trials resembles the type of bounded accumulation of evidence that is thought to explain the speed and accuracy of decisions in choice-reaction time tasks”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Neural correlate of bounded integration in short-duration trials
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ratcliff, 1980
- Not checked yetcites Smith, 1988
- Not checked yetcites Link, 1992
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, bounded accumulation explains the diminishing improvement in long-duration trials, because it posits that information is simply ignored once the decision bound is attained.”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Bounded integration of evidence
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is the earliest point in time that LIP can be said to represent information bearing on the decision.”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > A challenge to the role of LIP in the decision process
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Importantly, the free parameters of the models were not chosen to fit the motion energy profiles depicted in Figure 4D.”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Motion energy analysis.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the entire range of response times for these short trials relative to the neural activity is compatible with a process that awaits the dissociation point in LIP activity before forming a decision”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > A challenge to the role of LIP in the decision process
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For the trials comprising all three panels of Figure 6, decisions probably arose faster when LIP activity built up faster.”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Neural correlate of bounded integration in short-duration trials
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The flat hazard rate associated with this distribution of random durations minimizes the monkey's ability to anticipate the end of the trial (Ghose and Maunsell, 2002;Janssen and Shadlen, 2005).”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Motion direction discrimination task.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ghose and Maunsell, 2002
- Not checked yetcites Janssen and Shadlen, 2005
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The delayed representation of the accumulated evidence in LIP poses a challenge to the role of LIP neurons in the formation of decisions on the motion task.”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > A challenge to the role of LIP in the decision process
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The traces in Figure 6, B and C, are overlapping, because they are formed from a random collection of faster and slower decisions.”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Neural correlate of bounded integration in short-duration trials
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“This pattern is also consistent with an accumulation-to-bound mechanism (Mazurek et al., 2003).”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Mazurek et al., 2003
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It shows that the putative neural correlate of a decision variable in LIP is represented in a time frame that is compatible with the timing of decisions.”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Discussion
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the pulse should remain effective at later times for weaker motion than for stronger motion.”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The analysis indicates that whatever effect the baseline activity may have on the response time is exerted through changing the bound-crossing time.”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Neural correlate of bounded integration in short-duration trials
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“our findings rule out a much larger class of alternative models.”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the bounded accumulation model predicts that the effectiveness of a pulse depends on both the time it is delivered and the strength of the motion that it perturbed.”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“they fail to explain the LIP neural responses in our experiment, because they predict no correlation between the neural threshold crossing time and RT.”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The finding is consistent with a recent microstimulation study, which supports a causal role for LIP in the decision process on this task (Hanks et al., 2006).”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hanks et al., 2006
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“all the alternatives to bounded accumulation assert a testable prediction: a pulse delivered at a particular time should affect the decision process identically for all motion strengths.”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“the observed correlations are probably explained by the tendency of neurons with similar response characteristics (in this case, RFs) to covary in their variable discharge (Zohary et al., 1994;Shadlen et al., 1996;Parker and Newsome, 1998;Pezaris et al., 1999).”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Zohary et al., 1994
- Not checked yetcites Shadlen et al., 1996 source
- Not checked yetcites Parker and Newsome, 1998
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Behavior is controlled by many neurons, and estimates of bound-crossing times from a single neuron in each trial are highly variable.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The lack of correlation in these trials also rules out potentially trivial explanations for the correlation such as increased vigilance, arousal, attentiveness, or level of preparedness.”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Neural correlate of bounded integration in short-duration trials
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we determined that improvement was curtailed, because the monkeys ignored information late in the trial.”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We also ensured that the correlation was not explained by variations in baseline firing rates at the beginning of the trial (see Materials and Methods,Eq. 8).”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Neural correlate of bounded integration in short-duration trials
