The DOI matches its Crossref record; 24 of the 24 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Trajectories of Autism Severity in Children Using Standardized ADOS Scores
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVES: To plot longitudinal trajectories of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) severity from early childhood to early adolescence. In line with reported trajectories in toddlers, we hypothesize that a substantial minority of children will show marked changes in ASD severity over time, with "Improvers" demonstrating the highest mean baseline and rate of growth in verbal IQ (VIQ). METHODS: Patients included 345 clinic referrals and research participants with best-estimate clinical diagnoses of ASD at 1 or more time points, and repeated Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS), VIQ, and nonverbal IQ scores. Standardized ADOS severity scores were applied to 1026 assessments collected longitudinally between the ages of 2 and 15 (VIQ at most recent assessment: mean = 58, SD = 35). Scores were fitted for latent severity trajectory classes with and without covariates. Adaptive behavior and VIQ trajectories over time were modeled within each of the best-fit latent classes. RESULTS: A 4-class model best represented the observed data. Over 80% of participants were assigned to persistent (stable) high or moderately severe classes; 2 small classes respectively increased or decreased in severity over time. Age, gender, race, and nonverbal IQ did not predict class membership; VIQ was a significant predictor. Baseline VIQ was highest in the improving and worsening classes; it increased at the greatest rate in the improving class. Adaptive behavior declined in all but the improving class, with consistent impairment in all classes. CONCLUSIONS: If replicated, identified trajectory classes of ADOS severity may contribute to clinical prognosis and to subtyping samples for neurobiological and genetic research.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“These scores have little relation to age or IQ (Kanne et al. 2011, Shumway et al. 2012), and some evidence suggests that they may be useful for identifying different trajectories of ASD severity (Gotham et al. 2012).”
From Recent Advances in Autism Research as Reflected in DSM-5 Criteria for Autism Spectrum Disorder (2015) · cites this paper as Gotham et al. 2012
In the citing paper
“These studies have repeatedly shown that childhood language ability, especially the acquisition of language before age 5 (Eaves and Ho 2008;Gotham et al. 2012;Lotter 1974;Magiati et al. 2014;Pickles et al. 2014;Szatmari et al. 2003;Venter et al. 1992) and general intellectual ability (Bal et al. 2015;Gillberg and Steffenburg 1987;Howlin et al. 2013) are significant predictors of autistic features”
From Childhood Executive Function Predicts Later Autistic Features and Adaptive Behavior in Young Autistic People: a 12-Year Prospective Study (2019) · cites this paper as Gotham et al. 2012
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Williams, J. B. W., & First, M. B. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199975839.013.104 · Cited by 109,845
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
American Psychiatric Association (2022) · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425787 · Cited by 23,476
Lord, C., Risi, S., Lambrecht, L., Cook, E. H., Leventhal, B. L., DiLavore, P. C., Pickles, A., & Rutter, M. (2000) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1023/a:1005592401947 · Cited by 7,520
Self-citationAutism Diagnostic Interview-Revised
Rutter, M., LeCouteur, A., & Lord, C. (2016) · PsycTESTS Dataset · doi:10.1037/t18128-000 · Cited by 1,627
Self-citationStandardizing ADOS Scores for a Measure of Severity in Autism Spectrum Disorders
Gotham, K., Pickles, A., & Lord, C. (2009) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-008-0674-3 · Cited by 1,605
Self-citationThe Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule: Revised Algorithms for Improved Diagnostic Validity
Gotham, K., Risi, S., Pickles, A., & Lord, C. (2007) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-006-0280-1 · Cited by 1,161
Self-citationAutism From 2 to 9 Years of Age
Lord, C., Risi, S., DiLavore, P. S., Shulman, C., Thurm, A., & Pickles, A. (2006) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.63.6.694 · Cited by 973
Self-citationGeneralized Multilevel Structural Equation Modeling
Rabe‐Hesketh, S., Skrondal, A., & Pickles, A. R. (2004) · Psychometrika · doi:10.1007/bf02295939 · Cited by 833
Self-citationIdentifying autism loci and genes by tracing recent shared ancestry
Morrow, E. M., Yoo, S.-Y., Flavell, S. W., Kim, T.-K., Lin, Y., Hill, R. S., Mukaddes, N. M., Balkhy, S., Gascon, G., Hashmi, A., et al. (2008) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1157657 · Cited by 737
Follow‐Up of Two‐Year‐Olds Referred for Possible Autism
Lord, C. (1995) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1995.tb01669.x · Cited by 645
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Schopler, 1986, The Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS) for Diagnostic Screening and Classification of Autism.
