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Does early administration of thyroxine reduce the development of Graves' ophthalmopathy after radioiodine treatment?
Abstract
Tallstedt L, Lundell G, Blomgren H, Bring J. Does early administration of thyroxine reduce the development of Graves' ophthalmopathy after radioiodine treatment? Eur J Endocrinol 1994:130: 494–7. ISSN 0804–4643 The roles of thyroid hormones and thryotropin (TSH) in the development of Graves' ophthalmopathy are not clear. Some studies suggest a protective effect of thyroid hormones on experimental exophthalmos and an adverse effect of increased TSH levels. In September 1988 we introduced early thyroxine (T 4) administration after 131 I therapy for hyperthyroidism caused by Graves' disease. We carried out a retrospective study of records from all patients with this disease treated with 131 I for 4 years. During the first 2 years 248 patients were treated (group A). They received T 4 when the serum concentration of TSH and/or T 4 indicated hypothyroidism. During the next 2 years 244 patients were treated (group B). They were all given 0.05 mg of T 4 daily, starting 2 weeks after therapy, and 0.1 mg after a further 2 weeks. With a follow-up of 18 months, 45 patients (18%) in group A and 27 patients (11%) in group B developed or deteriorated in an already present ophthalmopathy (p = 0.03, relative risk = 1.64, 95% confidence interval = 1.05–2.55). Twenty-six patients in group A required specific therapy for the ophthalmopathy (e.g. antithyroid drugs, steroids, etc.) compared to 11 patients in group B (p = 0.02, relative risk = 2.33; 95% confidence interval = 1.18–4.60). Our results suggest that early administration of T 4 after 131 I therapy reduces the occurrence of Graves' ophthalmopathy. L Tallstedt, Department of Ophthalmology, Huddinge University Hospital, S-146 81 Huddinge, Sweden
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“for GO are listed in Table 15, and the most pertinent ones to this discussion are RAI therapy for hyperthyroidism (531,532), untreated hyperthyroidism, smoking, high serum pretreatment TRAb levels (normal <1.75 IU/L, high risk for progression if >8.8 IU/L) (533), and any delay in treating hypothyroidism after therapy for hyperthyroidism (106,534).”
From 2016 American Thyroid Association Guidelines for Diagnosis and Management of Hyperthyroidism and Other Causes of Thyrotoxicosis (2016) · cites this paper as [534]
In the citing paper
“Subsequently, two cohort studies in which patients received levothyroxine therapy early after RAI with the specific intent of preventing hypothyroidism noted that deterioration of GO rarely occurred (0%-2%) (534,536).”
From 2016 American Thyroid Association Guidelines for Diagnosis and Management of Hyperthyroidism and Other Causes of Thyrotoxicosis (2016) · cites this paper as [534]
In the citing paper
“High pretreatment levels of T 3 and T 4 were each reported to have a predictive role in GO, but these conclusions were not validated by subsequent studies (69,106,532,534), suggesting the possibility of higher TRAb values measured on less sensitive assays early-on being partly responsible for this variation.”
From 2016 American Thyroid Association Guidelines for Diagnosis and Management of Hyperthyroidism and Other Causes of Thyrotoxicosis (2016) · cites this paper as [534]
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“Subsequently, two cohort studies in which patients received levothyroxine therapy early after RAI with the specific intent of preventing hypothyroidism noted that deterioration of GO rarely occurred (0%–2%) (534,536).”
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“Subsequently, two cohort studies in which patients received levothyroxine therapy early after radioactive iodine with the specific intent of preventing hypothyroidism noted that deterioration of GO rarely occurred (0%-2%) (321,323).”
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BackgroundConsensus statement of the European Group on Graves' orbitopathy (EUGOGO) on management of GO
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“(GCs) after radioiodine (25, 27), and avoiding posttreatment hypothyroidism (32).”
Bartalena, L., & Tanda, M. L. (2009) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmcp0806317 · Cited by 341
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“It was later demonstrated in a retrospective analysis that early administration of L-thyroxine reduced the occurrence of TAO (8).”
BackgroundSelf-citationManagement of Graves' Ophthalmopathy: Reality and Perspectives
Bartalena, L. (2000) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/er.21.2.168 · Cited by 257
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Self-citationPathogenesis of thyroid eye disease: review and update on molecular mechanisms
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“8 9 – 11 17 Recent advances in transcriptomics and proteomics have brought new insights into the molecular basis of TO.”
Risk Factors for Development or Deterioration of Graves' Ophthalmopathy
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“One group studied the early initiation of levothyroxine (at 2 week after the treatment) to avoid hypothyroidism, comparing GO outcome in that group with their historical cohort of patients who did not receive levothroxine until they were documented to be hypothyroid (permissive hypothyroidism) (38).”
