The DOI matches its Crossref record; 134 of the 134 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Influences on children’s oral health: A conceptual model
Abstract
OBJECTIVES. Despite marked improvements over the past century, oral health in America is a significant problem: caries is the most common chronic disease of childhood. Much oral health research examines influences primarily in the oral cavity or focuses on a limited number of individual-level factors. The purpose of this article was to present a more encompassing conceptual model of the influences on children's oral health. METHODS. The conceptual model presented here was derived from the population health and social epidemiology fields, which have moved toward multilevel, holistic approaches to analyze the complex and interactive causes of children's health problems. It is based on a comprehensive review of major population and oral health literatures. RESULTS. A multilevel conceptual model is described, with the individual, family, and community levels of influence on oral health outcomes. This model incorporates the 5 key domains of determinants of health as identified in the population health literature: genetic and biological factors, the social environment, the physical environment, health behaviors, and dental and medical care. The model recognizes the presence of a complex interplay of causal factors. Last, the model incorporates the aspect of time, recognizing the evolution of oral health diseases (eg, caries) and influences on the child-host over time. CONCLUSIONS. This conceptual model represents a starting point for thinking about children's oral health. The model incorporates many of the important breakthroughs by social epidemiologists over the past 25 years by including a broad range of genetic, social, and environmental risk factors; multiple pathways by which they operate; a time dimension; the notion of differential susceptibility and resilience; and a multilevel approach. The study of children's oral health from a global perspective remains largely in its infancy and is poised for additional development. This work can help inform how best to approach and improve children's oral health.
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“At the structural level, access barriers, poverty, rurality, and historic inequities influence both risk and the ability to complete timely treatment.”
From Equity or Two-Tier Care? Guardrails for Silver Diamine Fluoride and Delegated Early Childhood Caries Pathways (2026) · cites this paper as [1]
In the citing paper
“Early childhood caries (ECC) is widely understood as a multifactorial disease that arises from interactions among biological, behavioral, and structural determinants.”
From Equity or Two-Tier Care? Guardrails for Silver Diamine Fluoride and Delegated Early Childhood Caries Pathways (2026) · cites this paper as [1]
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“The complexity of caries etiology may be the main explanation for this result [21].”
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Liu, H., Hays, R. D., Marcus, M., Coulter, I. D., Maida, C. A., Ramos‐Gomez, F., Shen, J., Wang, Y., Spolsky, V. W., Lee, S., et al. (2016) · BMC Oral Health · doi:10.1186/s12903-016-0293-x · Cited by 18
“This model builds upon our previous work on the multi-level influences of oral health [18].”
Foláyan, M. O., Schroth, R. J., Ayouni, I., Nguweneza, A., Arheiam, A., Al-Batayneh, O. B., Virtanen, J. I., Gaffar, B. O., Duangthip, D., Sun, I. G., et al. (2023) · BMC Oral Health · doi:10.1186/s12903-023-03459-0 · Cited by 21
“Introduction The oral health of children is influenced by various family and community related factors [1], which are encompassed by the sustainable development goals.”
