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Decreased synthesis of ribosomal proteins in tauopathy revealed by non-canonical amino acid labelling

Evans, Harrison Tudor, Benetatos, Joseph, van Roijen, Marloes, Bodea, Liviu‐Gabriel, Götz, Jürgen·2019·The EMBO Journal
DOI 10.15252/embj.2018101174PMC PMC6600635
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Figure 1 Establishing conditions of azidohomoalanine (AHA) labelling to examine protein synthesis in mice following intraperitoneal administration Schematic representation of AHA labelling as a tool to identify newly synthesised proteins. De novo synthesised proteins are labelled with AHA at the amino‐terminal and internal methionine residues using the endogenous translational machinery.AHA‐labelled proteins can be covalently bonded through reaction of the azide group (purple) of AHA with the alkyne group (orange) of tags and either visualised using fluorescent non‐canonical amino acid tagging (FUNCAT) or purified using bio‐orthogonal non‐canonical amino acid tagging (BONCAT) for further analysis.FUNCAT visualisation in wild‐type (WT) mice treated for varying time periods with 50 μg AHA per gram body weight (gbw). AHA incorporation can be observed as early as 4‐h post‐injection in the CA1 region of the hippocampus and is still observed 48‐h post‐injection. Western blot analysis of AHA‐labelled proteins purified from whole hemisphere (without the cerebellum) with BONCAT reveals that maximal AHA labelling occurs approximately 16‐h post‐injection (n = 3 mice, one‐way ANOVA, Tukey's multiple comparison test).AHA‐labelled proteins in WT mice treated with ascending concentrations of AHA were visualised using FUNCAT. Scale bar: 40 μm. Western blot of AHA‐labelled proteins purified from whole hemisphere (without the cerebellum) using BONCAT reveals that maximal AHA labelling occurs when mice are administered 50 μg AHA/gbw (n = 3 mice, one‐way ANOVA, Tukey's multiple comparison test).Data information: Mean ± SEM. *P ≤ 0.05, **P ≤ 0.01, ***P ≤ 0.001, ****P ≤ 0.0001. Scale bar: 40 μm.
Figure 1 Establishing conditions of azidohomoalanine (AHA) labelling to examine protein synthesis in mice following intraperitoneal administration Schematic representation of AHA labelling as a tool to identify newly synthesised proteins. De novo synthesised proteins are labelled with AHA at the amino‐terminal and internal methionine residues using the endogenous translational machinery.AHA‐labelled proteins can be covalently bonded through reaction of the azide group (purple) of AHA with the alkyne group (orange) of tags and either visualised using fluorescent non‐canonical amino acid tagging (FUNCAT) or purified using bio‐orthogonal non‐canonical amino acid tagging (BONCAT) for further analysis.FUNCAT visualisation in wild‐type (WT) mice treated for varying time periods with 50 μg AHA per gram body weight (gbw). AHA incorporation can be observed as early as 4‐h post‐injection in the CA1 region of the hippocampus and is still observed 48‐h post‐injection. Western blot analysis of AHA‐labelled proteins purified from whole hemisphere (without the cerebellum) with BONCAT reveals that maximal AHA labelling occurs approximately 16‐h post‐injection (n = 3 mice, one‐way ANOVA, Tukey's multiple comparison test).AHA‐labelled proteins in WT mice treated with ascending concentrations of AHA were visualised using FUNCAT. Scale bar: 40 μm. Western blot of AHA‐labelled proteins purified from whole hemisphere (without the cerebellum) using BONCAT reveals that maximal AHA labelling occurs when mice are administered 50 μg AHA/gbw (n = 3 mice, one‐way ANOVA, Tukey's multiple comparison test).Data information: Mean ± SEM. *P ≤ 0.05, **P ≤ 0.01, ***P ≤ 0.001, ****P ≤ 0.0001. Scale bar: 40 μm.CC BY-NC-ND · PubMed Central