Natural history of thyroid associated ophthalmopathy
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“Two cohort studies in which the patients received levothyroxine therapy soon after radioactive iodine with the specific intent of preventing hypothyroidism found that deterioration of GO was rare (0-2%) (71, 72).”
BackgroundRisk Factors for Developing Thyroid-Associated Ophthalmopathy Among Individuals With Graves Disease
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“The dose of T4 was 50 g daily if on a titrating dose of antithyroid drugs as described (3); patients on high-dose antithyroid drugs and T4 before radioiodine were commenced on the same dose of T4 because our previous experience using 50 g of T4 in such cases indicated that 50 g was inadequate.”
BackgroundThyroid dermopathy and acropachy
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“Indeed, Tallstedt et al. (1994) have shown that early administration ofLthyroxine after radioiodine therapy reduces radiation-associated progression of Graves’ disease.”
BackgroundSpontaneous Improvement of Untreated Mild Graves' Ophthalmopathy: Rundle's Curve Revisited
Menconi, F., Profilo, M. A., Leo, M., Sisti, E., Altea, M. A., Rocchi, R., Latrofa, F., Nardi, M., Vitti, P., Marcocci, C., et al. (2013) · Thyroid · doi:10.1089/thy.2013.0240 · Cited by 111
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Self-citationThe Dilemma of How to Manage Graves' Hyperthyroidism in Patients with Associated Orbitopathy
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Graves’ Orbitopathy Activation after Radioactive Iodine Therapy with and without Steroid Prophylaxis
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“Another important factor, which can contribute to the risk of GO activation after RAI, has been shown to be untreated hypothyroidism after RAI (13), although in a recent study Perros et al.”
BackgroundManagement of Graves' ophthalmopathy
Wiersinga, W. M. (2007) · Nature Clinical Practice Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1038/ncpendmet0497 · Cited by 93
“because treatment of postradioiodine hypothyroidism was delayed; subsequent studie”
BackgroundThe Evaluation and Treatment of Graves Ophthalmopathy
Stan, M. N., Garrity, J. A., & Bahn, R. S. (2012) · Medical Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.mcna.2012.01.014 · Cited by 92
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“Interestingly, progression of the ophthalmopathy after radioiodine treatment is much less common if hypothyroidism is corrected promptly than if initiation of L-thyroxine replacement is delayed, leaving the patient hypothyroid for a variable period of time ( 35 ).”
BackgroundPreventing Graves' Ophthalmopathy
Wiersinga, W. M. (1998) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199801083380209 · Cited by 81
Surgical Treatment of Hyperthyroidism: A Ten-Year Experience
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“…therapy has been identified as a potential contributor to GO, it has been suggested that the initiation of levothyroxine (LT4) replacement therapy should begin at a low dose as early as 2 weeks after RAI treatment, with frequent monitoring and dose adjustment as needed to maintain euthyroidism (5).”
InfluentialThe Tale of Radioiodine and Graves' Orbitopathy
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“It was later demonstrated in a retrospective analysis of 492 subjects with GD that early administration of L-T4 reduced the occurrence of GO (30).”
Shiber, S., Stiebel‐Kalish, H., Shimon, I., Grossman, A., & Robenshtok, E. (2014) · Thyroid · doi:10.1089/thy.2014.0218 · Cited by 75
Graves' Orbitopathy: Imperfect Treatments for a Rare Disease
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Predicting outcomes and complications following radioiodine therapy in Graves’ thyrotoxicosis
Aung, E. T., Zammitt, N. N., Dover, A. R., Strachan, M. W. J., Seckl, J. R., & Gibb, F. W. (2018) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1111/cen.13873 · Cited by 69
Radioiodine and the Immune System
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“Of course, this treatment has a long history, and there are both positive and negative data already published on the utility of thyroid ablation (12-14).”
Bartalena, L., Masiello, E., Magri, F., Veronesi, G., Bianconi, E., Zerbini, F., Gaiti, M., Spreafico, E., Gallo, D., Premoli, P., et al. (2016) · Journal of Endocrinological Investigation · doi:10.1007/s40618-016-0516-7 · Cited by 66
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“Severity of hyperthyroidism [21], late correction of postRAI hypothyroidism [23, 24], and probably, but not certainly, high TRAb concentrations [25–27] and its rise after RAI therapy [17] may also be relevant risk cofactors.”
BackgroundThyroid-associated ophthalmopathy: pathogenesis and clinical management
Perros, P., & Kendall‐Taylor, P. (1995) · Baillière s Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1016/s0950-351x(95)80867-1 · Cited by 51
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“Early administration of levothyroxine after RAI therapy reduces the occurrence of GO [20].”
