Advanced wound repair therapies
Abstract
Medical and healthcare textiles (ISBN 978-1-84569-224-7) Medical textiles remain one of the most dynamic areas of research in textiles. Medical and healthcare textiles is the fourth in a series of conferences held at the University of Bolton. Like its predecessors, it has attracted papers from some of the leading international centres of expertise in the fi eld. Contributors cover a range of topics; these include emerging textile-based biomaterials, hygienic textiles, the use of textiles in infection control and as barrier materials, bandaging and pressure garments for managing chronic infections such as ulcers, the role of textiles in the management of burns and wounds, textile-based implantable devices such as tissue scaffolds and sutures, and intelligent textiles. Biomaterials for treating skin loss (ISBN 978-1-84569-363-3) The primary causes of wounds requiring skin replacement are severe burns and ulcers; materials must provide an effective temporary barrier, promote healing and minimise scarring. Massive improvements have been made to skin repair biomaterials in the last ten years with widespread adoption of new developments in the medical sector. This book provides a comprehensive review of biomaterials for treating skin loss. Chapters initially review the biomechanics and biological environment of skin. Further chapters discuss important methods and techniques for replacing and stabilising damaged skin, regulation and clinical trials. The fi nal group of chapters discuss human origin and cultured dermal replacements and the principles of skin regeneration. Drug-device combination products (ISBN 978-1-84569-470-8) Drug delivery systems represent a vast area of research and development within biomaterials and medicine and the demand for sophisticated drug delivery devices continues to drive developments. Advanced drug delivery devices can offer signifi - cant advantages to conventional drugs, such as increased effi ciency and convenience. Chapters in Part I discuss specifi c applications such as drug eluting stents and antimicrobial cements. Part II covers the development of drug device combination products with such topics as preclinical testing and regulation of products. This book provides a thorough analysis of the fundamentals, applications and new technologies of drug-device combination products for use throughout the human body. Details of these books and a complete list of Woodhead’s titles can be obtained by: • visiting our web site at www.woodheadpublishing.com • contacting Customer Services (e-mail: sales@woodheadpublishing.com; fax: +44 (0) 1223 832819; tel.: +44 (0) 1223 499140 ext. 130; address: Woodhead Publishing Limited, 80 High Street, Sawston, Cambridge CB22 3HJ, UK) If you would like to receive information on forthcoming titles, please send your address details to: Francis Dodds (address, tel. and fax as above; e-mail: francis. dodds@woodheadpublishing.com). Please confi rm which subject areas you are interested in.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Bacterial colonization does not necessarily cause inflammation, but high endotoxin levels and other microbial products can drive inflammatory responses.
“Bacterial colonization does not necessarily cause inflammation,6,19,20 but high endotoxin levels and other microbial products can drive inflammatory responses.”
From The Innate Immune System in Acute and Chronic Wounds (2016) · cites this paper as [19]
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Overview of Silk Fibroin Use in Wound Dressings
Farokhi, M., Mottaghitalab, F., Fatahi, Y., Khademhosseini, A., & Kaplan, D. L. (2018) · Trends in biotechnology · doi:10.1016/j.tibtech.2018.04.004 · Cited by 473 · see citing works
Bacterial cellulose as a material for wound treatment: Properties and modifications. A review
Sulaeva, I., Henniges, U., Rosenau, T., & Potthast, A. (2015) · Biotechnology Advances · doi:10.1016/j.biotechadv.2015.07.009 · Cited by 445 · see citing works
Scaffolds for Wound Healing Applications
Neguț, I., Dorcioman, G., & Grumezescu, V. (2020) · Polymers · doi:10.3390/polym12092010 · Cited by 427 · see citing works
Approach to chronic wound infections
Leaper, D. J., Assadian, O., & Edmiston, C. E. (2015) · British Journal of Dermatology · doi:10.1111/bjd.13677 · Cited by 293 · see citing works