Figure 2 Protein synthesis is decreased in neurons with AT8 tau pathology In 5‐month‐old K3 mice, brain regions analysed by microscopy corresponding to layer 2/3 of the cortex, the CA1 region of the hippocampus and the amygdala, which contain neurons with high levels of AT8‐positivity, show significantly less FUNCAT signal compared with WT brains. In the striatum, where no AT8 immunoreactivity is observed, there is no difference in FUNCAT signal between the two genotypes (two‐way ANOVA, Sidak's multiple comparison test, n = 5 animals, three sections per animal).In layer 2/3 of the cortex of 5‐month‐old K3 mice, the FUNCAT signal negatively correlates with AT8 tau. Neurons with strong AT8 tau pathology and a low FUNCAT signal are indicated by white filled arrows, whereas neurons with low AT8 tau pathology and a high FUNCAT signal are indicated by black filled arrows (Spearman's correlation, ρ = −0.7657, standard error of correlation shown by black dotted line, n = 5 animals, 30 neurons per animal).FUNCAT signal is negatively correlated with AT180 signal in layer 2/3 of the cortex of 5‐month‐old K3 mice. Neurons with high AT180 tau pathology and a low FUNCAT signal are indicated by white filled arrows, whereas neurons with low AT8 tau pathology and a high FUNCAT signal are indicated by black filled arrows (Spearman's correlation, ρ = −0.2744, p standard error of correlation shown by a black dotted line, n = 5 animals, 15 ≤ neurons per animal).FUNCAT and AT8 tau signal are negatively correlated in layer 2/3 cortical neurons of 3‐month‐old rTg4510 mice. Neurons with strong AT8 tau pathology and a low FUNCAT signal are indicated by white filled arrows, whereas neurons with low AT8 tau pathology and a high FUNCAT signal are indicated by black filled arrows (Pearson's correlation, r 2 = 0.5817, standard error of correlation shown by a black dotted line, n = 3 animals, 30 neurons per animal).Data information: Mean ± SEM. *P ≤ 0.05, **P ≤ 0.01, ***P ≤ 0.001. Scale bar: 40 μm.
Figure 2 Protein synthesis is decreased in neurons with AT8 tau pathology In 5‐month‐old K3 mice, brain regions analysed by microscopy corresponding to layer 2/3 of the cortex, the CA1 region of the hippocampus and the amygdala, which contain neurons with high levels of AT8‐positivity, show significantly less FUNCAT signal compared with WT brains. In the striatum, where no AT8 immunoreactivity is observed, there is no difference in FUNCAT signal between the two genotypes (two‐way ANOVA, Sidak's multiple comparison test, n = 5 animals, three sections per animal).In layer 2/3 of the cortex of 5‐month‐old K3 mice, the FUNCAT signal negatively correlates with AT8 tau. Neurons with strong AT8 tau pathology and a low FUNCAT signal are indicated by white filled arrows, whereas neurons with low AT8 tau pathology and a high FUNCAT signal are indicated by black filled arrows (Spearman's correlation, ρ = −0.7657, standard error of correlation shown by black dotted line, n = 5 animals, 30 neurons per animal).FUNCAT signal is negatively correlated with AT180 signal in layer 2/3 of the cortex of 5‐month‐old K3 mice. Neurons with high AT180 tau pathology and a low FUNCAT signal are indicated by white filled arrows, whereas neurons with low AT8 tau pathology and a high FUNCAT signal are indicated by black filled arrows (Spearman's correlation, ρ = −0.2744, p standard error of correlation shown by a black dotted line, n = 5 animals, 15 ≤ neurons per animal).FUNCAT and AT8 tau signal are negatively correlated in layer 2/3 cortical neurons of 3‐month‐old rTg4510 mice. Neurons with strong AT8 tau pathology and a low FUNCAT signal are indicated by white filled arrows, whereas neurons with low AT8 tau pathology and a high FUNCAT signal are indicated by black filled arrows (Pearson's correlation, r 2 = 0.5817, standard error of correlation shown by a black dotted line, n = 3 animals, 30 neurons per animal).Data information: Mean ± SEM. *P ≤ 0.05, **P ≤ 0.01, ***P ≤ 0.001. Scale bar: 40 μm.CC BY-NC-ND · PubMed Central
Figure EV1 HEK293 cells transfected with K369I‐hTau‐EGFP have significantly decreased protein synthesis compared with EGFP or hTau‐EGFP expressing cells After treatment with AHA for 4 h, HEK293 cells transfected with K369I‐hTau (1N4R)‐EGFP showed a significantly lower FUNCAT signal normalised to the EGFP signal than cells transfected with hTau (1N4R)‐EGFP or the EGFP vector alone, suggesting that protein synthesis is decreased in the mutant cells (one‐way ANOVA, Tukey's multiple comparison test, n = 3 replicates). Cells with K369I‐hTau‐EGFP and low FUNCAT signal are indicated by white filled arrows. Data information: Mean ± SEM. **P ≤ 0.01, ***P ≤ 0.001. Scale bar: 40 μm.