- Sparrow, 1984, Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 201–271 of 271
Influences on Parent Perceptions of Autism Severity
Dovgan, K. N., Nowell, K. P., & Aguilar, J. (2018) · Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1177/1088357618815884 · Cited by 3
Structural Language and Nonverbal Ability Profiles in Monolingual and Bilingual Children with ASD
Silleresi, S. (2018) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/f16bd1f4zf081z4f89zac3bzac3f4727a65b · Cited by 3
Clinical outcomes of children with ASD – Preliminary findings from a 18 month follow up study
Manohar, H., & Kandasamy, P. (2021) · Asian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2021.102816 · Cited by 2
Lapierre, M., Elgbeili, G., Laplante, D. P., O’Hara, M. W., D’Antono, B., & King, S. (2024) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579424001494 · Cited by 3
Latent trajectories in autistic individuals: A systematic review
Hiralal, K. R., Dieleman, G. C., Kok, B. R., Diederen, L. D., Duman, R. P., Hillegers, M. H. J., & Mous, S. E. (2025) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613251370818 · Cited by 3
Purpura, G., Annunziata, S., Biancardi, S., Brivio, M., Caporali, C., Mantegazza, G., Piazza, E., Restelli, A., & Cavallini, A. R. (2025) · Children · doi:10.3390/children12111489 · Cited by 2
Autism Severity and its Relationship to Disability
Waizbard‐Bartov, E., FEIN, D. A., Lord, C., & Amaral, D. G. (2024) · FOCUS The Journal of Lifelong Learning in Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.focus.24022007 · Cited by 2
Self-citationAge-related differences in delta-beta phase-amplitude coupling in autistic individuals
Kroupi, E., Jones, E. J. H., Oakley, B. F. M., Buitelaar, J. K., Charman, T., Loth, E., Murphy, D., & Soria‐Frisch, A. (2024) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2024.08.010 · Cited by 2
A Normative Model Representing Autistic Individuals Amidst Autism Spectrum Phenotypic Heterogeneity
Portolese, J., Gomes, C. D. S., Gastaldi, V. D., Paula, C. S., Caetano, S. C., Bordini, D., Brunoni, D., Mari, J. D. J., Vêncio, R. Z. N., & Brentani, H. (2024) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci14121254 · Cited by 4
McGowan, K., Berends, D., Hudry, K., Vivanti, G., Dissanayake, C., & Bent, C. A. (2022) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-022-05618-8 · Cited by 2
Harris, J. C., & Coyle, J. T. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med/9780199928118.003.0016 · Cited by 2
Early autism analysis and diagnosis system using task-based fMRI in a response to speech task
Haweel, R. T., Shalaby, A. M., Mahmoud, A. H., Ghazal, M. A., Khelifi, A., Barnes, G. N., Suri, J. S., & El-Baz, A. S. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-822822-7.00017-x · Cited by 2
Kanai, C., Toth, G., Itahashi, T., Hashimoto, R., & Kato, N. (2016) · Autism and child psychopathology series · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-27171-2_20 · Cited by 2
Complexity and Parsimony in Natural History Studies of Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder
Szatmári, P. (2017) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2017.06.005 · Cited by 2
Bahri, N., Sterrett, K., & Lord, C. (2022) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2022.02.28.22271595 · Cited by 2
Self-citationMasjedi, N., Clarke, E. M., & Lord, C. (2022) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2022.06.05.22275712 · Cited by 2
Self-citationAutism Symptom Presentation and Hierarchical Models of Intelligence
Levine, M. A., Chen, H., Wodka, E. L., Caffo, B. S., & Ewen, J. B. (2024) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-024-06411-5 · Cited by 1
Parent-Meditated Autism Intervention: Current Practice and Future Direction
