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Subclinical hyperthyroidism: clinical features and treatment options
Abstract
Subclinical hyperthyroidism appears to be a common disorder. It may be caused by exogenous or endogenous factors: excessive TSH suppressive therapy with l -thyroxine ( l -T4) for benign thyroid nodular disease, differentiated thyroid cancer, or hormone over-replacement in patients with hypothyroidism are the most frequent causes. Consistent evidence indicates that ‘subclinical’ hyperthyroidism reduces the quality of life, affecting both the psycho and somatic components of well-being, and produces relevant signs and symptoms of excessive thyroid hormone action, often mimicking adrenergic overactivity. Subclinical hyperthyroidism exerts many significant effects on the cardiovascular system; it is usually associated with a higher heart rate and a higher risk of supra-ventricular arrhythmias, and with an increased left ventricular mass, often accompanied by an impaired diastolic function and sometimes by a reduced systolic performance on effort and decreased exercise tolerance. It is well known that these abnormalities usually precede the onset of a more severe cardiovascular disease, thus potentially contributing to the increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality observed in these patients. In addition, it is becoming increasingly apparent that subclinical hyperthyroidism may accelerate the development of osteoporosis and hence increased bone vulnerability to trauma, particularly in postmenopausal women with a pre-existing predisposition. Subclinical hyperthyroidism and its related clinical manifestations are reversible and may be prevented by timely treatment.
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“Suppression of TSH may also be iatrogenic (exogenous) due to thyroid hormone overtreatment, either intentionally (in patients with thyroid cancer), unintentionally (in patients with hypothyroidism) or surreptitiously [2,3] ( table 1 ).”
From The 2015 European Thyroid Association Guidelines on Diagnosis and Treatment of Endogenous Subclinical Hyperthyroidism (2015) · cites this paper as [2]
Citations
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Metadata
- Authors
- Biondi, B., Palmieri, E. A., Klain, M., Schlumberger, M., Filetti, S., & Lombardi, G.
- Affiliations
- Federico II University Hospital (IT)
- University of Naples Federico II (IT)
- Institut Gustave Roussy (FR)
- Corresponding author
- Biondi, Bernadette
- Venue
- European Journal of Endocrinology
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2005-01
- Volume
- 152
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1-9
- ISSN
- 0804-4643 (ISSN-L)
- 1479-683X
- OpenAlex
- W2051330706
- Cited by
- 217
- References
- 114
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 15
- FWCI
- 2.11
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- de
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- European Journal of Endocrinology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- IRIS Research product catalog (Sapienza University of Rome) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Thyroid Disorders and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Thyroid and Parathyroid Surgery
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Thyroid Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment
- Keywords
- subclinical hyperthyroidism, TSH suppression, levothyroxine, thyroid nodules, differentiated thyroid cancer, quality of life, cardiovascular effects, supraventricular arrhythmias, left ventricular hypertrophy, diastolic dysfunction, exercise intolerance, osteoporosis, postmenopausal women, treatment options
- MeSH terms
- Adrenergic beta-Antagonists, Aged, Cardiovascular Diseases, Female, Humans, Hyperthyroidism, Osteoporosis, Thyrotropin, Thyroxine, Triiodothyronine, Bisoprolol
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