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Together, these analyses (Figs.4567) support the hypothesis that a bounded accumulation of evidence, represented in LIP activity, underlies the monkey's choices even when the stimulus duration is controlled by the environment.”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Neural correlate of bounded integration in short-duration trials
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“for trials with fast neural bound crossings, the monkey's response time cannot decrease proportionally, because it is limited by the motor preparation delay and the time needed to detect the Go signal.”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Also, it shows that the decision process carries its own rule for termination even when the period in which evidence is available and the time for action are under the control of the environment.”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“A leaky accumulation process, although theoretically capable of describing the observed curtailed improvement of accuracy (Usher and McClelland, 2001;Ratcliff and Smith, 2004;Busemeyer et al., 2006), is not supported in this task.”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Usher and McClelland, 2001
- Not checked yetcites Ratcliff and Smith, 2004
- Not checked yetcites Busemeyer et al., 2006
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In contrast to this approach, a stimulus duration that is fixed or predictable (Britten et al., 1993;Shadlen and Newsome, 2001;Parker et al., 2002;DeAngelis and Newsome, 2004;Krug, 2004;Krug et al., 2004;Uka and DeAngelis, 2004) would allow subjects to start the decision process at times other than the beginning of stimulus.”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Britten et al., 1993
- Not checked yetcites Shadlen and Newsome, 2001 source
- Not checked yetcites Parker et al., 2002
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“LIP appears to play a similar role whether the time course of evidence bearing on the decision is controlled by the subject or by the experimenter.”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Discussion
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The variable RT in these trials is presumably explained by whatever mechanism accounts for variable motor latencies in the absence of a decision among alternatives (Carpenter, 1988;Hanes and Schall, 1996).”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Neural correlate of bounded integration in short-duration trials
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Carpenter, 1988
- Not checked yetcites Hanes and Schall, 1996
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“It suggests that the accumulated evidence, represented in LIP, tends to plateau or saturate at the longer viewing durations used in previous experiments (Shadlen and Newsome, 2001).”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Shadlen and Newsome, 2001 source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The lack of correlation is expected, because, according to the bounded accumulation hypothesis, the decision has completed long before the Go signal in these trials.”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Neural correlate of bounded integration in short-duration trials
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The similarity of the monkeys' performance on RT and fixed duration tasks (Roitman and Shadlen, 2002) adds further support to our contention that the brain simply ignores additional evidence that is available in the stimulus and in the firing of its sensory neurons.”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Roitman and Shadlen, 2002 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our hypothesis unifies the decision mechanisms used in RT and non-RT tasks.”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The use of a termination rule is not a consequence of training”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Such temporal smear across different trials could lead to the incorrect conclusion that subjects use the information throughout the whole stimulus presentation.”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Discussion
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One answer may be the important, but often overlooked, concept of the sampling cost.”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Collecting evidence for reaching a decision consumes limited mental resources and retards engagement in other decisions or cognitive functions.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When sampling of information is costly, the brain must strike a balance between the amount of collected information and the improvement of accuracy.”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Discussion
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: unclear — It is unclear whether it could be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Collecting evidence for reaching a decision consumes limited mental resources and retards engagement in other decisions or cognitive functions.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Calculation of choice probability over long stimulus presentations mixes the relevant and irrelevant periods and leads to underestimation.”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Error responses are governed by the same mechanism as the correct responses.”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Similarly, the relationship between trialto-trial variability in the firing rate of sensory neurons and behavioral choices [choice probability (Britten et al., 1996;Parker and Newsome, 1998)] varies for relevant and irrelevant periods of neural responses.”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Britten et al., 1996
- Not checked yetcites Parker and Newsome, 1998
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, when the experimenter (or the environment) controls the stimulus duration, the same considerations appear to be in play, although the decision time is covert.”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Discussion