Figure EV1 HEK293 cells transfected with K369I‐hTau‐EGFP have significantly decreased protein synthesis compared with EGFP or hTau‐EGFP expressing cells After treatment with AHA for 4 h, HEK293 cells transfected with K369I‐hTau (1N4R)‐EGFP showed a significantly lower FUNCAT signal normalised to the EGFP signal than cells transfected with hTau (1N4R)‐EGFP or the EGFP vector alone, suggesting that protein synthesis is decreased in the mutant cells (one‐way ANOVA, Tukey's multiple comparison test, n = 3 replicates). Cells with K369I‐hTau‐EGFP and low FUNCAT signal are indicated by white filled arrows. Data information: Mean ± SEM. **P ≤ 0.01, ***P ≤ 0.001. Scale bar: 40 μm.CC BY-NC-ND · PubMed Central
Figure 3 Alteration of specific cellular pathways revealed by quantitative de novo proteomics analysis of K3 mice Relative abundance of de novo synthesised proteins in 5‐month‐old K3 and WT mice. 762 proteins were quantified using SWATH‐MS across 5 K3 and 5 WT samples. The fold‐change was calculated for individual proteins by comparing the relative protein abundance in K3 vs. WT mice. Proteins displaying significantly increased synthesis in K3 mice (fold‐change > 1, P ≤ 0.05) are shown in red, whereas those exhibiting significantly decreased synthesis (fold‐change < 1, P ≤ 0.05) are shown in blue. Candidate proteins are encircled in green.Gene ontology (GO) analysis of proteins which were significantly altered in synthesis in K3 mice. GO analyses were performed separately for proteins exhibiting significantly increased or decreased synthesis in K3 mice using the STRING database. The 5 biological functions identified with the lowest false discovery rates (FDR) are displayed.STRING network analysis of proteins with significantly altered synthesis in K3 mice. Only interactions with a STRING score ≥ 0.7 are shown. Evidence of interaction is represented by the distance between nodes, with more tightly packed nodes having a higher STRING score. Proteins that did not display interactions are not shown. Node size and colour are linearly related to fold‐change. The microtubule, endocytosis, mitochondrial and ribosomal clusters contain tightly packed nodes and are depicted magnified in the inserts.
Figure 3 Alteration of specific cellular pathways revealed by quantitative de novo proteomics analysis of K3 mice Relative abundance of de novo synthesised proteins in 5‐month‐old K3 and WT mice. 762 proteins were quantified using SWATH‐MS across 5 K3 and 5 WT samples. The fold‐change was calculated for individual proteins by comparing the relative protein abundance in K3 vs. WT mice. Proteins displaying significantly increased synthesis in K3 mice (fold‐change > 1, P ≤ 0.05) are shown in red, whereas those exhibiting significantly decreased synthesis (fold‐change < 1, P ≤ 0.05) are shown in blue. Candidate proteins are encircled in green.Gene ontology (GO) analysis of proteins which were significantly altered in synthesis in K3 mice. GO analyses were performed separately for proteins exhibiting significantly increased or decreased synthesis in K3 mice using the STRING database. The 5 biological functions identified with the lowest false discovery rates (FDR) are displayed.STRING network analysis of proteins with significantly altered synthesis in K3 mice. Only interactions with a STRING score ≥ 0.7 are shown. Evidence of interaction is represented by the distance between nodes, with more tightly packed nodes having a higher STRING score. Proteins that did not display interactions are not shown. Node size and colour are linearly related to fold‐change. The microtubule, endocytosis, mitochondrial and ribosomal clusters contain tightly packed nodes and are depicted magnified in the inserts.CC BY-NC-ND · PubMed Central
Figure EV2 Heatmap and STRING analysis of the de novo proteome reveals alterations in protein synthesis between K3 and WT mice Heatmap of the relative abundance in individual samples of 247 proteins that are significantly altered in synthesis in K3 mice compared with WT controls. Clustering analysis using average linkage shows that K3 and WT samples cluster separately.The average fold‐change in the synthesis of ribosomal proteins in K3 mice compared with WT mapped onto a surface representation of the structure of the ribosome complex (PDB: 3J7R). Proteins showing significantly decreased synthesis (fold‐change < 1, P ≤ 0.05) in K3 mice (RPL23, RPLP0, RPL19 & RPS16) are represented in dark blue (Student's t‐test, n = 5 animals).Network analysis of all de novo synthesised proteins identified in SWATH‐MS analysis. Interactions between proteins (nodes) were examined using the STRING database, with only interactions with a STRING score ≥ 0.7 being shown. Evidence of interaction is represented by the distance between nodes, with more tightly packed nodes having a higher STRING score. Proteins not displaying interactions are not shown. Proteins that showed significantly altered synthesis in K3 mice compared with WT controls (P ≤ 0.05) are shown by large nodes. The node colour is linearly related to the fold‐change. The ribosomal node is detailed in the magnification.Data information: Mean ± SEM. *P ≤ 0.05, **P ≤ 0.01.