BackgroundAN EVIDENCE-BASED APPROACH TO THE TREATMENT OF GRAVES' OPHTHALMOPATHY
Wiersinga, W. M., & Prummel, M. F. (2000) · Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/s0889-8529(05)70133-x · Cited by 48
Razvi, S., Vaidya, B., Perros, P., & Pearce, S. H. S. (2006) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje.1.02169 · Cited by 47
Radioiodine Treatment, Ablation, and Ophthalmopathy: A Balanced Perspective
Tallstedt, L., & Lundell, G. E. F. (1997) · Thyroid · doi:10.1089/thy.1997.7.241 · Cited by 46
“The effect of this change in therapy on the development of ophthal¬ mopathy or deterioration of present ophthalmopathy has been evaluated retrospectively (13).”
Self-citationThyroid Eye Disease: Towards an Evidence Base for Treatment in the 21st Century
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“Factors that have been known to confer risk for GO activation are elevated serum TRAb levels (12,21,22), cigarette smoking (23), severe hypothyroidism after RAI (4), the degree of T3 levels at diagnosis (24), and pre-existing active GO (25).”
Relationship between management of hyperthyroidism and course of the ophthalmopathy
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“Thus, they concluded that worsening of GO after radioiodine was due to hypothyroidism [54].”
BackgroundResultManso, P. G., Furlanetto, R. P., Wolosker, Â. M. B., de Paiva, E. R., de Abreu, M. T., & Maciel, R. M. B. (1998) · Thyroid · doi:10.1089/thy.1998.8.49 · Cited by 39
“Sub-sequently, Tallstedt et al. (25), in a retrospective analysis, have shown that administration of levothyroxine early after 131I therapy may protect against exacerbation of oph-thalmopathy, because levothyroxine will decrease any rise in serum TSH, restraining a possible worsening of oph-thalmopathy associated with…”
Smoking Induces Overexpression of Immediate Early Genes in Active Graves' Ophthalmopathy
Planck, T., Shahida, B., Parikh, H. M., Ström, K., Åsman, P., Brorson, H., Hallengren, B., & Lantz, M. (2014) · Thyroid · doi:10.1089/thy.2014.0153 · Cited by 37
“Other GO-associated risk factors include iatrogenic hypothyroidism (7), treatment with radioiodine (6,8,9), and treatment with thiazolidinediones (10,11), among others.”
Treating the thyroid in the presence of Graves’ ophthalmopathy
Hegedűs, L. D., Bonnema, S. J., Smith, T. J., & Brix, T. H. (2012) · Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.beem.2011.09.005 · Cited by 37
THERAPY OF ENDOCRINE DISEASE: Endocrine dilemma: management of Graves’ orbitopathy
Campi, I., Vannucchi, G. M., & Salvi, M. (2016) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje-15-1164 · Cited by 34
The relation of Graves' ophthalmopathy to circulating thyroid hormone status
Kim, J. M. (2003) · British Journal of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1136/bjo.88.1.72 · Cited by 36
“28 29 Thus, strict normalisation of thyroid function may be beneficial in lessening the severity of ophthalmopathy.”
BackgroundRadioiodine Therapy and Graves' Ophthalmopathy
Sisson, J. C., Schipper, M. J., Nelson, C. C., Freitas, J. E., & Frueh, B. R. (2008) · Journal of Nuclear Medicine · doi:10.2967/jnumed.107.049437 · Cited by 34
“In a retrospective evaluation (20) and a prospective study (3), prolonged hypothyroidism was significantly associated with progressive ocular changes; these reports led to preventive or prompt treatment of hypothyroidism by others (2,4,6).”
BackgroundGraves Orbitopathy: Update on Diagnosis and Therapy
Melcescu, E., Horton, W. B., Kim, D., Vijayakumar, V., Corbett, J. J., Crowder, K. W., Pitman, K. T., Uwaifo, G. I., & Koch, C. A. (2014) · Southern Medical Journal · doi:10.1097/smj.0000000000000038 · Cited by 32
“Patients with euthyroid function seem to have a mild disease course.(16,20,22,23) IncreasedTSH-R activation (by thyroidstimulating immunoglobulin [TSI] in hyperthyroidism and TSH in hypothyroidism) leads to an increased expression and release of antigens, followedby an autoimmune reaction directed against them in the…”
BackgroundAblative or non-ablative therapy for Graves’ hyperthyroidism in patients with ophthalmopathy?