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The bound on evidence establishes the trade-off between accuracy and speed of decisions.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Such a mechanism is indispensable, particularly for reaction time tasks and for the short-duration trials in the task described in the current paper.”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we suggest a mechanism, bounded accumulation of evidence, based on behavioral and neural data.”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Discussion
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 31
- The quote only partly states this claim. 2
- Probably not a substantial claim. 29
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“the firing rate of these neurons reflects both the choice the monkey makes at the end of the trial (T in or T out ) and quality of evidence (the motion strength) in support of these choices”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > A challenge to the role of LIP in the decision process
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Shadlen and Newsome, 2001
- Supportedcites Roitman and Shadlen, 2002 source
The Neural response during direction discrimination task section reports that LIP activity increased or decreased according to the monkey’s ultimate T1 or T2 choice, and that the rate of change depended on motion strength. The Errors section likewise reports different activity for choices into versus out of the neuron’s response field. (LLM, conf=0.94)
- Not checked yetcites Huk and Shadlen, 2005
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We have demonstrated already that decision-related activity in LIP precedes the behavioral response and is predictive of the monkey's choice.”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Neural correlate of bounded integration in short-duration trials
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The random fluctuations in motion energy that occur early during stimulus viewing affect the choices, whereas later fluctuations are less effective.”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Bounded integration of evidence
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: At any moment, in any one trial, the stimulus contains motion energy toward or away from the targets.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although the data approximately conform to this prediction for the shorter-duration stimuli (Ͻ420 ms), there is a clear deviation from this relation at longer durations.”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Bounded integration of evidence
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This sustained level of activity was similar for short-duration stimuli (Ͻ200 ms; firing rate, 34.9 Ϯ 3.1 spikes/s) and long-duration stimuli (Ͼ700 ms; firing rate, 35.3 Ϯ 3.2 spikes/s) and for different coherence levels.”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Motion energy analysis.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The results depicted in Figure 4 D clearly favor the termination hypothesis.”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Bounded integration of evidence
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The procedure detected bound crossings for 81.2% of individual trials for the short-duration, no-delay stimuli, 95.2% of short-duration delay trials, and 94.4% of trials for the long-duration stimuli.”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Motion energy analysis.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Both models achieve good fits to the data in Figure 3, although a model comparison favors bounded accumulation (Bayes information criterion, 59.5; Bayes factor, 8.35 ϫ 10 12 ).”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Motion energy analysis.
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Insertion of a delay period reduced this latency by Ͼ50 ms (mean RT, 219.1 Ϯ 0.6 ms; t test, p Ͻ 10 Ϫ8 ), which is similar to the latencies of simple visually guided saccades in our screening trials (220.7 Ϯ 0.8 ms).”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > ).
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When the duration of the stimulus increased, the probability of a correct response improved for all coherence levels (Fig. 3A), but this improvement saturated for moderate stimulus durations.”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Bounded integration of evidence
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The correlation between T bc and RT, and also the difference in buildup rate of activity varied continuously as a function of motion duration.”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Motion energy analysis.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When provided with more information, the monkeys' accuracy improved, but by less than expected for perfect accumulation of evidence (Fig. 3).”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In error trials, the LIP neurons reflected the monkey's choice rather than the direction of random dot motion (Fig. 8 A): the firing rate rose to almost the same level for the T in trials independent of whether the monkey's choice was correct or incorrect.”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Errors are governed by the same mechanism as the correct responses
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“for each motion strength, the rate of rise and the bound-crossing times of LIP neural activity were correlated with the monkey's RT for short-duration trials but not for longer durations or delay trials (Figs. 6, 7).”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Late motion pulses do not bias the monkey's behavior, whereas early pulses do.”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Discussion
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Distribution of the monkey's RT from the motion onset for very short, no-delay trials (motion durations, 80 -150 ms; mean, 100 ms).”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Discussion
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The number of errors was small at the higher motion strengths (e.g., n ϭ 52 for 25.6% coherence), hence the larger confidence interval.”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Discussion
plaincorrelationaln = 52- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The motion pulses caused a significant shift in the psychometric functions for the earlier two quartiles (C, D), but not for the later quartiles (E, F ).”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Discussion