Figure EV2 Heatmap and STRING analysis of the de novo proteome reveals alterations in protein synthesis between K3 and WT mice Heatmap of the relative abundance in individual samples of 247 proteins that are significantly altered in synthesis in K3 mice compared with WT controls. Clustering analysis using average linkage shows that K3 and WT samples cluster separately.The average fold‐change in the synthesis of ribosomal proteins in K3 mice compared with WT mapped onto a surface representation of the structure of the ribosome complex (PDB: 3J7R). Proteins showing significantly decreased synthesis (fold‐change < 1, P ≤ 0.05) in K3 mice (RPL23, RPLP0, RPL19 & RPS16) are represented in dark blue (Student's t‐test, n = 5 animals).Network analysis of all de novo synthesised proteins identified in SWATH‐MS analysis. Interactions between proteins (nodes) were examined using the STRING database, with only interactions with a STRING score ≥ 0.7 being shown. Evidence of interaction is represented by the distance between nodes, with more tightly packed nodes having a higher STRING score. Proteins not displaying interactions are not shown. Proteins that showed significantly altered synthesis in K3 mice compared with WT controls (P ≤ 0.05) are shown by large nodes. The node colour is linearly related to the fold‐change. The ribosomal node is detailed in the magnification.Data information: Mean ± SEM. *P ≤ 0.05, **P ≤ 0.01.CC BY-NC-ND · PubMed Central
Figure 4 The synthesis of select ribosomal subunits is decreased in an age‐dependent manner in K3 mice Western blot analysis of de novo synthesised proteins demonstrates age‐dependent alterations in protein synthesis in K3 mice compared with WT controls. AHA‐labelled proteins from 2‐ and 5‐month‐old K3 and WT mice were purified using BONCAT and probed by Western blotting (BONCAT‐WB). The synthesis of ribosomal proteins RPLP0, RPL19 and RPS16, as well as histone H3, was found to be significantly decreased in K3 mice, whereas that of histone H4 was increased and that of synapsin I was unaltered (two‐way ANOVA, Sidak's multiple comparison test, n = 3 animals).Schematic representation of the FUNCAT‐PLA (proximity ligation assay) technique, showing that newly synthesised, AHA‐labelled RPL23 is biotinylated using DIBO‐biotin and subsequently co‐labelled with anti‐biotin and anti‐RPL23 primary antibodies. Co‐labelling is then detected using PLA antibodies, which results in a fluorescent signal when the two targets are in close proximity (i.e. < 40 nm apart).Synthesis of RPL23 in K3 mice is decreased in an age‐dependent manner. Compared to WT mice, significantly lower numbers of RPL23 FUNCAT‐PLA punctae are detected in layer 2/3 cortical neurons of K3 mice at both 2 and 5 months of age (two‐way ANOVA, Sidak's multiple comparison test, n = 3 animals).Data information: Mean ± SEM. *P ≤ 0.05, **P ≤ 0.01, ***P ≤ 0.001, ****P ≤ 0.0001. Scale bar: 40 μm.Source data are available online for this figure.