The Innate Immune System in Acute and Chronic Wounds
MacLeod, A. S., & Mansbridge, J. N. (2016) · Advances in Wound Care · doi:10.1089/wound.2014.0608 · Cited by 289 · see citing works
Meinel, A. J., Germershaus, O., Lühmann, T. C., Merkle, H. P., & Meinel, L. (2012) · European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics · doi:10.1016/j.ejpb.2012.01.016 · Cited by 270 · see citing works
Şahiner, N., Sagbas, S., Sahiner, M., Sılan, C., Aktaş, N., & Türk, M. (2015) · International Journal of Biological Macromolecules · doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.10.057 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
Minsart, M., Vlierberghe, S. V., Dubruel, P., & Mignon, A. (2022) · Burns & Trauma · doi:10.1093/burnst/tkac024 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
Review of advances in polymeric wound dressing films
Savencu, I., Iurian, S., Porfire, A. S., et al. (2021) · Reactive and Functional Polymers · doi:10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2021.105059 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
Naturally-derived electrospun wound dressings for target delivery of bio-active agents
Fahimirad, S., & Ajalloueian, F. (2019) · International Journal of Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.05.053 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
Song, S., Liu, Z., Abubaker, M. A., Ding, L., Zhang, J., Yang, S., & Fan, Z. (2021) · Materials Science and Engineering C · doi:10.1016/j.msec.2021.112171 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Nanocellulose in Drug Delivery and Antimicrobially Active Materials
Kupnik, K., Primožič, M., Kokol, V., & Leitgeb, M. (2020) · Polymers · doi:10.3390/polym12122825 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Antimicrobial peptides – Unleashing their therapeutic potential using nanotechnology
Gera, S., Kankuri, E. M., & Kogermann, K. (2021) · Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107990 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Emulating Human Tissues and Organs: A Bioprinting Perspective Toward Personalized Medicine
Fonseca, A. C., Melchels, F. P. W., Ferreira, M. J. S., Moxon, S. R., Potjewyd, G., Dargaville, T. R., Kimber, S. J., & Domingos, M. A. N. (2020) · Chemical Reviews · doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00342 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Nanogels for regenerative medicine
Grimaudo, M. A., Concheiro, Á., & Alvarez‐Lorenzo, C. (2019) · Journal of Controlled Release · doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.09.015 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Advances in Triboelectric Nanogenerators for Self‐Powered Regenerative Medicine
Parandeh, S., Etemadi, N., Kharaziha, M., Chen, G., Nashalian, A., Xiao, X., & Chen, J. (2021) · Advanced Functional Materials · doi:10.1002/adfm.202105169 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
“[252,253] As far as their treatment, the current process fails to substantially heal the wound and subsequently, makes the wound chronic at the early stages of recovery, therefore this field has been at the center of attention for years.[251,254] Until now, an array of invasive and non-invasive therapeutic strategies…”
BackgroundPotential Effects of Phenolic Compounds That Can Be Found in Olive Oil on Wound Healing
Melguizo‐Rodríguez, L., Luna‐Bertos, E. D., Ramos‐Torrecillas, J., Montes, R. I., Costela-Ruiz, V. J., & García‐Martínez, O. (2021) · Foods · doi:10.3390/foods10071642 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Nanoparticle-mediated interplay of chitosan and melatonin for improved wound epithelialisation
Blažević, F., Milekić, T., Romić, M. D., Juretić, M., Pepić, I., Filipović‐Grčić, J., Lovrić, J., & Hafner, A. (2016) · Carbohydrate Polymers · doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.03.074 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Controlled local drug delivery strategies from chitosan hydrogels for wound healing
Elviri, L., Bianchera, A., Bergonzi, C., et al. (2016) · Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery · doi:10.1080/17425247.2017.1247803 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
“defined steps from vascular response and blood coagulation, to formation of fibrin network, re-epithelialization, collagen maturation, and remodeling of connective tissue [1].”
