Trends in Blood Lead Levels and Blood Lead Testing Among US Children Aged 1 to 5 Years, 1988–2004
Abstract
Objectives To evaluate trends in children's blood lead levels and the extent of blood lead testing of children at risk for lead poisoning from national surveys conducted during a 16-year period in the United States. Methods Data for children aged 1 to 5 years from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III Phase I, 1988-1991, and Phase II, 1991-1994 were compared to data from the survey period 1999-2004. Results The prevalence of elevated blood lead levels, >/=10 microg/dL, among children decreased from 8.6% in 1988-1991 to 1.4% in 1999-2004, which is an 84% decline. From 1988-1991 and 1999-2004, children's geometric mean blood lead levels declined in non-Hispanic black (5.2-2.8 microg/dL), Mexican American (3.9-1.9 microg/dL), and non-Hispanic white children (3.1 microg/dL to 1.7 microg/dL). However, levels continue to be highest among non-Hispanic black children relative to Mexican American and non-Hispanic white children. Blood lead levels were distributed as follows: 14.0% were /=10 microg/dL. Multivariable analysis indicated that residence in older housing, poverty, age, and being non-Hispanic black are still major risk factors for higher lead levels. Blood lead testing of Medicaid-enrolled children increased to 41.9% from 19.2% in 1988-1991. Only 43.0% of children with elevated blood lead levels had previously been tested. Conclusions Children's blood lead levels continue to decline in the United States, even in historically high-risk groups for lead poiso…
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The second instrumental variables strategy is based on Rhode Island policies implemented in 1997 that required landlords to ensure that rental homes were free of lead hazards.
“The second strategy is based on policies implemented in Rhode Island in 1997 that required landlords to ensure that rental homes were free of lead hazards.”
From Do Low Levels of Blood Lead Reduce Children's Future Test Scores? (2018) · cites this paper as Jones et al. 2009
Cites
Lanphear, B. P., Hornung, R., Khoury, J., Yolton, K., Baghurst, P., Bellinger, D. C., Canfield, R. L., Dietrich, K. N., Bornschein, R., Greene, T., et al. (2005) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp.7688 · Cited by 2,205 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Lead and PCBs as Risk Factors for Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Eubig, P. A., Aguiar, A., & Schantz, S. L. (2010) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp.0901852 · Cited by 277 · see citing works
Juster, R.-P., Bizik, G., Picard, M., Arsenault-Lapierre, G., Sindi, S., Trepanier, L., Marin, M.-F., Wan, N., Sekerovic, Z., Lord, C., et al. (2011) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579411000289 · Cited by 268 · see citing works
Project TENDR: Targeting Environmental Neuro-Developmental Risks The TENDR Consensus Statement
Bennett, D., Bellinger, D. C., Birnbaum, L. S., DABT, A.T.S, Bradman, A., Chen, A., Cory-Slechta, D. A., Engel, S. M., Fallin, M. D., et al. (2016) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp358 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Do Low Levels of Blood Lead Reduce Children's Future Test Scores?
Aizer, A., Currie, J., Simon, P., & Vivier, P. (2018) · American Economic Journal: Applied Economics · doi:10.1257/app.20160404 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Tian, Y., Green, P. G., Stamova, B., Hertz-Picciotto, I., Pessah, I. N., Hansen, R., Yang, X., Gregg, J. P., Ashwood, P., Jickling, G., et al. (2011) · Neurotoxicity Research · doi:10.1007/s12640-009-9126-x · Cited by 70 · see citing works
- Authors
- Jones, R. L., Homa, D. M., Meyer, P. A., Brody, D. J., Caldwell, K. L., Pirkle, J. L., & Brown, M. J.
- Affiliations
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US)
- Venue
- Pediatrics
- Publisher
- American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)
- Published
- 2009-03-01
- Volume
- 123
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- e376-e385
- ISSN
- 0031-4005 (ISSN-L)
- 1098-4275
- OpenAlex
- W2000130851
- Cited by
- 312
- References
- 1
- Citations by year
- 2025: 2 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 23 · 2015: 24 · 2014: 26 · 2013: 33 · 2012: 31
- FWCI
- 23.69
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- PEDIATRICS (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Heavy Metal Exposure and Toxicity
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Heavy metals in environment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Human Health and Disease
- Keywords
- blood lead levels, childhood lead poisoning, blood lead testing, temporal trends, risk factors, racial disparities, non-Hispanic Black children, Mexican American children, Medicaid, housing age, poverty, NHANES, children aged 1-5 years, lead exposure prevention, United States
- MeSH terms
- Child, Preschool, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Humans, Infant, Lead, Lead Poisoning, Male, Mass Screening, Risk Factors, United States, Incidence, Healthcare Disparities
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
