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Cited by 2Historical and Cultural Archaeology StudiesAfro-Latin American StudiesColonialism, slavery, and trade

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 8 of the 8 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 49 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.

The historical archaeology of black people and their descendants in cauca, Colombia

Open access
Patiño C, Diógenes, Hernández, Martha C·2019·Journal of Historical Archaeology & Anthropological Sciences
DOI 10.15406/jhaas.2019.04.00206
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Abstract

This historic-archaeological study examines the settlements of Africans and their descendants in Cauca during the Colonial and Republican periods. Given that this line of research has never really been pursued by archaeologists, we have tried to address Afro-Colombian issues by examining the abundant archival resources; Afro-Colombian archaeological sites in both urban and rural contexts; and oral tradition in territories occupied historically. This information has been used to analyse the slave trade, daily life, servitude, resistance, emancipation and ancestry, an approach suggesting great cultural affinity between these communities and their ethnic African roots. Studies of this kind in Colombia are scarce by comparison with Brazil, the United States, Argentina and the Caribbean region. We have focused on studies of African descendants connected with social movements for the restitution of rights, memories, traditions and cultural heritage within the African diaspora in the context of Colombian and Latin American society. Examples will be presented from Popayán, a colonial centre of slavery, as well as from the Afro-Colombian past in northern Cauca.

Overview

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

This historical-archaeological review examines African and Afro-descendant settlements in Cauca, Colombia, during the Colonial and Republican periods, combining archival, archaeological, and oral-tradition evidence. It argues that material culture, mortuary symbols, and mining practices show strong African cultural continuities and resistance amid slavery and emancipation.

Key findings

  • Archaeological and archival evidence from Popayán haciendas and convents (Coconuco, Casa Sánchez, El Carmen, La Encarnación) includes Afro-influenced ceramics, clay pipes, and symbols such as the Bakongo cosmogram X; at Coconuco an 1823 instruction listed 33 slaves, and Casa Sánchez faunal remains indicated consumption mainly of cattle, sheep, goats, and pigs.
  • In northern Cauca mining and hacienda sites (Santa María/Quilichao, Dominguillo, Jápio, La Bolsa/Villa Rica), documents list enslaved African and Creole populations: 30 slaves in 1743–44 at Juana Del Campo Salazar’s mines; 139 at Jápio in 1776–77; 97 at Matarredonda; recorded family names include Congo, Mina, Carabalí, Mandinga, Lucumí, and others.
  • Afro-Colombian ceramics at multiple sites feature incisions, dots, X marks, and pipe decorations interpreted as scarification or Bakongo cosmogram symbolism; El Palmar cemetery markers include a 50 cm iron cross with circles and a six-pointed star, and a double cross with rhombus and X.
  • Mining evidence includes stone piles in 10, 15, and 20 m sections along the Páez-Quinamayó, an 11x9 m stone enclosure with a 1.2 m wall, and continued panning/tambar techniques among present-day black communities.

Methods

  • Historical archaeology combining archival research (including Archivo Central del Cauca documents), archaeological survey/excavation at urban and rural sites, and oral tradition in historically occupied Afro-Colombian territories.
  • Focus on Popayán (city, haciendas, convents) and northern Cauca (Reales de Minas, haciendas, Afro-Colombian settlements), with surface collection and excavation in service areas, kitchens, patios, cemeteries, chapels, and mining areas.
  • Analysis links material culture (ceramics, pipes, faunal remains, architecture, grave markers) to daily life, servitude, resistance, emancipation, and African ancestry.

Limitations

  • The paper states that historical-archaeological studies of Afro-Colombians in Colombia are scarce and fragmentary, especially compared with Brazil, the United States, Argentina, and the Caribbean; it says specific studies “do not exist” and that little is known about settlements, daily life, resistance, and emancipation.
  • The paper notes site visibility problems: at Jápio no traces of slave huts are visible due to modern agriculture; at Santa María a cemetery visit produced no superficial evidence; at Villa Rica finds are “not very numerous.”
  • Evident from the text: this is a broad review/synthesis rather than a systematic regional excavation report; several claims rely on oral tradition, surface finds, and archival inventories, with limited stratigraphic or quantitative archaeological data.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.15406/jhaas.2019.04.00206

Cites

8 of 8 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Verification

Claims the paper makes

0 of 49 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Findingnone given
    § Introduction

    Near Hacienda Yambitará, at a farmstead by the bridge over the river Cauca, a stone sculpture was found with distinctively African characteristics.