BackgroundClinical and Microbiological Aspects of Biofilm-Associated Surgical Site Infections
Edmiston, C. E., McBain, A. J., Roberts, C. D., & Leaper, D. J. (2014) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-11038-7_3 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Enzyme functionalized electrospun chitosan mats for antimicrobial treatment
Bösiger, P., Tegl, G., Richard, I. M. T., et al. (2017) · Carbohydrate Polymers · doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.12.002 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Zivari‐Ghader, T., Rashidi, M., & Mehrali, M. (2024) · International Journal of Biological Macromolecules · doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.134578 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Mulholland, E. J., Ali, A., Robson, T., Dunne, N., & McCarthy, H. O. (2019) · Journal of Controlled Release · doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.10.050 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Duceac, I. A., Vereștiuc, L., Dimitriu, D. C., et al. (2020) · Polymers · doi:10.3390/polym12071473 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Sivan, S. S., Roberts, S., Urban, J., et al. (2013) · Acta Biomaterialia · doi:10.1016/j.actbio.2013.11.010 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Research Progress on Stimulus-Responsive Polymer Nanocarriers for Cancer Treatment
Luo, S., Lv, Z., Yang, Q., Chang, R., & Wu, J. (2023) · Pharmaceutics · doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics15071928 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Balali, S., Davachi, S. M., Sahraeian, R., Heidari, B. S., Seyfi, J., & Hejazi, I. (2018) · Biomacromolecules · doi:10.1021/acs.biomac.8b01254 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Cellulose/Collagen Dressings for Diabetic Foot Ulcer: A Review
Naomi, R., & Fauzi, M. B. (2020) · Pharmaceutics · doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics12090881 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Bioresource-derived polymer composites for energy storage applications: Brief review
Anthony, L. S., Vasudevan, M., Perumal, V., et al. (2021) · Journal of environmental chemical engineering · doi:10.1016/j.jece.2021.105832 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Recent Advances on Bacterial Cellulose-Based Wound Management: Promises and Challenges
Moradpoor, H., Mohammadi, H., Safaei, M., Mozaffari, H. R., Sharifi, R., Gorji, P., Sulong, A. B., Muhamad, N., & Ebadi, M. (2022) · International Journal of Polymer Science · doi:10.1155/2022/1214734 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Mohiti-Asli, M., Pourdeyhimi, B., & Loboa, E. G. (2014) · Tissue Engineering Part C: Methods · doi:10.1089/ten.tec.2013.0458 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
“Rotation was incorporated to better mimic body fluid circulation in the wound site and assist with the gradual movement of bacteria and prevention of their rapid suspension on the nanofibers.(23) Monitoring S.”
Yavvari, P. S., Awasthi, A. K., Sharma, A., Bajaj, A., & Srivastava, A. (2019) · Journal of Materials Chemistry B · doi:10.1039/c8tb02962h · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Hyaluronan/Poly-L-lysine/Berberine Nanogels for Impaired Wound Healing
Amato, G., Grimaudo, M. A., Alvarez‐Lorenzo, C., Concheiro, Á., Carbone, C., Bonaccorso, A., Puglisi, G., & Musumeci, T. (2020) · Pharmaceutics · doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics13010034 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Koshy, J. T., & Sangeetha, D. (2023) · International Journal of Biological Macromolecules · doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128594 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
O’Driscoll, N. H., Labovitiadi, O., Cushnie, T. P. T., et al. (2012) · Current Microbiology · doi:10.1007/s00284-012-0268-3 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Recent Advances in Using Natural Antibacterial Additives in Bioactive Wound Dressings
Firoozbahr, M., Kingshott, P., Palombo, E. A., et al. (2023) · Pharmaceutics · doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics15020644 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Urciuolo, F., Passariello, R., Imparato, G., Casale, C., & Netti, P. A. (2022) · Bioengineering · doi:10.3390/bioengineering9060233 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Biofilms and their management: from concept to clinical reality
Cowan, T. (2011) · Journal of Wound Care · doi:10.12968/jowc.2011.20.5.220 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Fijan, S., Kocbek, P., Steyer, A., Vodičar, P. M., & Strauss, M. (2022) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms10122518 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Khan, A. A., & Kim, J. (2024) · Biosensors and Bioelectronics · doi:10.1016/j.bios.2024.116461 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Gouripriya, D. A., Adhikari, J., Debnath, P., et al. (2024) · International Journal of Biological Macromolecules · doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.135213 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Delivery of a peptide/microRNA blend via electrospun antimicrobial nanofibres for wound repair
Bombin, A. D. J., Dunne, N., & McCarthy, H. O. (2022) · Acta Biomaterialia · doi:10.1016/j.actbio.2022.10.059 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Bispo, M., Suhani, S., & van Dijl, J. M. (2021) · Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2021.112334 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Labovitiadi, O., Lamb, A. J., & Matthews, K. H. (2012) · International Journal of Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2012.10.017 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Biopolysaccharides: Properties and Applications
Tunçer, S. (2021) · Polysaccharides · doi:10.1002/9781119711414.ch6 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Samavati, S. S., Kashanian, S., Derakhshankhah, H., et al. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-13832-4 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“As mentioned, initial collagen deposition causes wound matrix contraction due to the action of myofibroblasts 46 .”
