"Race" and the Construction of Human Identity

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

In the mostly patrilineal societies of the Middle East, Africa, and the Mediterranean, the normal person was identified by who his or her father was.

“In all of the mostly patrilineal societies of the Middle East.Africa, and the Mediterranean, the normal person was identified by who his or her father was.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

In recent decades, one response to this dilemma on the part of some African Americans has been Afrocentrism.

“In recent decades, one response to this dilemma on the part of some African Americans has been Afrocentrism (which is not the same as an older version of “Negritude” that black intellectuals had developed earlier in this century).”

May combine two claims.

Men and women of different ethnic groups intermarried frequently, largely because marriage was often used as a political or economic strategy.

“Moreover, men and women of different ethnic groups intermarried frequently, largely because marriage was often used as a political or economic strategy.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Occupation was another important diagnostic of identity in the ancient world.

“Another important diagnostic of identity was occupation.”

May combine two claims.

After the Civil War, although slavery ended, race and racial ideology remained and were strengthened.

“After the Civil War, although slavery ended, race and racial ideology remained and were strengthened.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Afrocentrism seeks to reidentify with the peoples and cultures of Africa and to elevate Africans to a position of esteem by emphasizing valuable aspects of African cultures.

“Afrocentrism seeks to reidentify with the peoples and cultures of Africa and to elevate Africans to a position of esteem by emphasizing valuable aspects of African cultures.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Christians, Jews, and Muslims had lived together in relative amity, and even intermarried, for several hundred years after the Muslim conquests and before the rise of the Christian kingdoms.

“Yet Christians, Jews, and Muslims had lived together in relative amity, and even intermarried, for several hundred years after the Muslim conquests and before the rise of the Christian kingdoms to challenge Muslim power.”

May combine two claims.

English settlers in North America failed to assimilate the peoples whom they conquered and generally kept them at great social distance from themselves.

“English settlers in North America failed to assimilate the peoples whom they conquered; indeed they generally kept them at great length and social distance from themselves (Morgan 1975;Nash 1982).”

• cites Morgan 1975Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Nash 1982Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The term race had been used to refer to humans occasionally since the sixteenth century in English but was rarely used to refer to populations in the slave trade and had no clear meaning until the eighteenth century.

“The term race had been used to refer to humans occasionally since the sixteenth century in the English language but was rarely used to refer to populations in the slave trade.It was a mere classificatory term like kind, type, or even breed, or stock, and it had no clear meaning until the eighteenth century.”

May combine two claims.

Hostilities among different groups were usually neither constant nor the basis on which long-term relationships were established.

“Although some conflicts among different groups have been characteristic from the earliest recorded histories, hostilities were usually neither constant nor the basis on which long-term relationships were established.”

May combine two claims.

There are no racial designations in the literature of the ancients and few references even to such human features as skin color.

“There are no “racial” designations in the literature of the ancients and few references even to such human features as skin color.”

May combine two claims.

The English had a long history of enmity with the Irish and generated out of their hostility an image of savagery that became institutionalized as a major part of public consciousness about the other.

“They had had a long history of enmity with earlier peoples, especially the Irish, on their very borders and had generated out of their hostility with the Irish an image of “savagery” that became institutionalized as a major part of public consciousness about “the other.””

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

In the eighteenth century, a new mode of structuring inequality in human societies evolved in the American colonies and soon was present throughout the overseas territories of the colonizing countries of Western Europe.

“In the eighteenth century this new mode of structuring inequality in human societies evolved in the American colonies and soon was present throughout the overseas territories of the colonizing countries of Western Europe.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

By the mid-eighteenth century, Negroes had been segregated from poor whites in the laws of most colonies and transformed into property as slaves in a state of permanent bondage.

“By the mid-eighteenth century, Negroes had been segregated from poor whites in the laws of most colonies and transformed into property as slaves in a state of permanent bondage.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Interethnic interaction has a long history.

“All of this attests to the fact that interethnic interaction has a long history.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Throughout the period of the early imperial states, numerous groups were in contact with one another, and individuals often traveled from one region to another.

“Throughout much of the period of the early imperial states, numerous groups were in contact with one another, and individuals often traveled from one region to another as traders, warriors, craftsmen, travelers, geographers, teachers, and so forth.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Neither the idea of race nor ideologies associated with race existed before the seventeenth century.

“Historical records show that neither the idea nor ideologies associated with race existed before the seventeenth century.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Race has had a tragic effect on low-status racial minorities and on those who perceive themselves as of mixed race.

“In the United States, race became the main form of human identity, and it has had a tragic effect on low-status “racial” minorities and on those people who perceive themselves as of “mixed race.””