BackgroundOral Health Disparities and the Future Face of America
Ebersole, J. L., D’Souza, R. N., Gordon, S., & Fox, C. H. (2012) · Journal of Dental Research · doi:10.1177/0022034512462034 · Cited by 17
“She also referenced a paper by Fisher-Owens and colleagues (Fisher-Owens et al., 2007), delineating a conceptual model to influence children’s oral health (Fig 2.). This model emphasizes multilevel, holistic approaches to analyses of the complex and interactive causes of children’s health problems, by including a broa…”
BackgroundInfluentialSocial inequalities in children’s oral health-related quality of life: the Generation R Study
Kragt, L., Wolvius, E. B., Raat, H., Jaddoe, V. W. V., & Ongkosuwito, E. M. (2017) · Quality of Life Research · doi:10.1007/s11136-017-1679-1 · Cited by 17
An oral epidemiological comparison of Chinese and New Zealand adults in 2 key age groups
He, S., & Thomson, W. M. (2017) · Community Dentistry And Oral Epidemiology · doi:10.1111/cdoe.12348 · Cited by 17
Validity of Measures Assessing Oral Health Beliefs of American Indian Parents
Wilson, A. R., Brega, A. G., Thomas, J. F., Henderson, W. G., Lind, K. E., Braun, P. A., Batliner, T. S., & Albino, J. E. N. (2018) · Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities · doi:10.1007/s40615-018-0472-3 · Cited by 17
Meyer, B. D. (2019) · PubMed · doi:10.17615/b7fm-z064 · Cited by 17
Dental anxiety and caries experience from late childhood through adolescence to early adulthood
Wong, H. M., Peng, S., Perfecto, A. P., & McGrath, C. P. J. (2020) · Community Dentistry And Oral Epidemiology · doi:10.1111/cdoe.12563 · Cited by 17
Neighbourhood characteristics and children’s oral health: a multilevel population-based cohort study
Lunteren, A. W. V. M.-V., Groeniger, J. O., Wolvius, E. B., & Kragt, L. (2021) · European Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1093/eurpub/ckab013 · Cited by 18
Racial/ethnic inequality in the association of allostatic load and dental caries in children
Park, L., Gomaa, N. A., & Quiñonez, C. (2021) · Journal of Public Health Dentistry · doi:10.1111/jphd.12470 · Cited by 17
Qiu, R., Li, Y., Malla, M., Yao, J., Mo, D., Dhakal, N., & Huang, H. (2018) · BMC Oral Health · doi:10.1186/s12903-018-0683-3 · Cited by 17
Vernon, L. T., & Seacat, J. D. (2017) · Journal of Evidence Based Dental Practice · doi:10.1016/j.jebdp.2017.03.008 · Cited by 17
Causal analyses in longitudinal observational studies in oral health: A scoping review
Dao, A. T. M., Do, L., Stormon, N., Dhanapriyanka, M., & Ha, D. H. (2024) · Community Dentistry And Oral Epidemiology · doi:10.1111/cdoe.13002 · Cited by 16
Developmental enamel defects are associated with early childhood caries: Case‐control study
Corrêa‐Faria, P., Gonçalves, S. P., Ramos‐Jorge, M. L., Paiva, S. M., & Pordeus, I. A. (2019) · International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry · doi:10.1111/ipd.12574 · Cited by 16
Julihn, A., Soares, F. C., Hjern, A., & Dahllöf, G. (2021) · Acta Paediatrica · doi:10.1111/apa.15882 · Cited by 16
Park, A. H., Kulchar, R. J., Susarla, S. M., Turton, B. J., & Sokal‐Gutierrez, K. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20032195 · Cited by 16
Oral Health of Women and Children: Progress, Challenges, and Priorities
Kumar, J. V., Crall, J. J., & Holt, K. (2023) · Maternal and Child Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10995-023-03757-7 · Cited by 16
“developed a conceptual model that identified genetic and biological factors, social and physical environments, health behaviors, and dental and medical care (Fisher-Owens et al., 2007).”
BackgroundInfluence of First-Time Mothers' Early Employment on Severe Early Childhood Caries in Their Child
Plutzer, K., & Keirse, M. J. N. C. (2012) · International Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1155/2012/820680 · Cited by 16
“Hindawi Publishing Corporation International Journal of Pediatrics Volume 2012, Article ID 820680, 6 pages doi:10.1155/2012/820680”
BackgroundInfluentialDental Caries: Racial and Ethnic Disparities Among North Carolina Kindergarten Students
MATSUO, G., Rozier, R. G., & Kranz, A. M. (2015) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2015.302884 · Cited by 16
A Qualitative Study of Child Nutrition and Oral Health in El Salvador
Achalu, P., Zahid, N., Sherry, D. N., Chang, A., & Sokal‐Gutierrez, K. (2019) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph16142508 · Cited by 20
Inequalities in Caries Experience Among Mongolian Children
Chinzorig, T., Aida, J., Cooray, U., Nyamdorj, T., Soyolmaa, M., Osaka, K., & Garidkhuu, A. (2019) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph16203892 · Cited by 16
Wang, K., Pang, L., Fan, C., Cui, T., Yu, L., & Lin, H. (2020) · Frontiers in Pediatrics · doi:10.3389/fped.2020.00419 · Cited by 16
“The questionnaire was mainly designed with reference to the Fisher-Owens conceptual model of influence on children’s oral health (19).”