    “Near this site, at a farmstead by the bridge over the river Cauca, a stone sculpture was found with distinctively African characteristics.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data
    § Introduction

    Historical documents relating to Hacienda Coconuco specified the slaves' occupations as 'tanners, millers and cheese-makers'.

    “These concerned the economy of the hacienda–its production, livestock and crops–and also specified the slaves’ occupations as ‘tanners, millers and cheese-makers’.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingcitation
    § Introduction

    Other patterns are evident in Afro-Colombian ceramics at Casa Sánchez, such as X's (symbol of Bakongo cosmography and Muntu philosophy in Africa), letters or signs.

    “Other patterns are also evident in these Afro-Colombian ceramics, such as X’s (symbol of Bakongo1 cosmography and Muntu philosophy in Africa), letters or signs (Figure 5).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [1]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Findingcitation
    § Introduction

    Certain documents refer to the huts or cabins which were used at haciendas and mines to accommodate slaves at a distance from the main buildings.

    “Certain documents refer to the huts or cabins which were used at haciendas and mines to accommodate slaves at a distance from the main buildings (ACC. Sig. 11286; 11495).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites ACC. Sig. 11286; 11495

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Findingown data
    § Introduction

    Archaeological traces of the African slaves at Villa Rica have been found in the mansion of the hacienda, the chapel and the Afro-Colombian cemetery.

    “Archaeological traces of the African slaves at Villa Rica have been found in the mansion of the hacienda, the chapel and the Afro-Colombian cemetery.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • It may state two separate claims as one. 36
  • Probably not a substantial claim. 34

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingreasoning
    § Introduction

    The pottery at Casa Sánchez was exclusively for domestic use, with jar forms for liquids and food preparation as well as globular vessels and bowls with traces of soot.

    “This pottery, associated with the cookery of the period, was exclusively for domestic use, with jar forms for liquids and food preparation as well as globular vessels and bowls with traces of soot.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data
    § Introduction

    At Hacienda Coconuco, signs of African influence included a sculpted head on the water spout and marks on the kitchen door including an engraved heart, symbol of the African power known as Sankofa.

    “Other signs of African influence included the sculpted head on the water spout, and marks on the kitchen door including an engraved heart, symbol of the African power known as Sankofa.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [1]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data
    § Introduction

    At Hacienda Coconuco, a rubbish deposit near the kitchen contained many local ceramics of indigenous type, some Afro-Colombian examples, and imported china and porcelain from Europe, associated with bones of wild animals, cattle and horses.

    “Information on the material culture of the house was gathered from a rubbish deposit near the kitchen, where many local ceramics of indigenous type were found as well as some Afro-Colombian examples, in addition to china and porcelain imported from Europe. These were associated with the bones of wild animals, cattle and horses.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Findingown data
    § Introduction

    In 1823, at Hacienda Coconuco, there were 33 slaves, both men and women.

    “In 1823, when the owner, Tomás C. de Mosquera, was issuing instructions to José María Agredo, the major-domo of the hacienda, there were 33 slaves, both men and women.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data
    § Introduction

    At Casa Sánchez in Popayán, many fragments of pottery were found, apparently of local manufacture, some with clear Afro-Colombian influence indicating the presence of slaves and/or free black men and women in the mansion.

    “Many fragments of pottery were found at the site, apparently of local manufacture, some with clear Afro-Colombian influence indicating the presence of slaves and/or free black men and women in the mansion.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Findingnone given
    § Introduction

    In a list of African slaves at Hacienda Coconuco, their family names appear as Mandinga, Carball [sic], Lucumí and Tapia.

    “In a list of African slaves their family names appear as Mandinga, Carball [sic], Lucumí and Tapia.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Findingnone given
    § Introduction

    At Hacienda Yambitará in Popayán, certain objects such as ceramics and ornaments seem to have belonged to slaves working on the hacienda.

    “At Hacienda Yambitará in Popayán, certain objects such as ceramics and ornaments seem to have belonged to slaves working on the hacienda.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data
    § Introduction

    At Hacienda Yambitará, African objects were not abundant; most of the material was colonial European, Creole and indigenous.