Zeleke, W. A., & Torky, J. (2025) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.1010294 · Cited by 2
Prenatal exposure to heavy metals and the trajectory of autistic traits in childhood
Kim, J. I., Lee, D., Lee, Y. J., Lee, Y. A., Shin, C. H., Hong, Y., Kim, B.-N., & Lim, Y. (2025) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2025.123269 · Cited by 1
Paštar, M., Milanović, I., Maksimović, S., Đoković, S. T., Fetahović, E., Veselinović, S., & Subotić, M. (2025) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.1177/00315125251401272 · Cited by 1
ESİN, İ. S., Demirdöğen, E. Y., Akıncı, M. A., Turan, B., Ürük, G. T. K., Ucuz, İ., & Dursun, O. B. (2025) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci16010062 · Cited by 1
Augmentation Through Interconnection: Brain-Nets and Telemedicine
Lebedev, M., Shaderkin, I. A., Ryabkov, I. V., & Lebedev, G. S. (2021) · Contemporary clinical neuroscience · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-54564-2_16 · Cited by 1
The cognitive profile in Slovak children with autism spectrum disorders
Celušáková, H., Polónyiov, K., & Ostatníková, D. (2021) · Journal of Systems and Integrative Neuroscience · doi:10.15761/jsin.1000242 · Cited by 1
Judicial decision‐making in family court involving children with autism spectrum disorder
Lahaie, E., Poitras, K., & Birnbaum, R. (2023) · Family Court Review · doi:10.1111/fcre.12759 · Cited by 1
Andoni, L. Y., Eisenhower, A., Poon, C. Y. S., Joseph, K., Blacher, J., & Carter, A. S. (2023) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2023.102291 · Cited by 1
Hamrick, L. R., Ros‐Demarize, R., Kanne, S. M., & Carpenter, L. A. (2024) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.3229 · Cited by 1
Hollocks, M. J., & Simonoff, E. A. (2021) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.3155 · Cited by 1
Portolese, J., Gomes, C. D. S., Gastaldi, V. D., Paula, C. S., Caetano, S. C., Bordini, D., Brunoni, D., Mari, J. D. J., Vêncio, R. Z. N., & Brentani, H. (2021) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2021.04.22.21255267 · Cited by 1
The Neurodevelopment Of Basic Sensory Processing And Integration In Autism Spectrum Disorder
Brandwein, A. B. (2014) · CUNY Academic Works (City University of New York)
Establishing a Standardized Measurement Tool for children with ASD for use in PECS research
Martinez, L. (2016) · UC Merced Undergraduate Research Journal · doi:10.5070/m491033278
Ward, S. L. (2016) · Queensland University of Technology · doi:10.5204/thesis.eprints.98724
Braz, J. I. D. F. C. D. B. (2016) · Portuguese National Funding Agency for Science, Research and Technology (RCAAP Project by FCT) · doi:10.34626/ta1x-xs40
Region Role Detection in Autism Spectrum Disorder using Graph Theoretical Approaches
Geetha Ramani, R., & Sivaselvi, K. (2017) · Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) · doi:10.5281/zenodo.21596810
Variatie in de vroege trajecten van autismesymptomen
Visser, J. C., Rommelse, N. N. J., Lappenschaar, M. G. A., Servatius-Oosterling, I. J., Greven, C. U., & Buitelaar, J. K. (2019) · Kind en adolescent · doi:10.1007/s12453-018-00198-w
Early intervention in severe Autism : positive outcome using EDTPreprint
Blanc, R., Latinus, M., Guidotti, M., Adrien, J., Roux, S., Dansart, P., Barthélémy, C., Rambault, A., Bonnet‐Brilhault, F., & Malvy, J. (2021) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/7yfmt
Monitoring Progress in Core Symptoms of Autism Spectrum Disorder
Callahan, M., Matson, J. L., & Brown, M. (2022) · Autism and child psychopathology series · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-88538-0_15
The role of MRI in diagnosing autism: a machine learning perspective.
