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Distribution Patterns of Tropical Plant Foods as an Evolutionary Stimulus to Primate Mental Development
Abstract
Primates are noted for their mental abilities but the selective basis for such traits has remained obscure. It is hypothesized that the element of predictability associated with the spatial and temporal distribution patterns of plant foods in tropical forests has served to stimulate mental development in primates taking much of their food from the first trophic level. Primates able to remember the locations and phenological patterns of a wide variety of plant foods could move directly to such foods when and where available without wasting time and energy in random search. This would enhance overall foraging success by lowering procurement costs associated with a varied and patchily distributed plant diet. Membership in a cohesive social unit, that utilized the same supplying area over many consecutive generations, would also enhance foraging success by serving to transmit important information about diet to close kin. Data on the foraging behavior of howler and spider monkeys are presented to test certain implications of this hypothesis. Similar selective pressures, but applied to foods from the second trophic level, may have been of critical importance in the mental development of hominids. [primates, evolution, intelligence, plant foods, Aleles, Alouatta]
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“The foraging hypothesis posits that dietary complexity, indexed by field reports of dietary breadth and reliance on fruit (a spatiotemporally distributed resource), was the primary driver of primate cognitive evolution (151-154).”
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“Living in demanding and constantly changing environments may therefore select for individuals with cognitive abilities that enable them to be successful even in variable situations (Milton 1981; Bond et al.”
BackgroundChimpanzees ( Pan troglodytes ) navigate to find hidden fruit in a virtual environment
Allritz, M., Call, J., Schweller, K., McEwen, E. S., de Guinea, M., Janmaat, K. R. L., Menzel, C. R., & Dolins, F. L. (2022) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.abm4754 · Cited by 22
The Evolutionary Rationality of Social Learning
McElreath, R. L., Wallin, A., & Fasolo, B. (2012) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195388435.003.0014 · Cited by 23
Tool use in wild spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi)
Lindshield, S. M., & Rodrigues, M. A. (2009) · Primates · doi:10.1007/s10329-009-0144-3 · Cited by 22
“social system (Chapman 1990), and have slow life history patterns relative to body size (Chapman and Chapman 1990), all of which are thought to be associated with the evolution of cognitive complexity (Milton 1981; Barrett et al. 2003; Aureli et al. 2008).”
BackgroundElevation-related difference in serial reversal learning ability in a nonscatter hoarding passerine
Hermer, E., Cauchoix, M., Chaine, A. S., & Morand‐Ferron, J. (2018) · Behavioral Ecology · doi:10.1093/beheco/ary067 · Cited by 22
“…“harsh environments,” could favor cognitive abilities that help individuals cope with these challenges by enhancing their ability to find food, remember where it is located, or predict its availability (Milton 1981; Sol et al. 2005; Dukas 2009; Pravosudov and Roth 2013; Kozlovsky et al. 2017).”
BackgroundThe Evolution of Cognitive Control in Lemurs
Petrillo, F. D., Nair, P., Cantwell, A., & Rosati, A. G. (2022) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/09567976221082938 · Cited by 22
“Although frugivory diets are generally considered more ecologically complex than folivory diets in primates (DeCasien et al., 2017; Milton, 1981; Rosati, 2017b), other metrics such as caching, niche specialization, or dietary breadth are sometimes used with other species (MacLean et al.”
BackgroundInfluentialMacLeod, C. E. (2012) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-53860-4.00008-8 · Cited by 21
“Larger ranges require enhanced memory capacity to return to fruiting trees that are patchily dispersed in space and time (Milton, 1981).”