    “It appears that African objects were not abundant at this site, most of the material being colonial European, Creole and indigenous (Figure 2).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Findingnone given
    § Introduction

    Villa Rica is a community of people of African descent located close to the banks of the river Cauca.

    “Villa Rica, the last site we visited, is a community of people of African descent located close to the banks of the river Cauca.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Findingown data
    § Introduction

    A stone-paved path was recorded, linking the mansion with the chapel.

    “A stone-paved path was recorded, linking the mansion with the chapel.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingcitation
    § Introduction

    Most graves at El Palmar are marked with a Christian cross, but two Afro-Colombian burials featured different symbols, particularly the Bakongo cosmogram.

    “Most of the graves are marked with a Christian cross, but at the same site two Afro-Colombian burials featured different symbols, particularly the Bakongo cosmogram.2”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [2]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingcitation
    § Introduction

    The archaeology of the convents of La Encarnación and El Carmen in the center of Popayán includes the remains of African-influenced ceramics, which are dark-colored vessels used in the kitchen for food preparation, with slightly burnished surfaces and decoration of dots and short incisions reminiscent of African facial or corporeal scarifications.

    “The archaeology of the convents of La Encarnación and El Carmen in the center of Popayán includes the remains of African-influenced ceramics. These are dark-colored vessels, used in the kitchen for the preparation of food. They have slightly burnished surfaces and are decorated with dots and short incisions, reminiscent of African facial or corporeal scarifications.40,51”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [40]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites [51]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • Rests on an assumption: Decoration of vessels with small incisions resembles scarification of the skin, a common practice among Africans to show the ethnic affiliation of their peoples.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data
    § Introduction

    Archaeological refuse deposits at Casa Sánchez provided evidence of the use of vessels made of porcelain and other imported ceramics, such as bottles for beverages, cosmetics and medicines, and fragments of gold were also found.

    “In addition to bone refuse, archaeological refuse deposits at the site also provided evidence of the use of vessels made of porcelain and other imported ceramics, such as bottles for beverages, cosmetics and medicines. Fragments of gold were also found.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data
    § Introduction

    On the visit to El Palmar, on the west bank of the river Quinamayó, the authors found the remains of the chapel (capilla doctrinera) and the cemetery for black slaves, the latter still in use until the twentieth century.

    “On our visit to the neighboring site of El Palmar, on the west bank of the river Quinamayó, we found the remains of the chapel (capilla doctrinera) and the cemetery for black slaves, the latter still in use until the twentieth century.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Findingnone given
    § Introduction

    Some of these canals, for example on the Quebrada Ratón, diverted the water of the streams.

    “It is evident that some of these canals, for example on the Quebrada Ratón, diverted the water of the streams.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingnone given
    § Introduction

    The mansion at Hacienda Jápio has undergone transformation over the centuries and exists today as a reconstructed building in the colonial style with large rooms on the ground floor and bedrooms upstairs.

    “The mansion at Haciendo Jápio has undergone transformation over the centuries and exists today as a reconstructed building in the colonial style with large rooms on the ground floor and bedrooms upstairs.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingcitation
    § Introduction

    There is a list of 30 slaves from the mines of Juana Del Campo Salazar in 1743-44; they include pure Africans, mulatos and Creoles, their families being of the Congo, Conga and Mina nations.

    “There is a list of 30 slaves from the mines of Juana Del Campo Salazar in 1743-44; they include pure Africans, mulatos and Creoles, their families being of the Congo, Conga and Mina nations (ACC. Sig. 9908).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites ACC. Sig. 9908

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Findingnone given
    § Introduction

    At convent sites such as El Monasterio, El Carmen, San Francisco and La Encarnación, recorded items of material culture have included European, local Creole and African-influenced pottery found in the rooms and domestic areas.

    “At convent sites such as El Monasterio, El Carmen, San Francisco and La Encarnación, recorded items of material culture have included European, local Creole and African-influenced pottery found in the rooms and domestic areas of these huge religious buildings.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Findingown data
    § Introduction

    At Santa Barbara de Dominguillo, the capilla doctrinera still exists.