Elnakieb, Y. A. (2022) · doi:10.18297/etd/4003
Intelligence profiles in autism spectrum disorder
(2023) · Language acquisition & language disorders · doi:10.1075/lald.68.c4
Interactive technologies for training language skills in children on the autism spectrum
(2023) · Language acquisition & language disorders · doi:10.1075/lald.68.c7
Structural language and Autism Spectrum Disorder
(2023) · Language acquisition & language disorders · doi:10.1075/lald.68.c2
(2023) · Language acquisition & language disorders · doi:10.1075/lald.68.c3
(2023) · Language acquisition & language disorders · doi:10.1075/lald.68.c1
(2023) · Language acquisition & language disorders · doi:10.1075/lald.68.ack
List of most frequent acronyms and abbreviations
(2023) · Language acquisition & language disorders · doi:10.1075/lald.68.abb
(2023) · Language acquisition & language disorders · doi:10.1075/lald.68.refs
(2023) · Language acquisition & language disorders · doi:10.1075/lald.68.lot
Profiles in children on the autism spectrum
(2023) · Language acquisition & language disorders · doi:10.1075/lald.68.c6
(2023) · Language acquisition & language disorders · doi:10.1075/lald.68.li
Autism severity and developmental factors
(2023) · Language acquisition & language disorders · doi:10.1075/lald.68.c5
(2023) · Language acquisition & language disorders · doi:10.1075/lald.68.pre
(2023) · Language acquisition & language disorders · doi:10.1075/lald.68.lof
(2023) · Language acquisition & language disorders · doi:10.1075/lald.68.si
(2023) · Language acquisition & language disorders · doi:10.1075/lald.68.toc
(2023) · Language acquisition & language disorders · doi:10.1075/lald.68.prelim
(2023) · Language acquisition & language disorders · doi:10.1075/lald.68.c8
Deep Learning Detection of Autism Spectrum Disorder in Children and Adults
Sucharitha, M., Jyothi, B., Madupu, A., & Vanitha, P. (2025) · Smart innovation, systems and technologies · doi:10.1007/978-981-97-8355-7_43
Visegrády, A. (2025) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms26104483 · Cited by 1
Sterrett, K., & Pizzano, M. (2025) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-025-06863-3
Tafolla, M., Schiltz, H. K., & Lord, C. (2025) · Intellectual and developmental disabilities · doi:10.1352/1934-9556-63.5.414
Self-citationWard, O. F., ten Hoopen, L. W., Bocanegra, B. R., Truijens, F. L., Greaves‐Lord, K., Visser, K., Ester, W. A., Bastiaansen, D., van Rijen, E. H. M., & Dekker, L. P. (2025) · Advances in Autism · doi:10.1108/aia-06-2025-0060
Taylor, B. J., Pedersen, K. A., Riddell, E. R., Andalib, Y., Tory, B., & Siegel, M. S. (2025) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2025.108695
Piccardi, E. S., Ali, J. B., Jones, E. J. H., Mason, L., Charman, T., Johnson, M. H., & Gliga, T. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.13515637
Comparing the needs of children in independent agency and local authority foster care in the UK
Silver, M., Chan, K., McGrath, A., & Hillman, S. (2026) · Adoption & Fostering · doi:10.1177/03085759251409807
Hernández, S. H., García, Z. V., Guillen, V. M., & Mumbardó‐Adam, C. (2026) · Revista de Logopedia Foniatría y Audiología · doi:10.1016/j.rlfa.2026.100555
Ogunesan, O., Newsom, C., O’Kelley, S. E., Guest, K. C., & Wickliffe, J. K. (2026) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-026-37566-6 · Cited by 1
Kanai, C., Toth, G., & Doi, H. (2026) · Autism and child psychopathology series · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-11802-8_9
Autism Spectrum Disorder in Childhood
Sterrett, K., Schiltz, H. K., Byrne, K., & Lord, C. (2026) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009706896
Self-citationCharman, T., Bazelmans, T., Pasco, G., Ali, J. B., Jones, E. J. H., Johnson, M. H., The BASIS Team, Arthur, R., Baykoca, J., Blasi, A., et al. (2026) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-026-07481-3
Self-citationZhang, H., Zhao, J., Wu, S., Szigeti, K., Miklós, K., Sun, J., & Qiao, J. (2026) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2026.10.035
Abrams, D. N. (2022) · Digital Archive @ GSU · doi:10.57709/7029986
Metadata
- Authors
- Gotham, K., Pickles, A., & Lord, C.
- Affiliations
- University of Michigan (US)
- King's College London (GB)
- Weill Cornell Medicine (US)
- Venue
- Pediatrics
- Publisher
- American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)
- Published
- 2012-11-01
- Volume
- 130
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- e1278-e1284
- ISSN
- 0031-4005 (ISSN-L)
- 1098-4275
- PMC
- PMC3483889
- OpenAlex
- W1965364605
- Cited by
- 271
- References
- 23
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 34 · 2022: 31 · 2021: 33 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 22 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 6.23
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- PEDIATRICS (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Autism Speaks (AS2482)
- U.S. Public Health Service (NIMH RO1 MH57167)
- National Institute of Mental Health (T32 MH 18921, R25MH057167, T32MH018921, F32MH066469, MH066469)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (P30HD015052, U19HD035482, P30 HD-15052, HD-35482-01, P01HD035482)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Child Nutrition and Feeding Issues
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetics and Neurodevelopmental Disorders
- Keywords
- autism spectrum disorder, autism severity, longitudinal trajectories, verbal IQ, nonverbal intelligence, adaptive behavior, ASD subtypes, prognosis, children and adolescents
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Autistic Disorder, Child, Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, Male, Severity of Illness Index
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
