Patterns of developmental trajectories in toddlers with autism spectrum disorder
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to follow toddlers referred for risk of autism, using standardized observational measures administered frequently from age 18 months to age 36 months. METHOD: Sixty-five children who were consecutive referrals and 13 children from other research projects were seen approximately every 2 months, from age 18 months to age 36 months, for standardized assessments and clinical judgments by the same examiner and every 6 months by an examiner blind to previous scores. RESULTS: Thirty children never received an autism spectrum disorder (ASD) diagnosis; 48 children (all referrals) received at least 1 diagnosis of ASD. The best trajectory typology, using Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS) scores, revealed 4 trajectory classes with high probabilities for fit to the most likely class: severe persistent (21%), worsening (21%), improving (19%), and nonspectrum (40%). Classes differed by trajectories in verbal and nonverbal mental ages; never-ever ASD groups differed on Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (ADI-R) domain scores and clinician judgments, but improving-worsening trajectory groups did not. CONCLUSIONS: The results replicated the findings from studies of infants whose siblings have autism and infants whose siblings do not have autism, suggesting variability in early trajectories and supporting the need for early identification, regular monitoring, and standardized assessments of young children suspected of having ASD.
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Developmental trajectories of autistic social traits in the general population
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Diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder Across the Lifespan
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ADOS-2 Toddler and Module 1 standardized severity scores as used by community practitioners
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Examining Diagnostic Trends and Gender Differences in the ADOS-II
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- Authors
- Lord, C., Luyster, R., Guthrie, W., & Pickles, A.
- Affiliations
- NewYork–Presbyterian Hospital (US)
- Harvard University (US)
- Florida State University (US)
- University of London (GB)
- Venue
- Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology
- Published
- 2012-06
- Volume
- 80
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 477-489
- ISSN
- 0022-006X (ISSN-L)
- 1939-2117
- PMC
- PMC3365612
- OpenAlex
- W2022069611
- Cited by
- 142
- References
- 57
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 6.71
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Department of Education (H324 C030112)
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01 MH066496)
- Simons Foundation
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Child Nutrition and Feeding Issues
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Keywords
- autism spectrum disorder, toddlers, developmental trajectories, autism risk, early detection, early intervention, mental age, Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule, ADI-R, clinical judgment, siblings of autistic children
- MeSH terms
- Child Development, Child Development Disorders, Pervasive, Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, Infant, Intelligence, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Psychometrics, Social Behavior, Siblings
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