Figure 4 The synthesis of select ribosomal subunits is decreased in an age‐dependent manner in K3 mice Western blot analysis of de novo synthesised proteins demonstrates age‐dependent alterations in protein synthesis in K3 mice compared with WT controls. AHA‐labelled proteins from 2‐ and 5‐month‐old K3 and WT mice were purified using BONCAT and probed by Western blotting (BONCAT‐WB). The synthesis of ribosomal proteins RPLP0, RPL19 and RPS16, as well as histone H3, was found to be significantly decreased in K3 mice, whereas that of histone H4 was increased and that of synapsin I was unaltered (two‐way ANOVA, Sidak's multiple comparison test, n = 3 animals).Schematic representation of the FUNCAT‐PLA (proximity ligation assay) technique, showing that newly synthesised, AHA‐labelled RPL23 is biotinylated using DIBO‐biotin and subsequently co‐labelled with anti‐biotin and anti‐RPL23 primary antibodies. Co‐labelling is then detected using PLA antibodies, which results in a fluorescent signal when the two targets are in close proximity (i.e. < 40 nm apart).Synthesis of RPL23 in K3 mice is decreased in an age‐dependent manner. Compared to WT mice, significantly lower numbers of RPL23 FUNCAT‐PLA punctae are detected in layer 2/3 cortical neurons of K3 mice at both 2 and 5 months of age (two‐way ANOVA, Sidak's multiple comparison test, n = 3 animals).Data information: Mean ± SEM. *P ≤ 0.05, **P ≤ 0.01, ***P ≤ 0.001, ****P ≤ 0.0001. Scale bar: 40 μm.Source data are available online for this figure.CC BY-NC-ND · PubMed Central
Figure 5 The total abundance of RPL23 and histone H4 is altered in K3 mice and human FTD brains The total abundance of RPL23 is decreased in K3 mice compared with WT controls at both 2 and 5 months of age. RPL23, FUNCAT and MAP2 signal intensities are decreased in layer 2/3 cortical neurons of K3 mice in an age‐dependent manner (two‐way ANOVA, Sidak's multiple comparison test, n = 3 animals).Histone H4 levels are increased in layer 2/3 of the cortex of K3 compared with WT mice at 5 months of age. This difference is not observed at 2 months of age (two‐way ANOVA, Sidak's multiple comparison test, n = 3 animals).Levels of RPL23 are significantly decreased in neurons from the superior frontal cortex of human FTD brains compared with healthy controls. This decrease correlates with AT8 tau (Spearman's correlation, ρ = −0.4681, standard error of correlation represented by black dots, Student's t‐test, n > 3, ≥ 15 neurons per sample).Histone H4 levels are significantly increased in neurons from the superior frontal cortex of human FTD brains compared with healthy controls (Student's t‐test, n = 3, ≥ 15 neurons per sample). This increase is not correlated with AT8 (Pearson's correlation r 2 = 0.0063, standard error of correlation represented by black dots).Data information: Mean ± SEM. **P ≤ 0.01, ***P ≤ 0.001, ****P ≤ 0.0001. Scale bar: 40 μm.
Figure 5 The total abundance of RPL23 and histone H4 is altered in K3 mice and human FTD brains The total abundance of RPL23 is decreased in K3 mice compared with WT controls at both 2 and 5 months of age. RPL23, FUNCAT and MAP2 signal intensities are decreased in layer 2/3 cortical neurons of K3 mice in an age‐dependent manner (two‐way ANOVA, Sidak's multiple comparison test, n = 3 animals).Histone H4 levels are increased in layer 2/3 of the cortex of K3 compared with WT mice at 5 months of age. This difference is not observed at 2 months of age (two‐way ANOVA, Sidak's multiple comparison test, n = 3 animals).Levels of RPL23 are significantly decreased in neurons from the superior frontal cortex of human FTD brains compared with healthy controls. This decrease correlates with AT8 tau (Spearman's correlation, ρ = −0.4681, standard error of correlation represented by black dots, Student's t‐test, n > 3, ≥ 15 neurons per sample).Histone H4 levels are significantly increased in neurons from the superior frontal cortex of human FTD brains compared with healthy controls (Student's t‐test, n = 3, ≥ 15 neurons per sample). This increase is not correlated with AT8 (Pearson's correlation r 2 = 0.0063, standard error of correlation represented by black dots).Data information: Mean ± SEM. **P ≤ 0.01, ***P ≤ 0.001, ****P ≤ 0.0001. Scale bar: 40 μm.CC BY-NC-ND · PubMed Central
Figure EV3 The synthesis of selected ribosomal subunits is decreased in rTg4510 Western blot analysis of de novo synthesised proteins reveals altered protein synthesis in rTg4510 mice compared with WT controls. AHA‐labelled proteins from rTg4510 and WT mice were purified using BONCAT and probed via Western blotting. The synthesis of the ribosomal proteins RPLP0, RPL19 and RPS16, as well as histone H3, was significantly decreased in rTg4510 mice, whereas that of histone H4 was increased, and that of synapsin I was unaltered (Student's t‐test, n = 3 animals).Synthesis of RPL23 is decreased in rTg4510 mice. Compared to WT mice, significantly lower numbers of RPL23 FUNCAT‐PLA punctae are detected in layer 2/3 cortical neurons of rTg4510 mice (Student's t‐test, n = 3 animals). A PBS‐treated WT control is also shown as a negative control.Data information: Mean ± SEM. *P ≤ 0.05, **P ≤ 0.01, ****P ≤ 0.0001. Scale bar: 40 μm.Source data are available online for this figure.
