Neuropsychological performance 10 years after immunization in infancy with thimerosal-containing vaccines.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Thimerosal, a mercury compound used as a preservative in vaccines administered during infancy, has been suspected to affect neuropsychological development. We compared the neuropsychological performance, 10 years after vaccination, of 2 groups of children exposed randomly to different amounts of thimerosal through immunization. METHODS: Children who were enrolled in an efficacy trial of pertussis vaccines in 1992-1993 were contacted in 2003. Two groups of children were identified, according to thimerosal content in vaccines assigned randomly in the first year of life (cumulative ethylmercury intake of 62.5 or 137.5 microg), and were compared with respect to neuropsychological outcomes. Eleven standardized neuropsychological tests, for a total of 24 outcomes, were administered to children during school hours. Mean scores of neuropsychological tests in the domains of memory and learning, attention, executive functions, visuospatial functions, language, and motor skills were compared according to thimerosal exposure and gender. Standard regression coefficients obtained through multivariate linear regression analyses were used as a measure of effect. RESULTS: Nearly 70% of the invited subjects participated in the neuropsychological assessment (N = 1403). Among the 24 neuropsychological outcomes that were evaluated, only 2 were significantly associated with thimerosal exposure. Girls with higher thimerosal intake had lower mean scores in the finger-tapping test with the dominant hand and in the Boston Naming Test. CONCLUSIONS: Given the large number of statistical comparisons performed, the few associations found between thimerosal exposure and neuropsychological development might be attributable to chance. The associations found, although statistically significant, were based on small differences in mean test scores, and their clinical relevance remains to be determined.
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When the safety of thimerosal as a vaccine component has been examined, it has not been found to have any associated risks, including no evidence of an increased risk of autism.
“When the safety of thimerosal as a vaccine component has been examined, it has not been found to have any associated risks, including no evidence of an increased risk of autism (Tozzi et al., 2009; Price et al., 2010).”
From Vaccine Safety: Myths and Misinformation (2020) · cites this paper as Tozzi et al., 2009
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- Authors
- Tozzi, A. E., Bisiacchi, P., Tarantino, V., De Mei, B., D'Elia, L., Chiarotti, F., & Salmaso, S.
- Affiliations
- Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital (IT)
- University of Padua (IT)
- National Health Institute, Rome, Italy
- Venue
- PEDIATRICS
- Publisher
- American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)
- Published
- 2009-02-01
- Volume
- 123
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 475-482
- ISSN
- 0031-4005 (ISSN-L)
- 1098-4275
- OpenAlex
- W2145766615
- Cited by
- 63
- References
- 26
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 1 · 2023: 2 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 6.40
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- PEDIATRICS (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Nova Science Publishers (Nova Science Publishers, Inc.) (submittedVersion)
- Padua Research Archive (University of Padova) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità
- Regione del Veneto
- U.S. Public Health Service (2002-N-00448)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Heavy Metal Exposure and Toxicity
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Mercury impact and mitigation studies
- Social Sciences › Health › Vaccine Coverage and Hesitancy
- Keywords
- thimerosal, ethylmercury, mercury exposure, infant immunization, vaccine preservatives, neuropsychological development, cognitive outcomes, pertussis vaccine, long-term follow-up, finger tapping test, Boston Naming Test, sex differences
- MeSH terms
- Child, Developmental Disabilities, Female, Humans, Infant, Male, Neuropsychological Tests, Preservatives, Pharmaceutical, Thimerosal, Time Factors, Vaccines
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