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Race ideology is already beginning to disintegrate as a result of twentieth-century changes.

“It suggests that “race” ideology is already beginning to disintegrate as a result of twentieth-century changes,”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Race emerged as the dominant form of identity in those societies where it functions to stratify the social system.

““Race” emerged as the dominant form of identity in those societies where it functions to stratify the social system.”

May combine two claims.

The 'blood quantum' policy has created numerous frustrating problems for individuals and divisiveness in and among Indian societies.

“This has created numerous frustrating problems for individuals and divisiveness in and among Indian societies.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

There is no relationship between one's culture or lifestyle and one's genes or biological features.

“These advocates fail to realize what anthropologists have long known, that there is no relationship between one's culture or lifestyle and one's genes or biological features.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Those who take the position asserting a common African personality or behavior reflect the degree to which the ideology of race has been implanted in them.

“Those who take the position asserting a common African personality or behavior reflect the degree to which the ideology of “race” has been implanted in them.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The dilemma Indians have faced is that they have never been able to define their own identities.

“But much of the dilemma that Indians have faced is that they have never been able to define their own identities, even though treated (at least superficially) for most of our history as if they were foreign autonomous nations.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Europeans justified their attitude toward human differences by focusing on the physical features of New World populations, magnifying and exaggerating their differences, and concluding that Africans and Indians and their descendants were lesser forms of human beings, and that their inferiority was natural and/or God-given.

“Europeans justified this attitude toward human differences by focusing on the physical features of the New World populations, magnifying and exaggerating their differences, and concluding that the Africans and Indians and their descendants were lesser forms of human beings, and that their inferiority was natural and/or Godgiven.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

African Americans have been conditioned to the same negative beliefs about Africa and Africans as have whites and others, and there is a need to eliminate the self-depreciation and self-hatred that black Americans have experienced with regard to their African ancestry.

“They understand that for too long African Americans have been conditioned to the same negative beliefs about Africa and Africans as have whites and others and that there is a need to eliminate the self-depreciation and self-hatred that black Americans have experienced with regard to their African ancestry.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

In recent decades this has been a particularly acute problem imposed especially on black youth who have been convinced by the media and propagandists of racial differences that the only identity worth having lies in excelling in sports or entertainment.

“In recent decades this has been a particularly acute problem imposed especially on black youth who have been convinced by the media and propagandists of racial differences that the only identity worth having lies in excelling in sports or entertainment*”

May combine two claims.

People of the ancient world understood cultural characteristics to be external and acquired forms of behavior, and that barbarians could learn the language of Romans or Greeks and become participants and even citizens.

“People of the ancient world seemed to have understood that cultural characteristics were external and acquired forms of behavior, and that “barbarians” could learn to speak the language of the Romans or the Greeks and become participants in those cultures, and even citizens of these states.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Race was a form of social identification and stratification that was seemingly grounded in the physical differences of populations interacting in the New World, but whose real meaning rested in social and political realities.

““Race” was a form of social identification and stratification that was seemingly grounded in the physical differences of populations interacting with one another in the New World, but whose real meaning rested in social and political realities.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

When race appeared in human history, it brought about a subtle but powerful transformation in the world's perceptions of human differences.

“When “race” appeared in human history, it brought about a subtle but powerful transformation in the world’s perceptions of human differences.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

The dilemma for the low-status races was, and still is, how to construct a positive identity for themselves in the light of the racial identity imposed on them by the dominant society.

“The dilemma for the low-status races was, and still is, how to construct a positive identity for themselves in the light of the “racial” identity imposed on them by the dominant society.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Many Afrocentrists assume or operate on the premise that all peoples who descended from Africans during the diaspora maintain certain behaviorisms that mark them off from other peoples.

“Many assume or operate on the premise that all peoples who descended from Africans during the diaspora maintain certain behaviorisms that mark them off from other peoples.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In contemporary times, there are more pragmatic and political considerations where being an Indian means sharing in newly generated wealth from oil discoveries in Oklahoma or gambling casino royalties.

“In contemporary times, however, there are more pragmatic and political considerations in those situations where being an Indian means sharing in some of the newly generated wealth from oil discoveries in Oklahoma, or the royalties from gambling casinos now so widespread.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

What Afrocentrism is really intended to do is to restore a sense of pride and dignity to ordinary African Americans, regardless of how whites and others regard their positions.

“However, we also must understand that what Afrocentrism is really intended to do is to restore a sense of pride and dignity to ordinary African Americans, regardless of how whites and others regard their positions.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

As an ideology structuring social, economic, and political inequality, race contradicted developing trends in England and Western European societies that promoted freedom, democracy, equality, and human rights.