Figure EV3 The synthesis of selected ribosomal subunits is decreased in rTg4510 Western blot analysis of de novo synthesised proteins reveals altered protein synthesis in rTg4510 mice compared with WT controls. AHA‐labelled proteins from rTg4510 and WT mice were purified using BONCAT and probed via Western blotting. The synthesis of the ribosomal proteins RPLP0, RPL19 and RPS16, as well as histone H3, was significantly decreased in rTg4510 mice, whereas that of histone H4 was increased, and that of synapsin I was unaltered (Student's t‐test, n = 3 animals).Synthesis of RPL23 is decreased in rTg4510 mice. Compared to WT mice, significantly lower numbers of RPL23 FUNCAT‐PLA punctae are detected in layer 2/3 cortical neurons of rTg4510 mice (Student's t‐test, n = 3 animals). A PBS‐treated WT control is also shown as a negative control.Data information: Mean ± SEM. *P ≤ 0.05, **P ≤ 0.01, ****P ≤ 0.0001. Scale bar: 40 μm.Source data are available online for this figure.CC BY-NC-ND · PubMed Central
Figure EV4 Total abundance of RPL23 and histone H4 is altered in K3 and rTg4510 mice RPL23 levels are negatively correlated with AT8 phospho‐tau in the cortex of 5‐month‐old K3 mice (Pearson's correlation, r 2 = 0.4662, standard error of correlation represented by dotted black lines, n = 3 animals, ≥ 30 neurons per animal). AT8‐positive neurons were not detected in 2‐month‐old K3 mice.The average area of regions of interest drawn around individual neurons using MAP2 labelling does not differ between K3 and WT mice (two‐way ANOVA, Sidak's multiple comparison test, n = 3 animals, ≥ 30 neurons per animal).The total abundance of RPL23 is decreased in rTg4510 mice compared with WT controls (Student's t‐test, n = 3 animals).Histone H4 levels are increased in layer 2/3 of the cortex of rTg4510 mice compared with WT mice (Student's t‐test, n = 3 animals).Data information: Mean ± SEM. *P ≤ 0.05, **P ≤ 0.01. Scale bar: 40 μm.
Figure EV4 Total abundance of RPL23 and histone H4 is altered in K3 and rTg4510 mice RPL23 levels are negatively correlated with AT8 phospho‐tau in the cortex of 5‐month‐old K3 mice (Pearson's correlation, r 2 = 0.4662, standard error of correlation represented by dotted black lines, n = 3 animals, ≥ 30 neurons per animal). AT8‐positive neurons were not detected in 2‐month‐old K3 mice.The average area of regions of interest drawn around individual neurons using MAP2 labelling does not differ between K3 and WT mice (two‐way ANOVA, Sidak's multiple comparison test, n = 3 animals, ≥ 30 neurons per animal).The total abundance of RPL23 is decreased in rTg4510 mice compared with WT controls (Student's t‐test, n = 3 animals).Histone H4 levels are increased in layer 2/3 of the cortex of rTg4510 mice compared with WT mice (Student's t‐test, n = 3 animals).Data information: Mean ± SEM. *P ≤ 0.05, **P ≤ 0.01. Scale bar: 40 μm.CC BY-NC-ND · PubMed Central

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Cited by

See all 118

Metadata

Authors
Evans, H. T., Benetatos, J., van Roijen, M., Bodea, L., & Götz, J.
ORCID
Venue
The EMBO Journal
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2019-05-22
Volume
38
Issue
13
ISSN
  • 0261-4189
  • 1460-2075
DOI
10.15252/embj.2018101174
PMC
PMC6600635
Cited by
118
References
8
Language
en
Licence
Funders
  • Department of Education and Training | Australian Research Council (DP160103812)
  • Federal Government of Australia (ACT900116)
  • National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism of the National Institutes of Health (R28AA012725)
  • Department of Health | National Health and Medical Research Council (GNT1127999)

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

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Data sources

Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.

Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).

Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.