MethodFleming, E., Raskin, S. E., & Brody, E. R. (2022) · Journal of Public Health Dentistry · doi:10.1111/jphd.12503 · Cited by 16
“In fact, conceptual models describing influences on oral health omit racism [5].”
BackgroundSocial Gradients in Dental Health among Low-Income Mothers and their Young Children
Grembowski, D. E., Spiekerman, C. F., & Milgrom, P. (2012) · Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved · doi:10.1353/hpu.2012.0054 · Cited by 16
Paradigm shift: Infant oral health care – Primary prevention
Nowak, A. J. (2011) · Journal of Dentistry · doi:10.1016/j.jdent.2011.11.005 · Cited by 16
Quiñonez, R. B., Kranz, A. M., Long, M., & Rozier, R. G. (2014) · BMC Oral Health · doi:10.1186/1472-6831-14-33 · Cited by 16
“While this study did not comprehensively examine all of the important influences that impact child oral health, it highlights areas that can be addressed to improve care coordination [50].”
BackgroundStock options and capital structure
MacMinn, R. D., & Page, F. H. (2005) · Annals of Finance · doi:10.1007/s10436-005-0029-4 · Cited by 16
Emmanuelli, B., Knorst, J. K., Menegazzo, G. R., Mendes, F. M., & Ardenghi, T. M. (2021) · Caries Research · doi:10.1159/000515083 · Cited by 15
Metadata
- Authors
- Fisher-Owens, S. A., Gansky, S. A., Platt, L. J., Weintraub, J. A., Soobader, M.-J., Bramlett, M. D., & Newacheck, P. W.
- Affiliations
- Department of Pediatrics
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- Statworks, Boston, Massachusetts
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US)
- Venue
- Pediatrics
- Publisher
- American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)
- Published
- 2007-09-01
- Volume
- 120
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- e510-e520
- ISSN
- 0031-4005 (ISSN-L)
- 1098-4275
- OpenAlex
- W2039971937
- Semantic Scholar
- 26d7508015c25539bc2679c72746d3458dd6f669
- Cited by
- 864
- References
- 134
- Citations by year
- 2026: 50 · 2025: 58 · 2024: 79 · 2023: 57 · 2022: 83 · 2021: 77 · 2020: 63 · 2019: 57 · 2018: 39 · 2017: 53 · 2016: 35 · 2015: 58 · 2014: 35 · 2013: 37 · 2012: 36
- FWCI
- 9.76
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- PEDIATRICS (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (R03 DE165701, R03DE016571, U54DE014251)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Dentistry › General Dentistry › Dental Health and Care Utilization
- Health Sciences › Dentistry › Periodontics › Oral microbiology and periodontitis research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Child and Adolescent Health
- Keywords
- children's oral health, dental caries, conceptual model, multilevel analysis, social determinants of health, family and community influence, social environment, physical environment, health behavior, access to dental care, health care, differential susceptibility, resilience, temporal dimension
- MeSH terms
- Anthropometry, Child, Child Development, Disease Susceptibility, Family, Humans, Insurance, Dental, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Models, Biological, Oral Health, Oral Hygiene, Patient Acceptance of Health Care, Risk Factors, Sex Factors, Social Environment, Socioeconomic Factors, Health Behavior, Dental Care for Children, Racial Groups
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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