“As an ideology structuring social, economic, and political inequality, “race” contradicted developing trends in England and in Western European societies that promoted freedom, democracy, equality, and human rights.”

May combine two claims.

Savagery was an image about human differences that became deeply embedded in English life and thought and provided a foil against which the English constructed their own identity as civilized Englishmen.

““Savagery” was an image about human differences that became deeply embedded in English life and thought and provided a foil against which they constructed their own identity as “civilized” Englishmen.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Race identity took priority over religion, ethnic origin, education and training, socioeconomic class, occupation, language, values, beliefs, morals, lifestyles, geographical location, and all other human attributes that hitherto provided groups and individuals with a sense of who they were.

““Race” identity took priority over religion, ethnic origin, education and training, socioeconomic class, occupation, language, values, beliefs, morals, lifestyles, geographical location, and all other human attributes that hitherto provided all groups and individuals with a sense of who they were.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

The racial worldview, with its emphasis on assumptions of innateness and immutability, makes it possible to interpret all forms of human behavior as hereditary.

“The racial worldview, with its emphasis on assumptions of innateness and immutability, makes it possible to interpret all forms of human behavior as hereditary.”

May combine two claims.

Race developed in the minds of some Europeans as a way to rationalize the conquest and brutal treatment of Native American populations, and especially the retention and perpetuation of slavery for imported Africans.

““Race” developed in the minds of some Europeans as a way to rationalize the conquest and brutal treatment of Native American populations, and especially the retention and perpetuation of slavery for imported Africans.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

The physical markers of race status are always open to interpretation by others.

“But the physical markers of race status are always open to interpretation by others.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

None of us have the cultures of any of our ancestors two centuries ago because all cultures, including American culture, have changed, some of them drastically, during that time.

“None of us have the cultures of any of our ancestors two centuries ago because all cultures, including American culture, have changed, some of them drastically, during that time.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Theodore Allen argues that the invention of the white race took place after Bacon's Rebellion in 1676.

“Theodore Allen (1997) argues that the “invention” of the white race took place after an early, but unsuccessful, colonial revolt of servants and poor freedmen known as Bacon’s Rebellion in 1676.”

• cites Allen 1997Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The myth that biology has some intrinsic connection to culture is a basic tenet of the racial worldview.

“What compounds and complicates matters is another lie that is one of the basic tenets, or constituent components, of the racial worldview: the myth that biology has some intrinsic connection to culture.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

There is no reason why one should learn the cultures of ancestors merely because of some genetic or genealogical connections.

“Moreover, there is no reason why one should learn the cultures of ancestors merely because of some genetic or genealogical connections.”

May combine two claims.

Humans acquire culture; it is learned behavior.

“Humans acquire culture; it is learned behavior.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Edmund Morgan interpreted the actions of the early colonists in establishing racial identities as stemming from the propertied colonists' fear of poor whites and possibly slaves engaging in rebellions together.

“Edmund Morgan (1975) also interpreted the actions of the early colonists in the process of establishing “racial” identities as stemming from the propertied colonists’ fear of poor whites and possibly slaves engaging in rebellions together.”

• cites Morgan 1975Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

The belief in racially determined cultural behavior, despite all evidence to the contrary, is perpetuated in American society by the popular media and as a part of folk wisdom about human differences.

“The belief in racially determined cultural behavior, despite all evidence to the contrary, is perpetuated in American society by the popular media and as a part of folk wisdom about human differences.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Ethnic groups have always existed as clusters of people living in demarcated areas with distinct lifestyles and language features, perceiving themselves as separate societies with distinct social histories.

“Ethnic groups have always existed in the sense that clusters of people living in demarcated areas develop lifestyles and language features that distinguish them from others and they perceive themselves as being separate societies with distinct social histories.”

May combine two claims.

By the mid-nineteenth century virtually all Americans had been conditioned to the arbitrary ranking of the American peoples, and racial ideology had diffused around much of the world, including to colonized peoples of the Third World and among Europeans themselves.

“By the mid-nineteenth century virtually all Americans had been conditioned to this arbitrary ranking of the American peoples, and racial ideology had diffused around much of the world, including to the colonized peoples of the Third World and among Europeans themselves.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

In the ranking system of the racial worldview, Indians were ranked somewhat higher than blacks but much lower than whites.

“(It is important to note that in the ranking system of the racial worldview, Indians were ranked somewhat higher than blacks but much lower than whites.)”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Until the rise of market capitalism, wage labor, the Protestant Ethic, private property, and possessive individualism, kinship connections operated as major indices of identity.