Marcocci, C., Bartalena, L., & Pinchera, A. (1998) · Journal of Endocrinological Investigation · doi:10.1007/bf03347329 · Cited by 30
Boboridis, K. G., & Perros, P. (2007) · KARGER eBooks · doi:10.1159/000107451 · Cited by 29
Thyroid-Associated Orbitopathy: Who and How to Treat
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Taïeb, D., Bournaud, C., Eberlé, M., Catargi, B., Schvartz, C., Cavarec, M.-B., Faugeron, I., Toubert, M., Benisvy, D., Archange, C., et al. (2016) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje-15-1099 · Cited by 25
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Radioiodine Thyroid Ablation in Graves′ Hyperthyroidism: Merits and Pitfalls
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“The course of GO after RIT remains controversial.[3,13,24-28] The initial prevalence of GO was low in our population (16.”
BackgroundRadioiodine treatment of hyperthyroidism. Success rate and influence of thyrostatic medication
Ghadban, W. K., Zirie, M. A., Al-Khateeb, D. A., Jayyousi, A., Mobayed, H., & El-Aloosy, A. S. (2003) · Saudi Medical Journal · doi:10.15537/1658-3175.2007 · Cited by 21
(131)I and thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy
ÅK, R., Nygaard, B., & Feldt‐Rasmussen, U. (2000) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje.0.1430155 · Cited by 21
“However, in a retrospective analysis early administration of thyroxine was shown to reduce the frequency of development or deterioration of TAO ( 13 ).”
BackgroundAcute pre‐tibial myxoedema following radioiodine therapy for thyrotoxic Graves' disease
Harvey, R., Metcalfe, R. A., Morteo, C., Furmaniak, W., Weetman, A. P., & Bevan, J. S. (1995) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.1995.tb02695.x · Cited by 20
Treatment strategies for Graves’ ophthalmopathy: a network meta-analysis
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Razvi, S., Basu, A., McIntyre, E. A., Wahid, S. T., Bartholomew, P. H., & Weaver, J. U. (2004) · Nuclear Medicine Communications · doi:10.1097/01.mnm.0000130242.29692.b2 · Cited by 18
Lazarus, J. H., & Marinò, M. (2010) · KARGER eBooks · doi:10.1159/000320425 · Cited by 19
Eckstein, A. K., & Esser, J. (2003) · Der Ophthalmologe · doi:10.1007/s00347-003-0873-4 · Cited by 16
Postradioiodine Graves' management: The PRAGMA study
Perros, P., Basu, A., Boelaert, K., Dayan, C., Vaidya, B., Williams, G. R., Lazarus, J. H., Hickey, J., Drake, W. M., Crown, A., et al. (2022) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1111/cen.14719 · Cited by 16
“Strategies used by clinicians to bridge the transition from hyperthyroidism to euthyroidism on stable L‐T4 therapy following RI include a short course of antithyroid drugs (ATDs) alone, the combination of ATDs with L‐T4 known as “block and replace” (B&R), or watchful monitoring with the introduction of L‐T4 when neede…”
MethodInfluentialTreatment options for Graves' orbitopathy
Marcocci, C., Altea, M. A., & Leo, M. (2012) · Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1517/14656566.2012.668529 · Cited by 16
Treatment of Hyperthyroidism in Graves' Disease Complicated by Thyroid Eye Disease
Bartalena, L., & Smith, T. J. (2025) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/clinem/dgaf009 · Cited by 23
Determinants of Extraocular Muscle Volume in Patients with Graves' Disease
El-Kaissi, S., & Wall, J. R. (2012) · Journal of Thyroid Research · doi:10.1155/2012/368536 · Cited by 14
Tay, W. L., Chng, C. L., Tien, C. S., Loke, K., Lam, W. W.-C., Fook-Chong, S. M. C., & Tong, A. K. T. (2019) · Annals of the Academy of Medicine Singapore · doi:10.47102/annals-acadmedsg.v48n6p181 · Cited by 14
Thyroid eye disease: current and potential medical management
Pouso-Diz, J. M., Abalo-Lojo, J. M., & González, F. (2020) · International Ophthalmology · doi:10.1007/s10792-019-01258-7 · Cited by 13
Gupta, M. K., Perl, J., Beham, R., Sheeler, L. R., Foster, J. A., Gliga, M., McBride, N., Faiman, M. R., MEHTA, A., Dattatreya, R., et al. (2001) · Thyroid · doi:10.1089/105072501753211037 · Cited by 13
“The other factor appearing to influence the outcome of GO relates to the promptness of correction of hypothyroidism resulting from 131 I therapy (19,35).”