    “At the site of Santa Barbara de Dominguillo, not far from Santander de Quilichao, the capilla doctrinera still exists.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data
    § Introduction

    When the authors visited Santa María, the ruins of the settlement could be seen; the site of the church was identified, and parts of its stone wall forming a rectangle with two entrances could be made out from a high hill to the west.

    “When we visited Santa María, the ruins of the settlement could be seen. The site of the church was identified and although the building no longer exists it is still possible, from a high hill to the west, to make out parts of its stone wall, forming a rectangle with two entrances.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Findingnone given
    § Introduction

    On display in the mansion at Hacienda Jápio is a vessel of African style and decoration: a sub-globular form with incisions (scarification) below the neck.

    “On display in the mansion is a vessel of African style and decoration: a sub-globular form with incisions (scarification) below the neck (Figure 14).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Findingnone given
    § Introduction

    These techniques and practices, together with traditional gold mining methods, continue among present-day black communities.

    “These techniques and practices, together with traditional gold mining methods, continue among present-day black communities.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingcitation
    § Introduction

    Black men and women were acquired for churches, convents, haciendas and gold mines, and Africans were appreciated for their culinary skills when working in the kitchens and waiting at table in the convents.

    “Black men and women were acquired for their churches, convents, haciendas and gold mines. Africans were also appreciated for their culinary skills when working in the kitchens and waiting at table in the convents (ACC. Sig. 19959; 2150; 8550).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites ACC. Sig. 19959; 2150; 8550

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingnone given
    § Introduction

    The finds at Villa Rica, which are not very numerous, consist of pottery used for cooking, associated with china, metal and glass; there are also grinding stones in the kitchen.

    “The finds, which are not very numerous, consist of pottery used for cooking, associated with china, metal and glass; there are also grinding stones in the kitchen.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data
    § Introduction

    Surface collection of artifacts at Santa María produced fragments of old pottery vessels of simple construction in red to brown fabric with little decoration; the pottery was made by pinching or coiling and fired in an oxidizing atmosphere, with common forms being globular jars, bowls and plates.

    “Surface collection of artifacts produced fragments of old pottery vessels of simple construction in red to brown fabric with little decoration. The pottery was made by pinching or coiling and fired in an oxidizing atmosphere; common forms were globular jars, bowls and plates.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Findingnone given
    § Introduction

    Minor works of engineering were undertaken, such as stone bridges giving access from one bank to the other.

    “Minor works of engineering were also undertaken, such as stone bridges giving access from one bank to the other.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingnone given
    § Introduction

    The terrain at Villa Rica is flat, and the town is virtually surrounded by the sugar cane monoculture supplying the industrial mills of Cauca and the Cauca Valley.

    “The terrain is flat, and the town is virtually surrounded by the sugar cane monoculture supplying the industrial mills of Cauca and the Cauca Valley.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data
    § Introduction

    Fragments of stone and tile are scattered over some four hectares of uneven terrain at Santa María; many have been reclaimed and used as foundations for present-day houses, farm buildings and roads.

    “Fragments of stone and tile are scattered over some four hectares of uneven terrain; many of these have been reclaimed and used as the foundations for present-day houses, farm buildings and roads (Figure 8).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation
    § Introduction

    One slave trade route travelled from West Africa to the Caribbean and North America, while another went from Africa to Brazil, both triangulating with European ports in England, Portugal, France and Spain from the sixteenth until the middle of the nineteenth century.

    “It is known that one route travelled from West Africa to the Caribbean and North America, while another went from Africa to Brazil in South America, both triangulating with European ports in England (London, Liverpool and Bristol), Portugal (Lisbon), France (Bordeaux) and Spain (Cádiz and Seville) from the sixteenth until the middle of the nineteenth century.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [14]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Premisecitation
    § Introduction

    The presence of clay pipes is another characteristic of African pottery during the periods of slavery in the Colonial and Republican eras.

    “The presence of clay pipes is another characteristic of African pottery during the periods of slavery in the Colonial and Republican eras.40,49−51”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 4 sources checked
    • cites [40]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites [49]

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    • cites [51]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Premisecitation
    § Introduction

    Popayán and its gobernación was one of Spain's most important colonial regions.

    “Popayán and its gobernación (administrative unit) was one of Spain’s most important colonial regions.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [23]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Premisecitation
    § Introduction

    The routes followed by the slave trade towards America can be determined from settlements and historical documents.

