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Do Stimulants Protect Against Psychiatric Disorders in Youth With ADHD? A 10-Year Follow-up Study
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE: Little is known about the effect of stimulant treatment in youth with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) on the subsequent development of comorbid psychiatric disorders. We tested the association between stimulant treatment and the subsequent development of psychiatric comorbidity in a longitudinal sample of patients with ADHD. METHODS: We conducted a case-control, 10-year prospective follow-up study into young-adult years of youth with ADHD. At baseline, we assessed consecutively referred white male children with (n = 140) and without (n = 120) ADHD, aged 6 to 18 years. At the 10-year follow-up, 112 (80%) and 105 (88%) of the children in the ADHD and control groups, respectively, were reassessed (mean age: 22 years). We examined the association between stimulant treatment in childhood and adolescence and subsequent comorbid disorders and grade retention by using proportional hazards survival models. RESULTS: Of the 112 participants with ADHD, 82 (73%) were previously treated with stimulants. Participants with ADHD who were treated with stimulants were significantly less likely to subsequently develop depressive and anxiety disorders and disruptive behavior and less likely to repeat a grade compared with participants with ADHD who were not treated. CONCLUSIONS: We found evidence that stimulant treatment decreases the risk for subsequent comorbid psychiatric disorders and academic failure in youth with ADHD.
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“Early and optimal treatment of ADHD has also been shown to reduce the risk of developing certain psychiatric comorbidities.29”
From Health care resource utilization and costs associated with psychiatric comorbidities in adult patients with attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder (2024) · cites this paper as [29]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
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“It is indicated in prospective studies that patients with ADHD, whether treated or not, are at increased risk for early death, suicide, and increased psychiatric comorbidity, particularly substance use disorders.71,72”
From Clinical Practice Guideline for the Diagnosis, Evaluation, and Treatment of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Children and Adolescents (2019) · cites this paper as [72]
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“It has been suggested that early and optimal treatment of ADHD could potentially alter the trajectory of psychiatric morbidity down the road by preventing the emergence of psychiatric comorbidities such as mood and anxiety disorders or SUDs [7,8].”
From Adult ADHD and comorbid disorders: clinical implications of a dimensional approach (2017) · cites this paper as [7]
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“Early recognition and treatment of ADHD and its comorbidities has the potential to change the trajectory of psychiatric morbidity later in life.”
From Adult ADHD and comorbid disorders: clinical implications of a dimensional approach (2017) · cites this paper as [7]
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“In a 10-year longitudinal follow-up study of male youths with ADHD, Biederman et al. (2009) [7] found that those who were treated with stimulants had a significantly lower risk of developing comorbid depressive and anxiety disorders as adults, and were also significantly less likely to have impaired functional outcomes, than those who were not treated.”
From Adult ADHD and comorbid disorders: clinical implications of a dimensional approach (2017) · cites this paper as [7]
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“In a 10-year longitudinal follow-up study of male youths with ADHD, Biederman et al. (2009) [7] found that those who were treated with stimulants had a significantly lower risk of developing comorbid depressive and anxiety disorders as adults, and were also significantly less likely to have impaired functional outcomes, than those who were not treated.”
From Adult ADHD and comorbid disorders: clinical implications of a dimensional approach (2017) · cites this paper as [7]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“some studies suggest that treatment with stimulants can help to lessen the likelihood of other psychiatric comorbidities during adolescence [49], including cigarette use and substance abuse [50].”
From Advances in understanding and treating ADHD (2011) · cites this paper as [49]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Biederman, J., Monuteaux, M. C., Spencer, T., Wilens, T. E., & Faraone, S. V.
- Affiliations
- Massachusetts General Hospital (US)
- State University of New York (US)
- Venue
- Pediatrics
- Publisher
- American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)
- Published
- 2009-07-01
- Volume
- 124
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 71-78
- ISSN
- 0031-4005 (ISSN-L)
- 1098-4275
- PMC
- PMC2954591
- OpenAlex
- W2124820904
- Cited by
- 246
- References
- 41
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 23
- FWCI
- 12.12
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- PEDIATRICS (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (K24DA016264)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01HD036317, 5R01 HD36317)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Behavioral and Psychological Studies
- Keywords
- attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, stimulant medication, psychiatric comorbidity, depressive disorders, anxiety disorders, disruptive behavior disorders, school retention, school failure, long-term outcomes, youth
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Central Nervous System Stimulants, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Mental Disorders, Child, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Male, Comorbidity, Proportional Hazards Models, Case-Control Studies
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