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Influences on children’s oral health: A conceptual model
Abstract
OBJECTIVES. Despite marked improvements over the past century, oral health in America is a significant problem: caries is the most common chronic disease of childhood. Much oral health research examines influences primarily in the oral cavity or focuses on a limited number of individual-level factors. The purpose of this article was to present a more encompassing conceptual model of the influences on children's oral health. METHODS. The conceptual model presented here was derived from the population health and social epidemiology fields, which have moved toward multilevel, holistic approaches to analyze the complex and interactive causes of children's health problems. It is based on a comprehensive review of major population and oral health literatures. RESULTS. A multilevel conceptual model is described, with the individual, family, and community levels of influence on oral health outcomes. This model incorporates the 5 key domains of determinants of health as identified in the population health literature: genetic and biological factors, the social environment, the physical environment, health behaviors, and dental and medical care. The model recognizes the presence of a complex interplay of causal factors. Last, the model incorporates the aspect of time, recognizing the evolution of oral health diseases (eg, caries) and influences on the child-host over time. CONCLUSIONS. This conceptual model represents a starting point for thinking about children's oral health. The model incorporates many of the important breakthroughs by social epidemiologists over the past 25 years by including a broad range of genetic, social, and environmental risk factors; multiple pathways by which they operate; a time dimension; the notion of differential susceptibility and resilience; and a multilevel approach. The study of children's oral health from a global perspective remains largely in its infancy and is poised for additional development. This work can help inform how best to approach and improve children's oral health.
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“At the structural level, access barriers, poverty, rurality, and historic inequities influence both risk and the ability to complete timely treatment.”
From Equity or Two-Tier Care? Guardrails for Silver Diamine Fluoride and Delegated Early Childhood Caries Pathways (2026) · cites this paper as [1]
In the citing paper
“Early childhood caries (ECC) is widely understood as a multifactorial disease that arises from interactions among biological, behavioral, and structural determinants.”
From Equity or Two-Tier Care? Guardrails for Silver Diamine Fluoride and Delegated Early Childhood Caries Pathways (2026) · cites this paper as [1]
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“We used WHO’s pathway model adapted for oral health [26] and the conceptual model of Fisher-Owens et al.[11] to build the model for our study.”
BackgroundMethodDo, L., Scott, J. A., Thomson, W. M., Stamm, J. W., Rugg-Gunn, A. J., Levy, S. M., Wong, C., Devenish, G., Ha, D. H., & Spencer, A. J. (2014) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-14-429 · Cited by 59
Improving Caries Risk Prediction Modeling: A Call for Action
Fontana, M., Carrasco‐Labra, A., Spallek, H., Eckert, G. J., & Katz, B. P. (2020) · Journal of Dental Research · doi:10.1177/0022034520934808 · Cited by 57
“Because of the multifactorial and chronic nature of the caries disease process, studies on caries risk assessment (CRA) tend to be complex, with multiple factors influencing risk at the individual, family, and community levels throughout the lifetime (Fisher-Owens et al. 2007; Fontana 2015).”
BackgroundCapurro, D. A., Iafolla, T., Kingman, A., Chattopadhyay, A., & Garcia, I. (2015) · Community Dentistry And Oral Epidemiology · doi:10.1111/cdoe.12174 · Cited by 57
Wagner, Y., Greiner, S., & Heinrich‐Weltzien, R. (2013) · Community Dentistry And Oral Epidemiology · doi:10.1111/cdoe.12072 · Cited by 57
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Assessing a multilevel model of young children’s oral health with national survey data
Bramlett, M. D., Soobader, M.-J., Fisher-Owens, S., Weintraub, J., Gansky, S., Platt, L. J., & Newacheck, P. (2010) · Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0528.2010.00536.x · Cited by 60
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Influence of family environment on children's oral health: a systematic review
de Castilho, A. R. F., Mialhe, F. L., Barbosa, T. D. S., & Puppin‐Rontani, R. M. (2013) · Jornal de Pediatria (Versão em Português) · doi:10.1016/j.jpedp.2012.10.001 · Cited by 59
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“Caries development in pre-school children is influenced by oral health behavior such as diet, plaque control and the use of fluoride, which in turn is influenced by social factors [4].”