    “The routes followed by the slave trade towards America can be determined from settlements and historical documents.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [14]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Premisecitation
    § Introduction

    Such figures in wood or stone, used for ritual purposes, are known in Nigeria.

    “Such figures in wood or stone, used for ritual purposes, are known in Nigeria (Figure 3).48”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [48]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Premisecitation
    § Introduction

    G Colmenares aptly described Popayán as a 'city of slave-owners' in colonial times.

    “G Colmenares23 aptly described it as a ‘city of slave-owners’ in colonial times.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [23]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation
    § Introduction

    The historical archaeology of the African diaspora is a recent topic for fieldwork in Colombia, although the theme is familiar from historical research based on written documents concerning the African presence in Colombia and Latin America.

    “The historical archaeology of the African diaspora is a recent topic for fieldwork in Colombia, although the theme is familiar from historical research based on written documents concerning the African presence in Colombia and Latin America.16”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [16]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisenone given
    § Introduction

    There was no part of Popayán occupied exclusively by free black people; it is thought that some of these families may have lived in the suburb of Bolívar.

    “There was no part of the city occupied exclusively by free black people; it is thought that some of these families may have lived in the suburb of Bolívar.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation
    § Introduction

    Historic-archaeological studies specifically relating to communities of Africans and African descendants do not exist in Colombia, and those which touch on these topics do so from very general viewpoints.

    “Historic-archaeological studies specifically relating to communities of Africans and African descendants do not exist, and those which touch on these topics do so from very general viewpoints.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 10 sources checked
    • cites [1]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites [23]

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    • cites [24]

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    • cites [25]

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    • cites [30]

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    • cites [31]

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  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation
    § Introduction

    During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries Popayán owed its power to the encomienda, with black and indigenous slave labor employed in the gold mines and haciendas.

    “During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries the city owed its power to the encomienda, with black and indigenous slave labor employed in the gold mines and haciendas.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [23]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § Introduction

    There is no mention of huts or cabins for the slaves at Hacienda Coconuco, suggesting that they lived in the mansion in rooms adjacent to their workplaces.

    “There is no mention of huts or cabins for the slaves, suggesting that they lived in the mansion in rooms adjacent to their workplaces.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation
    § Introduction

    In the last centuries of colonization, direct routes also existed between Africa and America, indicating an increase in the slave trade to supply the demand for labour in the haciendas, mines, plantations and other concerns of the European colonial economy.

    “In the last centuries of colonization, it is evident that direct routes also existed between Africa and America, indicating an increase in the slave trade to supply the demand for labour in the haciendas, mines, plantations and other concerns of the European colonial economy.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [14]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation
    § Introduction

    The slave trade began in 1600 and lasted more than two hundred and fifty years.

    “The slave trade began in 1600 and lasted more than two hundred and fifty years.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [38]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites [45]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation
    § Introduction

    The settlement of Quilichao included a marketplace, houses, paved streets, church, cemetery and quarters for the slaves who worked in the mines.

    “The settlement included a marketplace, houses, paved streets, church, cemetery and quarters for the slaves who worked in the mines (Figure 7).37”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [37]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisereasoning
    § Introduction

    There was a large-scale and thriving trade in slave men and women, who once acquired could be moved from one site to another, as well as to the haciendas to work on sugar cane syrup production or with cattle, and were also shuttled between the mining zones of the Andes and the Pacific coast.

    “There was a large-scale and thriving trade in slave men and women, who once acquired could be moved from one site to another, as well as to the haciendas to work on sugar cane syrup production or with cattle. They were also shuttled between the mining zones of the Andes and the Pacific coast.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisenone given
    § Introduction

    Independence was declared in 1810, though the process of emancipation was to take several decades longer.

    “Independence was declared in 1810, though the process of emancipation was to take several decades longer.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Premisenone given
    § Introduction

    The site of Caicedo was part of the hacienda lands dispersed during the Republic which became small farms for free black people who used to work at Jápio.

    “The site of Caicedo was part of the hacienda lands dispersed during the Republic which became small farms for free black people who used to work at Jápio.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationnone given
    § Conclusion

    Studies of African Americans in America tell a fragmentary tale, usually written by those wielding power and domination.