BackgroundEcological rationality: Convergent decision-making in apes and capuchins
Petrillo, F. D., & Rosati, A. G. (2019) · Behavioural Processes · doi:10.1016/j.beproc.2019.05.010 · Cited by 25
“Studies of brain evolution also highlight the potential role of feeding ecology on cognition, as species that are frugivorous or extractive foragers tend to have larger brains than folivorous species that depend more on leaves (Clutton‐Brock and Harvey, 1980; DeCasien et al., 2017; Gibson, 1986; MacLean et al., 2009;…”
BackgroundSocial transmission, tradition and culture in primates : from the epiphenomenon to the phenomenon
Thierry, B. (1995) · Techniques & culture · doi:10.4000/tc.554 · Cited by 21
“…the propagation of acquired patterns, learning and cognitive abilities primarily evolved as means to attribute meanings to the world, cope with environmental variations, manage in finding food, face adversaries or cooperate with partners (Humphrey, 1976; Milton, 1981; Cheney & Seyfarth, 1990).”
BackgroundTime-mapping and future-oriented behavior in free-ranging wild fruit bats
Harten, L. M., Chen, X., de Marcas, L., Rachum, A., Handel, M., Goldshtein, A., Levi, M. F., Rosencwaig, S., & Yovel, Y. (2024) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2024.05.046 · Cited by 23
Garber, P. A., Estrada, A., & Pavelka, M. S. M. (2006) · Kluwer Academic Publishers eBooks · doi:10.1007/0-387-25872-8_27 · Cited by 20
Toward a taxonomy of mind in primates
Gallup, G. G. (1988) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00049797 · Cited by 20
Trust-Your-Doctor: A Simple Heuristic in Need of a Proper Social Environment
Wegwarth, O., & Gigerenzer, G. (2012) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195388435.003.0003 · Cited by 20
Todorov, O. S., Blomberg, S. P., Goswami, A., Sears, K. E., Drhlík, P., Peters, J., & Weisbecker, V. (2021) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2021.0394 · Cited by 19
“predation pressure) [7, 11] because of the individual costs of dealing with these 50 pressures.”
BackgroundSimple Heuristics: The Foundations of Adaptive Social Behavior
Hertwig, R., & Hoffrage, U. (2012) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195388435.003.0001 · Cited by 20
Trapanese, C., Robira, B., Tonachella, G., DiGristina, S., Meunier, H., & Masi, S. (2019) · Royal Society Open Science · doi:10.1098/rsos.181722 · Cited by 18
Allometry and evolution of tertiary Hominoids
Blumenberg, B. (1984) · Journal of Human Evolution · doi:10.1016/s0047-2484(84)80018-4 · Cited by 18
de Guinea, M., Estrada, A., Nekaris, K. A. I., & Belle, S. V. (2021) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.242430 · Cited by 19
Arseneau‐Robar, T. J. M., Anderson, K. A., Vasey, E. N., Sicotte, P., & Teichroeb, J. A. (2022) · Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.3389/fevo.2022.775288 · Cited by 18
“For example, studies conducted on various herbivores have found that foraging individuals increase their intake rates as the number of potential competitors present increases (Molvar and Bowyer, 1994; Fritz and de Garine-Wichatitsky, 1996; Shrader et al., 2006).”
BackgroundRobira, B., Benhamou, S., Masi, S., Llaurens, V., & Riotte‐Lambert, L. (2021) · Royal Society Open Science · doi:10.1098/rsos.210809 · Cited by 16
Andrews, M. W. (1988) · Learning and Motivation · doi:10.1016/0023-9690(88)90004-5 · Cited by 17
Primate sociality in evolutionary context
Müller, A. E., & Soligo, C. (2005) · American Journal of Physical Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.20086 · Cited by 17
Metadata
- Authors
- MILTON, K.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Berkeley (US)
- Corresponding author
- MILTON, KATHARINE
- Venue
- American Anthropologist
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 1981-09
- Volume
- 83
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 534-548
- ISSN
- 0002-7294 (ISSN-L)
- 1548-1433
- OpenAlex
- W2113940759
- Cited by
- 501
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 33 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 35 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 39
- FWCI
- 5.86
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Anthropologist (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Primate Behavior and Ecology
- Social Sciences › Cultural Studies › Language and cultural evolution
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Evolutionary Psychology and Human Behavior
- Keywords
- foraging behavior, howler monkeys, spider monkeys, Alouatta, social learning, kin selection, hominin evolution, evolution of intelligence
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