“Until the rise of market capitalism, wage labor, the Protestant Ethic, private property, and possessive individualism, kinship connections also operated as major indices that gave all peoples a sense of who they were.”

May combine two claims.

Scholars who have studied African societies have been aware of the malleability of ethnic identity on that continent; new ethnic groups emerged out of the colonial period, and individuals transformed themselves according to their ethnic or religious milieus.

“Scholars who have studied African societies, especially African history, have also been aware of the malleability of ethnic identity on that continent.New ethnic groups have emerged out of the colonial period, and individuals have been known to transform themselves according to their ethnic orreligious milieus.”

• cites Connah 1987Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Davidson 1991Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

With laws progressively reducing the rights of blacks and Indians, various European groups coalesced into a white racial category whose high-status identity gave them access to wealth, power, opportunity, and privilege.

“With laws progressively continuing to reduce the rights of blacks and Indians, it was not long before the various European groups coalesced into a white “racial” category whose high-status identity gave them access to wealth, power, opportunity, and privilege.”

May combine two claims.

The average African American has about one-quarter of his or her genes from non-African (nonblack) ancestors, although most estimates are likely to be conservative.

“The average African American has about onequarter of his or her genes from non-African (nonblack) ancestors, although most estimates are likely to be conservative (cf.Marks 1995;Reed 1969).”

• cites Marks 1995Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Reed 1969 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

The racial worldview holds that blacks cannot achieve in any intellectual endeavor, and this has so infected our consciousness that even young black children are entrapped in the myth and inhibited from expressing intellectual curiosity.

“The racial worldview holds that blacks cannot achieve in any intellectual endeavor, and this has so infected our consciousness that even young black children are entrapped in the myth and inhibited from expressing intellectual curiosity.10”

• cites [10] 10. Fordham, Signithia, and John U. Ogbu 1986 Black Students' School Success: Coping with the Burden of "Acting White." The Urban Review 18:3. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

In the early twentieth century several generations of black men and women, bruised and weakened by the scorn and contempt of white racism, not only lost hope but many descended into despair.

“In the early twentieth century several generations of black men and women, bruised and weakened by the scorn and contempt of white racism, not only lost hope but many descended into despair.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

As more and more of these peoples either travel to the United States or are encountered by Americans on missions abroad, Americans must deal with their perceptions of these peoples.

“As more and more of these peoples either travel to the United States or are encountered by Americans on missions abroad, Americans must deal with their perceptions of these peoples.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Freed blacks anticipated opportunities to be educated, to obtain jobs, to work hard and make the same advances that whites made.

“Freed blacks anticipated opportunities to be educated, to obtain jobs, to work hard and make the same advances that whites made.”

May combine two claims.

Instead, America excluded black workers from industrial jobs that were the keys to progress and advancement and turned to white immigrants from Europe.

“Instead, America excluded black workers from industrial jobs that were the keys to progress and advancement and turned to white immigrants from Europe.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Many peoples from the southern regions of Saudi Arabia look very much like their neighboring Africans across the Red Sea, having evolved in the same climate and latitude (and having intermingled over eons of time).

“Many peoples from the southern regions of Saudi Arabia look very much like their neighboring Africans across the Red Sea, having evolved in the same climate and latitude (and having intermingled over eons of time).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

No people have suffered more in American society than Native Americans.

“Indeed, no people have suffered more in American society (Pearce 1988).”

• cites Pearce 1988 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Recognizing the reality of the racial worldview and how it developed as a sociocultural reality requires a whole new way of looking at human diversity in all of its many forms.

“Recognizing the reality of the racial worldview and how it developed as a sociocultural reality requires a whole new way of looking at human diversity in all of its many forms.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

To try to maintain racial categories based on physical features in the face of the real world of human biological diversity will be increasingly difficult.

“To try to maintain racial categories based on physical features in the face of the real world of human biological diversity, I suspect, will be increasingly difficult.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Few cultures have not experienced the impact of such massive infusion of new traits.

“Few cultures have not experienced the impact of such massive infusion of new traits.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

The symbols of race identity became the substance.

“The symbols of race identity became the substance.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Native Americans are among the poorest and least educated of our population.

“Similarly, Native Americans are among the poorest and least educated of our population.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

It was not only slavery that robbed African Americans of their identity; far more powerful and telling has been the cruelty of racism.

“It was not only slavery that robbed African Americans of their identity.Far more powerful and telling has been the cruelty of racism.”

May combine two claims.