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“An accumulation-to-bound mechanism, in which momentary sensory evidence (furnished by direction-selective neurons) is accumulated over time toward a criterion level or bound, explains the choice and RT functions (Mazurek et al., 2003;Lo and Wang, 2006;Shadlen et al., 2006).”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Mazurek et al., 2003
- Not checked yetcites Lo and Wang, 2006
- Not checked yetcites Shadlen et al., 2006
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In a reaction-time (RT) version of the motion direction discrimination task, subjects are both faster and more accurate for stronger motion stimuli (Link, 1992;Roitman and Shadlen, 2002;Ratcliff and Smith, 2004).”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Link, 1992
- Not checked yetcites Roitman and Shadlen, 2002 source
- Not checked yetcites Ratcliff and Smith, 2004
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The pulse strength and duration were chosen to minimize the number of conditions and to increase the power of the analysis.”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Motion direction discrimination task.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The latency of decision-related activity is at least 100 ms longer than the emergence of directional responses from neurons in areas MT and V1 (Britten et al., 1996;Bair et al., 2002;Osborne et al., 2004), and it exceeds simple saccadic latencies (Carpenter, 1988).”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > A challenge to the role of LIP in the decision process
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Britten et al., 1996
- Not checked yetcites Bair et al., 2002 source
- Not checked yetcites Carpenter, 1988
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is as if for the shorter-duration stimuli the monkey used all the available information, but for the longer durations, the information was used only partially.”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Bounded integration of evidence
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We used a weak pulse strength, well within the variability of the ongoing motion, to avoid a conspicuous event in the trial, which might promote a change in decision strategy.”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Motion direction discrimination task.
hedgedconditionalSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The results do not rest critically on this arbitrary choice.”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Motion energy analysis.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We also used Monte Carlo methods to validate this analysis (Fig. S3, available at www.jneurosci.org as supplemental material).”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Motion energy analysis.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Similar results were obtained without this extension.”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Motion energy analysis.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, faster decisions only affect the measured RT in Figure 6 A. For the other panels, the variation in RT after the Go signal does not reflect the speed of decision formation.”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Neural correlate of bounded integration in short-duration trials
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This is consistent with our hypothesis that the LIP firing rates reflect formation of a decision, which terminates earlier when the buildup is faster.”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Neural correlate of bounded integration in short-duration trials
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, the fitting ensures that the predictions are based on mechanisms that are compatible with the behavioral observations.”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Motion energy analysis.
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“We hypothesize that this diminishing contribution of information to the decision (Luna et al., 2005) is a result of application of a termination rule before the Go signal, and that the termination rule is a bound on the accumulated information.”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Luna et al., 2005
hedgeddirect- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“We used exponentially distributed durations, which prevented monkeys from expecting the end of stimulus and encouraged them to start the decision process as the motion stimulus appeared (Janssen and Shadlen, 2005).”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Janssen and Shadlen, 2005
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“it is possible to arrange leaky neurons in a recurrent network to implement nearly perfect accumulators (Wang, 2002;Major and Tank, 2004;Machens et al., 2005;Cisek, 2006;Ma et al., 2006;Wong and Wang, 2006;Bogacz, 2007).”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Wang, 2002
- Not checked yetcites Major and Tank, 2004
- Not checked yetcites Machens et al., 2005
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This value depends on the choice of bound and the method for smoothing the spike trains, but the sign and significance of the correlation did not depend critically on these assumptions.”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Neural correlate of bounded integration in short-duration trials
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Such temporal alignment of the decision process to an experimentally controlled reference time is necessary to explore when and how the decision process terminates.”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“According to this hypothesis, the monkey commits to one of the choices when the accumulated evidence reaches a criterion level (Link, 1992;Mazurek et al., 2003).”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Link, 1992
- Not checked yetcites Mazurek et al., 2003
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These results suggest that the monkey commits to an error, because the accumulated evidence reaches a bound (in this case, the wrong bound) perhaps because of noise in the stimulus or noise in the neural responses in sensory areas.”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Errors are governed by the same mechanism as the correct responses
hedgedconditionalSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In fact, such a threshold-crossing mechanism together with a recurrent accumulator network (Cisek, 2006;Ma et al., 2006;Wong and Wang, 2006;Bogacz, 2007;Wong et al., 2007) could explain many of the phenomena touched on here.”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cisek, 2006
- Not checked yetcites Ma et al., 2006
- Not checked yetcites Wong and Wang, 2006
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“If the source of evidence changes in a predictable way, for example, later evidence might be more informative.”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“They may be useful for the perception of temporal intervals (Leon and Shadlen, 2003;Janssen and Shadlen, 2005) and contribute to learning.”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Leon and Shadlen, 2003
- Not checked yetcites Janssen and Shadlen, 2005
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Some of these recurrent networks (Wang, 2002;Wong and Wang, 2006) have attractor states that implement a decision termination without an explicit bound, although they too need a mechanism to detect absorption to the attractor state to initiate an action (Kiani et al., 2006;Lo and Wang, 2006).”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Wang, 2002
- Not checked yetcites Wong and Wang, 2006
- Not checked yetcites Kiani et al., 2006
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“For stimulus durations of 2 s in our task, Britten et al. (1992) have shown that individual monkey MT neurons can perform as well as the monkey, provided that the activity of the neuron is averaged over the full stimulus presentation period.”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Britten et al., 1992 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The number of errors was small at the higher motion strengths (e.g., n ϭ 52 for 25.6% coherence), hence the larger confidence interval.”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, the cost in accuracy associated with ignoring available information may be offset by capacities that underlie the very flexibility of thought.”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Rests on an assumption: Cognitive processes, unlike simple behaviors, may be dynamically switched on and off at will.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The stochastic function underlying the stimulus in our task was stationary, not biasing the monkey to any particular period in time.”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“More generally, termination rules allow the brain to cascade states with complex dependencies on each other (Fine et al., 1998;Caspi et al., 2004).”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Fine et al., 1998
- Not checked yetcites Caspi et al., 2004
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Thresholds and accumulation to thresholds seem to be widely used in neural mechanisms, from spiking of individual neurons (Gerstein and Mandelbrot, 1964;Ricciardi, 1977;Shadlen and Newsome, 1994) to higher brain functions.”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Gerstein and Mandelbrot, 1964
- Not checked yetcites Ricciardi, 1977
- Not checked yetcites Shadlen and Newsome, 1994
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In contrast, a nonstationary function, more generally the nonstationarities of the real world, result in periods of time with more reliable evidence than others.”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In trials with long durations, leaky accumulation would render information at the beginning of the trial irrelevant, whereas bounded accumulation would render information at the end of the trial irrelevant.”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Discussion
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The use of a threshold would necessitate mechanisms for detection of threshold crossing.”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Discussion
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In our task, a potential candidate is an interconnected network that includes LIP and the basal ganglia (Lo and Wang, 2006).”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lo and Wang, 2006
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Thresholds are involved in decision making (Laming, 1968;Link and Heath, 1975;Smith, 1988;Ratcliff et al., 1999;Reddi and Carpenter, 2000;Shadlen and Gold, 2004), target selection, and saccade initiation (Hanes and Schall, 1996;Schall and Thompson, 1999).”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Laming, 1968
- Not checked yetcites Link and Heath, 1975
- Not checked yetcites Smith, 1988
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The policy that governs decision time is presumably the setting of the bound on the evidence.”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Discussion
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The bound on evidence establishes the trade-off between accuracy and speed of decisions.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Knowledge of when to start the next process presupposes control over the termination of preceding states.”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Cognitive processes, unlike simple behaviors, may be dynamically switched on and off at will.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“This circuitry can detect the bound crossing in LIP activity and is capable of implementing a flexible bound, which is necessary for adjustable behavior in a complex environment (Link, 1992;Mazurek et al., 2003;Ratcliff and Smith, 2004;Palmer et al., 2005).”
§ Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Link, 1992
- Not checked yetcites Mazurek et al., 2003
- Not checked yetcites Ratcliff and Smith, 2004
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The authors state this as an assumption.
Spiking is a point process.
“Under the assumption that spiking is a point process, the input variance may be estimated by subtracting ϫ mean spike count from the measured variance.”
The paper relies on this without support.
When a behavioral response is solicited by an exogenous cue or instruction, there can be a discrepancy between the time of response and commitment to a choice.