Karydis‐Messinis, A., Moschovas, D., Μάρκου, Μ., et al. (2023) · Gels · doi:10.3390/gels9110844 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Alekseyeva, K. S., Herndl, G. J., & Baltar, F. (2022) · Journal of Fungi · doi:10.3390/jof8060571 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Razali, R. A., Vijakumaran, U., Fauzi, M. B., et al. (2023) · Pharmaceutics · doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics15051534 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Nanoengineered polymeric biomaterials for drug delivery system
Maurya, A. K., Mishra, A., & Mishra, N. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-102985-5.00006-1 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) – Applications in Wound Treatment and as Precursors for Oral Drugs
de Souza, L., & Shivakumar, S. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-13-3759-8_9 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Monteiro, L. P. G., Rodrigues, J. M. M., & Mano, J. F. (2023) · Biomaterials Advances · doi:10.1016/j.bioadv.2023.213670 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Do, T., Nguyên, T. H., Ho, M., et al. (2021) · Polymers · doi:10.3390/polym13183116 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Evaluation of dermal toxicity of antibacterial cotton textile coated by sol-gel technology
Vihodceva, S., Ramata‐Stunda, A., & Pumpure, A. (2017) · Journal of the Textile Institute · doi:10.1080/00405000.2017.1394155 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“Due to an increased level of awareness and concern surrounding wound infection, particularly with regard to the rise of antibiotic-resistant organisms, it has become increasingly commonplace for wound dressings to be augmented with the addition of an antimicrobial (Farrar, 2011).”
BackgroundWater transport in polymer composites through swelling-induced networks of hydrogel particles
Eiler, J., Simonsen, S. B., Hansen, D. A., Bingöl, B., Hansen, K., & Thormann, E. (2020) · Soft Matter · doi:10.1039/d0sm01103g · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Pepa, G. D., Lombardi, G., Gianfrancesco, S., et al. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm12103596 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Labovitiadi, O., O’Driscoll, N. H., Lamb, A. J., et al. (2013) · International Journal of Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.06.005 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
An overview of the evidence on the efficacy of silver dressings
Leaper, D. J. (2011) · Journal of Wound Care · doi:10.12968/jowc.2011.20.sup2.8 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Ozdabak‐Sert, A. B., Şen, B., & Kök, F. N. (2019) · Journal of Applied Polymer Science · doi:10.1002/app.48252 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Percival, S. L. (2014) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-397043-5.00008-6 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Adhesion Mechanism, Applications, and Challenges of Ocular Tissue Adhesives
Hu, Z., He, X., Teng, L., Zeng, X., Zhu, S., Dong, Y., Zeng, Z., Zheng, Q., & Sun, X. (2025) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms26020486 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Formulation of Caffeine–Hydroxypropyl-β-Cyclodextrin Complex in Hydrogel for Skin Treatment
Radeva, L., Kalampalika, E., Yordanov, Y., et al. (2025) · Gels · doi:10.3390/gels11050326 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Priyadarsini, S. L., Suresh, M., & Nikhila, G. (2023) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16476 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Application of Stem Cell Encapsulated Hydrogel in Dentistry
Ardeshirylajimi, A., Golchin, A., Vargas, J., et al. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-21583-5_13 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Madduma‐Bandarage, U. S. K., Jayasinghe, H. G., & Madihally, S. V. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-85391-0.00023-x · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Progress in sustainable applications of polymers and biopolymers
Islam, M. R., Rashid, M. N., Dev, B., Sayeed, M. Y., Alam, M. R., Mahmud, R. U., & Rahman, M. Z. (2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-96020-5.00212-0 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Antlerogenic stem cells extract accelerate chronic wound healing: a preliminary study
Kmiecik, J., Kulus, M., Popiel, J., et al. (2021) · BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies · doi:10.1186/s12906-021-03336-9 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“It may be supported by various techniques, such as negative pressure therapy [15], phototherapy [16] or stem cells therapy [17–19], yet most of those supporting therapies need more evidence to be used for standard wound care [20].”