Throughout the colonial world, complex genetic mixtures among various peoples have taken place; and increasingly Europeans at home are participants in, and products of, new genetic combinations with individuals absorbed into their societies from distant lands.

“Throughout the colonial world, complex genetic mixtures among various peoples have taken place; and increasingly Europeans at home are participants in, and products of, new genetic combinations with individuals absorbed into their societies from distant lands.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Biophysical variations are seen as continuous and gradual, overlapping population boundaries, fluid, and subject to evolutionary changes.

“Biophysical variations are seen as continuous and gradual, overlapping population boundaries, fluid, and subject to evolutionary changes.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

For most of the twentieth century, Native Americans have also suffered from the extremes of alcoholism and diseases such as tuberculosis.

“Formostof the twentieth century, they have also suffered from the extremes of alcoholism and diseases such as tuberculosis.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

There were forms of racial repression, often subtle but experienced as a constant threat to their humanity, that prevented African Americans and Native Americans as free human beings from realizing their potential qualities and gifts and left them dejected and vulnerable to the hedonistic trends within our culture.

“There were forms of racial repression, often subtle but experienced as a constant threat to their humanity, that prevented African Americans and Native Americans as free human beings from realizing their potential qualities and gifts and left them dejected and vulnerable to the hedonistic trends within our culture.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Some filmmakers have documented the heartbreaking stories of black men and women who suffered unbearable discrimination in our nation's industries.

“But some filmmakers have documented the heartbreaking stories of black men and women who suffered unbearable discrimination in our nation's industries.13”

• cites [13] 13. Godolphin, Francis R. B., ed. 1942 The Greek Historians, vols. 1 and 2. New York: Ran- dom House.Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Many minority youth today not only are suffering the consequences of the oppressive and mean-spirited policies of white America, but they are descendants of men and women whose spirits were broken by these practices and who too often turned their pain and frustrations inward.

“Many minority youth today not only are suffering the consequences of the oppressive and mean-spirited policies of white America, but they are descendants of men and women whose spirits were broken by these practices and who too often turned their pain and frustrations inward.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

'Race' has nothing to do with the intrinsic, or potential, qualities of the physically differing populations, but much to do with the allocation of power, privilege, and wealth among them.

“It has nothing to do with the intrinsic, or potential, qualities of the physically differing populations, but much to do with the allocation of power, privilege, and wealth among them.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

They were freed at a time when the United States was transforming itself into a major industrial giant and there were jobs available for anyone willing to work.

“They were freed at a time when the United States was transforming itself into a major industrial giant and there were jobs available for anyone willing to work.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

In the tropics we find indigenous peoples with tan to brown to dark brown skins, and hair that may be frizzly, kinky, curly, or straight.

“In that broad band of the earth called the tropics we find indigenous peoples with tan to brown to dark brown skins, and hair that may be frizzly, kinky, curly, or straight.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

We can liberate ourselves from the need to utilize physical differences in apprehending human identities.

“(2) we can liberate ourselves from the need to utilize physical differences in apprehending human identities;”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

This conceptual separation of actual physical variations within the species from the socially invented characterizations of them represents a major paradigm shift in how many scholars now think about the human experience.

“This conceptual separation of actual physical variations within the species from the socially invented characterizations of them represents a major paradigm shift in how many scholars now think about the human experience.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

The people of the African Diaspora are a biogenetically diverse category of people who have an identity derived from common experiences of exploitation and racism.

“Indeed the people of the African Diaspora are a biogenetically diverse category of people who have an identity derived from common experiences of exploitation and racism.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

They were Americans and saw themselves as participants in the American dream.

“They were Americans and saw themselves as participants in the American dream.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Music and dance became palliatives to the pain of rejection as full human beings; alcohol and drugs were even more effective.

“Music and dance became palliatives to the pain of rejection as full human beings; alcohol and drugs were even more effective.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Others have told the painful stories of the hopelessness suffered by so many on Indian reservations.

“And others have told the painful stories of the hopelessness suffered by so many on Indian reservations.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Freed from the myths of racial determinism, we can now improve our understanding of the true nature of culture and cultural differences and begin to view the processes of cultural change in a more accurate light.

“(3) freed from the myths of racial determinism, we can now improve our understanding of the true nature of culture and cultural differences and begin to view the processes of cultural change in a more accurate light;”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Too many black youth now cling to a fabricated identity whose most obvious characteristic is consumerism.

“Saturated by hype and the glamorizing of sports and entertainment figures who promote superficial style without much substance, too many black youth now cling to a fabricated identity whose most obvious characteristic is consumerism.”