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Cited by 115Pregnancy and Medication ImpactThyroid Disorders and TreatmentsPharmacological Effects and Toxicity Studies

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 46 of the 46 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

THERAPY OF ENDOCRINE DISEASE: Antithyroid drug use in early pregnancy and birth defects: time windows of relative safety and high risk?

Open access
Laurberg, Peter, Andersen, Stine Linding·2014·European Journal of Endocrinology
DOI 10.1530/eje-14-0135
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Abstract

Background: Antithyroid drugs (ATDs) may have teratogenic effects when used in early pregnancy. Objective: To review the association between the time period of ATD exposure in early pregnancy and the development of birth defects. Methods: We identified publications on birth defects after early pregnancy exposure to the ATDs methimazole (MMI; and its prodrug carbimazole (CMZ)) and propylthiouracil (PTU). Cases of birth defects after ATD treatment had been initiated or terminated within the first 10 weeks of pregnancy were identified and studied in detail. Results: A total of 92 publications were read in detail. Two recent large controlled studies showed ATD-associated birth defects in 2–3% of exposed children, and MMI/CMZ-associated defects were often severe. Out of the total number of publications, 17 included cases of birth defects with early pregnancy stop/start of ATD treatment, and these cases suggested that the high risk was confined to gestational weeks 6–10, which is the major period of organogenesis. Thus, the cases reported suggest that the risk of birth defects could be minimized if pregnant women terminate ATD intake before gestational week 6. Conclusion: Both MMI and PTU use in early pregnancy may lead to birth defects in 2–3% of the exposed children. MMI-associated defects are often severe. Proposals are given on how to minimize the risk of birth defects in fertile women treated for hyperthyroidism with ATDs.

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Crossref · 10.1530/eje-14-0135

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Citations

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Show all 46 references

Research works printed but not linked: 5

  1. 2005, American journal of medical genetics. Part A, 132, 130
  2. D ez-Delgado Rubio, 1999, Anales espa oles de pediatr a, 51, 290
  3. Rodr guez-Garc a, 1999, Ginecolog a y obstetricia de M xico, 67, 587
  4. 2008, American journal of medical genetics. Part A, 146, 2390
  5. Momotani, 1992, Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 75, 738, 10.1210/jc.75.3.738 · DOI

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Metadata

Authors
Laurberg, P., & Andersen, S. L.
Affiliations
Aalborg University Hospital (DK)
Corresponding author
Laurberg, Peter
ORCID
Andersen, Stine Linding
Venue
European Journal of Endocrinology
Publisher
Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published
2014-07
Volume
171
Issue
1
Pages
R13-R20
ISSN
  • 0804-4643 (ISSN-L)
  • 1479-683X
DOI
10.1530/eje-14-0135
OpenAlex
W2078098699
Cited by
115
References
46
Citations by year
2026: 3 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 6
FWCI
2.23
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
other-oa
Locations
  • European Journal of Endocrinology (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • VBN Forskningsportal (Aalborg Universitet) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Pregnancy and Medication Impact
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Thyroid Disorders and Treatments
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Pharmacological Effects and Toxicity Studies
Keywords
antithyroid drugs, teratogenicity, congenital malformations, early pregnancy, methimazole, carbimazole, propylthiouracil, gestational age, hyperthyroidism in pregnancy, organogenesis, drug safety in pregnancy
MeSH terms
Congenital Abnormalities, Carbimazole, Endocrine System Diseases, Female, Humans, Male, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Complications, Propylthiouracil, Antithyroid Agents

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