“Second, when a behavioral response is solicited by an exogenous cue or instruction, there can be a discrepancy between the time of response and commitment to a choice.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The stochastic motion stimulus produces a stream of evidence samples that are statistically independent over the time course of the trial.
“The stochastic motion stimulus used in these experiments produces a stream of evidence samples that are statistically independent over the time course of the trial.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The bound height for each neuron is near the level of firing rate that the neuron attains at the end of long-duration stimuli or during the delay period after the stimulus in delay trials.
“according to our hypothesis, it should be near the level of firing rate that a neuron attains at the end of the long-duration stimuli or during the delay period after the stimulus in the delay trials (Mazurek et al., 2003).”
The paper relies on this without support.
At any moment, in any one trial, the stimulus contains motion energy toward or away from the targets.
“at any moment, in any one trial, the stimulus contains motion energy toward or away from the targets.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Behavior is controlled by many neurons, and estimates of bound-crossing times from a single neuron in each trial are highly variable.
“the behavior is undoubtedly controlled by many neurons, and the estimates of bound-crossing times from a single neuron in each trial are highly variable.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Collecting evidence for reaching a decision consumes limited mental resources and retards engagement in other decisions or cognitive functions.
“Collecting evidence for reaching a decision consumes limited mental resources and retards engagement in other decisions or cognitive functions.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The bound on evidence establishes the trade-off between accuracy and speed of decisions.
“This bound establishes the trade off between accuracy and speed of decisions.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Cognitive processes, unlike simple behaviors, may be dynamically switched on and off at will.
“Unlike simple behaviors, which are more or less automatic, cognitive processes may be dynamically switched on and off at will.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Single unit recordings from the lateral intraparietal area (LIP) of the macaque in eye movement versions of this task, suggest the non-decision time includes sensory and motor delays of around 220 ms and 80 ms, respectively15,16.”
From Changes of mind in decision-making (2009) · cites this paper as [16]
In the citing paper
“The decision terminates naturally when there is no more evidence (e.g., when the stimulus duration is short) or when v reaches a critical level or bound.”
From Representation of Confidence Associated with a Decision by Neurons in the Parietal Cortex (2009) · cites this paper as [20]
In the citing paper
“variation in the buildup rate also affects the amount of time it takes to reach a decision (19–21, 37, 38)”
From Representation of Confidence Associated with a Decision by Neurons in the Parietal Cortex (2009) · cites this paper as [20]
In the citing paper
“It explains both the diminishing returns associated with prolonged viewing in our experiment (Fig. S3) (20) and the tradeoff between speed and accuracy in reaction time experiments (13, 39, 40).”
From Representation of Confidence Associated with a Decision by Neurons in the Parietal Cortex (2009) · cites this paper as [20]
In the citing paper
“The mechanism underlying the representation of certainty in LIP is linked to the same evidence accumulation that underlies choice and decision time (17, 20).”
From Representation of Confidence Associated with a Decision by Neurons in the Parietal Cortex (2009) · cites this paper as [20]
In the citing paper
“The present results show that the same neurons that participate in decision formation (20, 55) carry the relevant signals for assigning the probability of obtaining a reward.”
From Representation of Confidence Associated with a Decision by Neurons in the Parietal Cortex (2009) · cites this paper as [20]
In the citing paper
“The dip, observed in other studies 2,12–14, seems to mark the beginning of evidence accumulation.”
From Decision-making with multiple alternatives (2008) · cites this paper as [14]
Citations
Cites
(1966) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 10,293
Ratcliff, R. (1978) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.85.2.59 · Cited by 4,513
The Neural Basis of Decision Making
Gold, J. I., & Shadlen, M. N. (2007) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.29.051605.113038 · Cited by 3,764
Self-citationSpatiotemporal energy models for the perception of motion
Adelson, E. H., & Bergen, J. R. (1985) · Journal of the Optical Society of America A · doi:10.1364/josaa.2.000284 · Cited by 3,442
Spikes: Exploring the Neural Code
Rieke, F. M., Warland, D., van Steveninck, R. R. D. R., & Bialek, W. (1996) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 2,844
The time course of perceptual choice: The leaky, competing accumulator model.