Leray, B., Imbert, P., Thouvenin, D., Boutault, F., & Caron, P. J. (2013) · Journal Français d Ophtalmologie · doi:10.1016/j.jfo.2013.07.004 · Cited by 9
Galofré, J. C., Duntas, L. H., Premawardhana, L. D. K. E., & Davies, T. F. (2012) · Journal of Thyroid Research · doi:10.1155/2012/809231 · Cited by 12
El-Kaissi, S., Bowden, J., Henry, M. J., Yeo, M., Champion, B. L., Brotchie, P., Nicholson, G. C., & Wall, J. R. (2010) · International Ophthalmology · doi:10.1007/s10792-010-9368-x · Cited by 12
“The development or exacerbation of TAO postRAI may be related to the presence of other risk factors such as pre-existing eye disease [3], tobacco smoking [18], high pre-treatment serum T3 [2] and TSH-R antibody levels [19, 20], multiple doses of RAI [21], and high serum TSH or hypothyroidism post-RAI [15, 19, 22].”
BackgroundMEDICAL TREATMENT OF GRAVES' OPHTHALMOPATHY
Fatourechi, V. (2000) · Ophthalmology Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/s0896-1549(05)70225-x · Cited by 11
Antithyroid Drugs: Their Mechanism of Action and Clinical Use
Sheikh, M. E., & McGregor, A. (1997) · Handbook of experimental pharmacology · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-60709-7_8 · Cited by 10
Eckstein, A. K., & Esser, J. (2010) · Der Internist · doi:10.1007/s00108-009-2497-5 · Cited by 10
Gibb, F. W., Zammitt, N. N., Beckett, G. J., & Strachan, M. W. J. (2013) · PubMed · doi:10.3275/8949 · Cited by 13
Orbital inflammatory disorders: new knowledge, future challenges
Kahana, A. (2021) · Current Opinion in Ophthalmology · doi:10.1097/icu.0000000000000743 · Cited by 11
“Smokers with TED are at higher risk of developing moderate-to-severe orbitopathy, may be less responsive to treatment, have higher risk for reactivation after the quiescent phase, and have more aggressive disease progression following RAI [58,103–106].”
BackgroundInfluentialEffect of Addition of Thyroxine in the Treatment of Graves’ Disease: A Systematic Review
Li, J., Bai, L., Wei, F., Wei, M., Xiao, Y., Yan, W., & Wei, J. (2021) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2020.560157 · Cited by 13
“retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of 492 patients who received RAI treatment, divided in 2 groups (41).”
MethodLane, C. (2006) · Eye · doi:10.1038/sj.eye.6702386 · Cited by 10
Relation between therapy for hyperthyroidism and the course of Graves' ophthalmopathy
(1998) · American Journal of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/s0002-9394(99)80222-0 · Cited by 10
“At base line Hyperthyroid Euthyroid Hypothyroid 21 (14) 128 (85) 1 (1) — — — 14 (10) 130 (90) 1 (1) — — — 22 (15) 125 (84) 1 (1) — — — Months 1–3 Hyperthyroid Euthyroid Hypothyroid 12 (8) 115 (77) 23 (15) 1 (8) 13 (11) 2 (9) 10 (7) 109 (75) 26 (18) 0 0 0 9 (6) 132 (89) 7 (5) 0 1 (1) 0 Months 4–6 Hyperthyroid Euthyroid…”
Ladsous, M., Marks, C., Smirnov, V. M., & Guerreschi, P. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-2-294-77583-3.00014-9 · Cited by 9
Metadata
- Authors
- Tallstedt, L., Lundell, G., Blomgren, H., & Bring, J.
- Affiliations
- Karolinska University Hospital (SE)
- Uppsala University (SE)
- Corresponding author
- Tallstedt, Leif
- Venue
- European Journal of Endocrinology
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 1994-05
- Volume
- 130
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 494-497
- ISSN
- 0804-4643 (ISSN-L)
- 1479-683X
- OpenAlex
- W2153640804
- Cited by
- 171
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 13
- FWCI
- 2.44
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- European Journal of Endocrinology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Ophthalmology › Ophthalmology and Eye Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Thyroid Disorders and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Thyroid and Parathyroid Surgery
- Keywords
- Graves' ophthalmopathy, thyroxine, radioiodine therapy, iodine-131, Graves' disease, hyperthyroidism, thyroid hormones, proptosis, prophylaxis, hypothyroidism
- MeSH terms
- Drug Administration Schedule, Exophthalmos, Female, Graves Disease, Humans, Hyperthyroidism, Iodine Radioisotopes, Male, Middle Aged, Prognosis, Retrospective Studies, Risk Factors, Thyroxine, Time Factors, Confidence Intervals
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