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“Due to the complex causal relations of the disease, the analysis should reflect not only oral health status but also the social environment [26,27].”
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Child and adolescent perceptions of oral health over the life course
Maida, C. A., Marcus, M., Hays, R. D., Coulter, I. D., Ramos‐Gomez, F., Lee, S. Y., McClory, P. S., Van, L. V., Wang, Y., Shen, J., et al. (2015) · Quality of Life Research · doi:10.1007/s11136-015-1015-6 · Cited by 57
“Child and adolescent characteristics, such as biology, lifestyle, and environment, are important determinants of health, including oral health [7, 8].”
BackgroundTeeth Tales: a community-based child oral health promotion trial with migrant families in Australia
Gibbs, L. F., Waters, E., Christian, B., Gold, L. H., Young, D., de Silva, A. M., Calache, H., Gussy, M. G., Watt, R. G., Riggs, E., et al. (2015) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2014-007321 · Cited by 53
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Does poverty cause dental caries?
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Perspektif Orang Tua pada Kesehatan Gigi Anak Usia Dini
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Giving Policy Some Teeth: Routes To Reducing Disparities In Oral Health
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“Lifetime oral health status is affected by environmental and public health resources, plus biologic, social, cultural, economic, and access issues.(6) The past century has seen progress in the U.”
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Finlayson, T. L., Gupta, A., & Ramos‐Gomez, F. (2017) · Dental Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.cden.2017.02.001 · Cited by 51
Randomized Trial of Motivational Interviewing to Prevent Early Childhood Caries in Public Housing
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“Given the complex multifactorial determinants of ECC that exist on the individual, family, and community levels (Fisher-Owens et al. 2007; Lee and Divaris 2014), finding innovative strategies to reduce the prevalence and severity of this disease in high-risk populations is essential to reducing…”
BackgroundWhen to intervene in the caries process? A Delphi consensus statement
Banerjee, A., Splieth, C. H., Breschi, L., Fontana, M., Paris, S., Burrow, M. F., Crombie, F. A., Page, L. A. F., Hernández, P. G., Giacaman, R. A., et al. (2020) · BDJ · doi:10.1038/s41415-020-2220-4 · Cited by 55
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“ECC is a multifactorial and largely preventable disease, with influences at multiple levels of organization, from individual to societal [5].”
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“Extreme inequalities in oral health exist however, in relation to functional capacity and disability, socioeconomic status and socio-political environment, both for adults and children [2–10].”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Fisher-Owens, S. A., Gansky, S. A., Platt, L. J., Weintraub, J. A., Soobader, M.-J., Bramlett, M. D., & Newacheck, P. W.
- Affiliations
- Department of Pediatrics
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- Statworks, Boston, Massachusetts
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US)
- Venue
- Pediatrics
- Publisher
- American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)
- Published
- 2007-09-01
- Volume
- 120
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- e510-e520
- ISSN
- 0031-4005 (ISSN-L)
- 1098-4275
- OpenAlex
- W2039971937
- Semantic Scholar
- 26d7508015c25539bc2679c72746d3458dd6f669
- Cited by
- 864
- References
- 134
- Citations by year
- 2026: 50 · 2025: 58 · 2024: 79 · 2023: 57 · 2022: 83 · 2021: 77 · 2020: 63 · 2019: 57 · 2018: 39 · 2017: 53 · 2016: 35 · 2015: 58 · 2014: 35 · 2013: 37 · 2012: 36
- FWCI
- 9.76
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- PEDIATRICS (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (R03 DE165701, R03DE016571, U54DE014251)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Dentistry › General Dentistry › Dental Health and Care Utilization
- Health Sciences › Dentistry › Periodontics › Oral microbiology and periodontitis research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Child and Adolescent Health
- Keywords
- children's oral health, dental caries, conceptual model, multilevel analysis, social determinants of health, family and community influence, social environment, physical environment, health behavior, access to dental care, health care, differential susceptibility, resilience, temporal dimension
- MeSH terms
- Anthropometry, Child, Child Development, Disease Susceptibility, Family, Humans, Insurance, Dental, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Models, Biological, Oral Health, Oral Hygiene, Patient Acceptance of Health Care, Risk Factors, Sex Factors, Social Environment, Socioeconomic Factors, Health Behavior, Dental Care for Children, Racial Groups
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