MethodUsing Compartments to Model Drug Delivery from Biodegradable Polymers
Marriott, R., Spiridonova, T. I., Tverdokhlebov, S. I., et al. (2022) · Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.xphs.2022.07.008 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Kanoujia, J., Raina, N., Kishore, A., Kaurav, M., Tuli, H. S., Kumar, A., & Gupta, M. (2025) · Naunyn-Schmiedeberg s Archives of Pharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00210-024-03761-w · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“These alarming figures highlight the urgent need for effective prevention and treat-ment of chronic wounds (Farrar 2011; Sen 2021).”
Dias-Ferreira, J., Teixeira, M. C., Severino, P. B., et al. (2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-90471-1.00020-7 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
History of Negative-Pressure Wound Therapy (NPWT)
Shiffman, M. A. (2017) · Recent clinical techniques, results, and research in wounds · doi:10.1007/15695_2017_50 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Efficacy of Polymer-Based Wound Dressings in Chronic Wounds
Aderibigbe, B. A. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-821185-4.00018-x · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Injectable biomimetic hydrogels for soft tissue repair
Campbell, D. (2013) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1533/9780857098887.2.276 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Medical and pharmaceutical applications of sustainable biopolymers
Ogidi, O. I., & Kumar, P. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-13849-2.00023-5 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Dababneh, N. E., Dababneh, S., Barakat, S., et al. (2025) · Journal of Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery · doi:10.1177/12034754251341847 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Dias, J. D., D’Costa, A., & Braganca, J. M. (2026) · Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology · doi:10.1016/j.jddst.2026.108546 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Biological properties with cells
Numata, K. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-820555-6.00003-3
Mikimoto, D., & Takeuchi, S. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-95478-5.00016-9
Sustainable additives in electrospinning
Ipakchi, H. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-23806-2.00006-3
Bajpai, P. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-33524-2.00006-5
Natural versus synthetic polymers: advances, limitations, and opportunities
Sarkar, K., & Patra, R. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-27350-6.00001-8
Biomaterial interactions with compromised tissue surfaces
Cooner, M. K. (2015) · Aston Publications Explorer (Aston University) · doi:10.48780/publications.aston.ac.uk.00025805
- Authors
- Farrar, D.
- Corresponding author
- Farrar, David
- ORCID
- Farrar, David
- Venue
- Woodhead Publishing Limited eBooks
- Publisher
- Woodhead Publishing Limited
- Published
- 2011
- OpenAlex
- W2292207379
- Cited by
- 83
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 7.73
- Type
- book
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Woodhead Publishing Limited eBooks (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Rehabilitation › Wound Healing and Treatments
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Biomaterials › Electrospun Nanofibers in Biomedical Applications
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine
- Keywords
- wound healing, skin loss, wound dressings, burn wound care, ulcers, skin substitutes, tissue engineering scaffolds, sutures, drug-device combination products, drug delivery devices, drug-eluting stents, skin regeneration, medical textiles, infection control, pressure garments, bandaging, smart textiles, skin biomechanics
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review