    “As we have shown, studies of African Americans in America tell a fragmentary tale, usually written by those wielding power and domination.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation
    § Introduction

    Archival sources document various cases of Afro-colonial resistance, with black men and women escaping to form communities, known as palenques or quilombos, far from the mines and haciendas.

    “Archival sources document various cases of Afro-colonial resistance, with black men and women escaping to form communities, known as palenques or quilombos, far from the mines and haciendas.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Premisenone given
    § Introduction

    According to Afro-Colombian oral tradition, Villa Rica was first founded at a hamlet called La Cecilia, settled by free black men and women after the abolition of slavery in 1851.

    “According to Afro-Colombian oral tradition, Villa Rica was first founded at a hamlet called La Cecilia, settled by free black men and women after the abolition of slavery in 1851.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Oral tradition accounts are reliable enough to reconstruct historical events.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation
    § Introduction

    At the Real de Minas of Santa María the first town was founded: Quilichao, a colonial site for the exploitation of gold.

    “At the Real de Minas of Santa María the first town was founded: Quilichao, a colonial site for the exploitation of gold.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [37]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § Conclusion

    Historic-archaeological studies of black populations can help to solve the problems of exclusion and discrimination faced by these social groups for centuries.

    “Equally importantly, historic-archaeological studies of black populations can help to solve the problems of exclusion and discrimination faced by these social groups for centuries.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Premisenone given
    § Introduction

    Historical documents of the region confirm that slave families lived close to their domestic animals, garden plots, plantain plantations and places of work.

    “Historical documents of the region confirm that slave families lived close to their domestic animals, garden plots, plantain plantations and places of work.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Historical documents accurately record the facts they state.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationown data
    § Introduction

    These are ceramics with African influence made by slaves living and working in the Real de Minas and neighboring areas, washing gold for their masters and cultivating plantains for their sustenance.

    “These are ceramics with African influence made by slaves living and working in the Real de Minas and neighboring areas, washing gold for their masters and cultivating plantains for their sustenance.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Premisenone given
    § Introduction

    At the time of Independence in northern Cauca hundreds of enslaved black human beings, who worked in the haciendas of Quintero and Jápio and the mines of Caloto, Timbiquí and the Chocó, were controlled by the families of Popayán.

    “At the time of Independence in northern Cauca hundreds of enslaved black human beings, who worked in the haciendas of Quintero and Jápio and the mines of Caloto, Timbiquí and the Chocó, were controlled by the families of Popayán.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § Introduction

    Slave men and women used this method to open channels or canals where they washed the gold-bearing sand (a procedure known as tambar) with iron implements (bars and almocafres) and bateas or wooden trays, in the process known as mazamorreo or panning.

    “The slave men and women used this method to open channels or canals where they washed the gold-bearing sand (a procedure known as tambar) with iron implements (bars and almocafres) and bateas or wooden trays, in the process known as mazamorreo or panning (Figure 12).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § Conclusion

    Historical archaeology, archival documentation and Afro-Colombian oral tradition are important tools for understanding the past, memory and history of the diaspora of communities of African descendants.

    “To this end historical archaeology, archival documentation and Afro-Colombian oral tradition are important tools for understanding the past, memory and history of the diaspora of communities of African descendants.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisenone given
    § Introduction

    The descendants of black slaves occupy villages, small subsistence farms or artisanal mines where they face racism, displacement, illegal mining and the irrationality of conflict between various illegal groups and the state.

    “The descendants of black slaves occupy villages, small subsistence farms or artisanal mines where they face racism, displacement, illegal mining and the irrationality of conflict between various illegal groups and the state.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisenone given
    § Introduction

    Today the colonial haciendas symbolize power and authority, not only of the past but also of the present, in that they were acquired by Cali and Popayán families as architectural heritage for tourism or holiday retreats; their industrialized lands are developed for sugar cane monoculture.

    “Today the colonial haciendas symbolize power and authority, not only of the past but also of the present, in that they were acquired by Cali and Popayán families as architectural heritage for tourism or holiday retreats; their industrialized lands are developed for sugar cane monoculture.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisenone given
    § Introduction

    While the Freedom of Wombs law (Libertad de Vientres) freed children born from slaves, liberation was only consolidated in 1851 under the government of José Hilario López.