Usher, M., & McClelland, J. L. (2001) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.108.3.550 · Cited by 2,152
(1986) · Cited by 2,022
The analysis of visual motion: a comparison of neuronal and psychophysical performance
Britten, K., Shadlen, M., Newsome, W., & Movshon, J. (1992) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.12-12-04745.1992 · Cited by 1,958
Self-citationDecision field theory: A dynamic-cognitive approach to decision making in an uncertain environment.
Busemeyer, J. R., & Townsend, J. T. (1993) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.100.3.432 · Cited by 1,925
Neural Basis of a Perceptual Decision in the Parietal Cortex (Area LIP) of the Rhesus Monkey
Shadlen, M. N., & Newsome, W. T. (2001) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.2001.86.4.1916 · Cited by 1,755
Self-citation
Research works printed but not linked: 4
- Kim C Myung IJ (1995) Proceedings of the Seventeenth Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society Incorporating real-time random effects in neural networks: a temporal summation mechanism, eds Moore JD Lehman JF (Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ), pp 472–477.
- Movshon, 1988, Spatio-temporal tuning and speed sensitivity in macaque visual cotical neurons, Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 29, 327
- Shadlen MN Gold JI (2004) in The cognitive neurosciences, The neurophysiology of decision-making as a window on cognition, ed Gazzaniga MS (MIT, Cambridge, MA).
- Simon, 1959, Theories of decision-making in economics and behavioral science, Am Econ Rev, 49, 253
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Diffusion decision model: Current issues and history
Ratcliff, R., Smith, P. L., Brown, S. D., & McKoon, G. (2016) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2016.01.007 · Cited by 1,630
“Many studies have established relationships between diffusion models and neurophysiological measures such as single cell recordings in rodents and monkeys [52,88,105,143–148], EEG [42,43,149,150], fMRI [42,43,139,151–155], transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) [156], and transcranial alternating current stimulation…”
BackgroundNeuronal Reward and Decision Signals: From Theories to Data
Schultz, W. (2015) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00023.2014 · Cited by 1,126
Representation of Confidence Associated with a Decision by Neurons in the Parietal Cortex
Kiani, R., & Shadlen, M. N. (2009) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1169405 · Cited by 1,027
Self-citationThe Neurobiology of Decision: Consensus and Controversy
Kable, J. W., & Glimcher, P. W. (2009) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2009.09.003 · Cited by 928
A supramodal accumulation-to-bound signal that determines perceptual decisions in humans
O'Connell, R. G., Dockree, P. M., & Kelly, S. P. (2012) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.3248 · Cited by 755
Metadata
- Authors
- Kiani, R., Hanks, T. D., & Shadlen, M. N.
- Affiliations
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute (US)
- Venue
- The Journal of Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Society for Neuroscience
- Published
- 2008-03-19
- Volume
- 28
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 3017-3029
- ISSN
- 0270-6474 (ISSN-L)
- 1529-2401
- PMC
- PMC6670720
- OpenAlex
- W2063716754
- Semantic Scholar
- 071bd456926e77dcd2c38a5cedf9e696dbb09774
- Cited by
- 500
- References
- 90
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 27 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 36 · 2020: 27 · 2019: 29 · 2018: 34 · 2017: 33 · 2016: 31 · 2015: 32 · 2014: 31 · 2013: 30 · 2012: 37
- FWCI
- 10.33
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute
- National Eye Institute (EY11378, R01EY011378)
- National Center for Research Resources (RR00166, P51RR000166)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Visual perception and processing mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural dynamics and brain function
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- decision-making, evidence accumulation, stimulus duration, direction discrimination, memory leaks
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Behavior, Animal, Choice Behavior, Discrimination, Psychological, Environment, Eye Movements, Macaca mulatta, Male, Motion Perception, Neurons, Parietal Lobe, Reaction Time, Statistics as Topic, Time Factors, Signal Detection, Psychological, Entropy
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-09, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-09 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