    “While the Freedom of Wombs law (Libertad de Vientres) freed children born from slaves, liberation was only consolidated in 1851 under the government of José Hilario López.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
58 of 58

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Decoration of vessels with small incisions resembles scarification of the skin, a common practice among Africans to show the ethnic affiliation of their peoples.

    “Decoration of vessels with small incisions resembles scarification of the skin, a common practice among Africans to show the ethnic affiliation of their peoples.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The stylized snake figure on the pottery pipe is a mythical African symbol of power and fertility.

    “A surface find was also recorded of a pottery pipe with dotted and incised decoration and the stylized figure of a snake, another mythical African symbol of power and fertility (Figure 11).”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Oral tradition accounts are reliable enough to reconstruct historical events.

    “According to Afro-Colombian oral tradition, Villa Rica was first founded at a hamlet called La Cecilia, settled by free black men and women after the abolition of slavery in 1851.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Historical documents accurately record the facts they state.

    “Historical documents of the region confirm that slave families lived close to their domestic animals, garden plots, plantain plantations and places of work.”
4 of 4

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • Slave-trade dates conflict

    Minor

    The paper says the slave trade began in 1600, but later dates slave-trade routes to the sixteenth century, which includes years before 1600.

1 of 1

Citations

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 14

  1. Whitley David. Reader in Archaeological Theory: Post-Processual and Cognitive Approaches. New York: Routledge; 1998.
  2. Shanks Michael. Experiencing the Past: On the Character of Archaeology. New York: Routledge; 1992.
  3. Appadurai Arjun. The Social Life of Things: Commodities in Cultural Perspectives. Cambridge Studies in Social and Cultural Anthropology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1988.
  4. Orser Charles. Images of the Recent Past: Readings in Historical Archaeology. London: Altamira Press, Sage Publications; 1996.
  5. Williams Erick. Capitalism and Slavery. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press; 1994.
  6. Caicedo Ana Sofía. Arqueología del Contacto Cultural en la Popayán Colonial: Finales del Siglo XVI y Siglo XVII. Graduate thesis, Universidad del Cauca; 2006.
  7. Friedemann Nina S. Huellas de Africanía. Thesaurus. 1992;47(3):543−560.
  8. Suaza María Angélica. AHistorical archeology in the province of Neiva slaves in the haciendas, 18th century. Boletín de Arqueología Nº. 2006;21:35−54.
  9. Deagan Kathleen. Colonies of Florida and the Caribbean 1500-1800. Volume 1. Ceramics, Glassware, and Beads. Washington D.C. & London: Smithsonian Institution Press; 1987.
  10. Orton Oliver James, L Hirton. Slavery and the Making of America. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2005.
  11. Singleton Theresa A. Archaeological Studies of African American Life. University Press of Virginia; 1999.
  12. Uribe Diana. África nuestra Tercera Raíz. Bogotá: Penguin Random House Grupo Editorial SA; 2014.
  13. Funari P Pablo. A Arqueologia de Palmares. Sua contribuição para o conhecimento da História da cultura afro-americana. Revista de História Regional. 1998;9:175−188.
  14. Historical archaeology. Pearson Prentice Hall. New Jersey. 2004.

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Related

Metadata

Authors
Patiño C, D., & Hernández, M. C.
Venue
Journal of Historical Archaeology & Anthropological Sciences
Publisher
MedCrave Group Kft.
Published
2019-12-12
Volume
4
Issue
6
Pages
230-243
ISSN
2573-2897 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.15406/jhaas.2019.04.00206
OpenAlex
W4206613681
Semantic Scholar
5904403362cfade8d3892d5ce00a7304a46b9aca
Cited by
2
References
8
Citations by year
2024: 2
FWCI
0.00
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
Journal of Historical Archaeology & Anthropological Sciences (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Anthropology › Historical and Cultural Archaeology Studies
  • Social Sciences › Cultural Studies › Afro-Latin American Studies
  • Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History › Colonialism, slavery, and trade
Keywords
Afro-Colombians, African descendants, slavery, slave trade, colonial period, Republican era, Cauca, Popayán, African diaspora, ancestry, oral tradition, archival sources, cultural heritage, social movements, everyday life, servitude

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