The DOI matches its Crossref record; 34 of the 36 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Growth and Distribution of Child Psychiatrists in the United States: 2007–2016
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Historically, there has been a shortage of child psychiatrists in the United States, undermining access to care. This study updated trends in the growth and distribution of child psychiatrists over the past decade. METHODS: Data from the Area Health Resource Files were used to compare the number of child psychiatrists per 100 000 children ages 0 to 19 between 2007 and 2016 by state and county. We also examined sociodemographic characteristics associated with the density of child psychiatrists at the county level over this period using negative binomial multivariable models. RESULTS: From 2007 to 2016, the number of child psychiatrists in the United States increased from 6590 to 7991, a 21.3% gain. The number of child psychiatrists per 100 000 children also grew from 8.01 to 9.75, connoting a 21.7% increase. County- and state-level growth varied widely, with 6 states observing a decline in the ratio of child psychiatrists (ID, IN, KS, ND, SC, and SD) and 6 states increasing by >50% (AK, AR, NH, NV, OK, and RI). Seventy percent of counties had no child psychiatrists in both 2007 and 2016. Child psychiatrists were significantly more likely to practice in high-income counties (P < .001), counties with higher levels of postsecondary education (P < .001), and metropolitan counties compared with those adjacent to metropolitan regions (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS: Despite the increased ratio of child psychiatrists per 100 000 children in the United States over the past decade, there remains a dearth of child psychiatrists, particularly in parts of the United States with lower levels of income and education.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Recent studies also explicate the impact of race-based stress and trauma (i.e., traumatic stress reactions elicited by racial discrimination) on biopsychosocial outcomes among youth of color (39–41).”
From Structural Racism and Suicide Prevention for Ethnoracially Minoritized Youth: A Conceptual Framework and Illustration Across Systems (2022) · cites this paper as [41]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Introductory Econometrics: A Modern Approach
Wooldridge, J. M. (1999) · Cited by 14,354
Penchansky, R., & Thomas, J. W. (1981) · Medical Care · doi:10.1097/00005650-198102000-00001 · Cited by 3,743
Unmet Need for Mental Health Care Among U.S. Children: Variation by Ethnicity and Insurance Status
Kataoka, S. H., Zhang, L., & Wells, K. B. (2002) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.159.9.1548 · Cited by 1,566
Prevalence and Treatment of Mental Disorders Among US Children in the 2001–2004 NHANES
Merikangas, K. R., He, J.-P., Brody, D., Fisher, P. W., Bourdon, K., & Koretz, D. S. (2010) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.2008-2598 · Cited by 1,172
Prevalence of Parent-Reported Diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder Among Children in the US, 2007
Kogan, M. D., Blumberg, S. J., Schieve, L. A., Boyle, C. A., Perrin, J. M., Ghandour, R. M., Singh, G. K., Strickland, B. B., Trevathan, E., & van Dyck, P. C. (2009) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.2009-1522 · Cited by 892
Whitney, D. G., & Peterson, M. D. (2019) · JAMA Pediatrics · doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2018.5399 · Cited by 770
County-level estimates of mental health professional shortage in the United States.
Thomas, K., Ellis, A. R., Konrad, T., Holzer, C., & Morrissey, J. (2009) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/ps.2009.60.10.1323 · Cited by 589
Langley, A. K., Nadeem, E., Kataoka, S. H., Stein, B. D., & Jaycox, L. H. (2010) · School Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s12310-010-9038-1 · Cited by 477
Self-citationOlfson, M., Blanco, C., Wang, S., Laje, G., & Correll, C. U. (2014) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.3074 · Cited by 449
The Continuing Shortage of Child and Adolescent Psychiatrists
THOMAS, C. R., & Holzer, C. E. (2006) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/01.chi.0000225353.16831.5d · Cited by 366
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- American Medical Association. AMA Physician Masterfile. 2019. Available at: https://www.ama-assn.org/practice-management/masterfile/ama-physician-masterfile. Accessed February 21, 2019
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Trends in U.S. Depression Prevalence From 2015 to 2020: The Widening Treatment Gap
Goodwin, R. D., Dierker, L., Wu, M., Galea, S., Hoven, C. W., & Weinberger, A. H. (2022) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2022.05.014 · Cited by 610
Disparities in Pediatric Mental and Behavioral Health Conditions
Hoffmann, J. A., Alegria, M. M., Álvarez, K., Anosike, A., Shah, P., Simon, K. M., & Lee, L. K. (2022) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2022-058227 · Cited by 212
Alvarez, K., Polanco-Roman, L., Samuel Breslow, A., & Molock, S. (2022) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.21101001 · Cited by 139
Association of youth suicides and county-level mental health professional shortage areas in the US
Hoffmann, J. A., Attridge, M. M., Carroll, M. S., Simon, N.-J. E., Beck, A. F., & Alpern, E. R. (2023) · JAMA Pediatrics · doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2022.4419 · Cited by 132
Pediatric Mental Health Hospitalizations at Acute Care Hospitals in the US, 2009-2019
Arakelyan, M., Freyleue, S., Avula, D., McLaren, J. L., O’Malley, A. J., & Leyenaar, J. K. (2023) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2023.1992 · Cited by 127
Metadata
- Authors
- McBain, R. K., Kofner, A., Stein, B. D., Cantor, J. H., Vogt, W. B., & Yu, H.
- Affiliations
- RAND Corporation (US)
- University of Georgia (US)
- Harvard University (US)
- Corresponding author
- McBain, Ryan K.
- Venue
- Pediatrics
- Publisher
- American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)
- Published
- 2019-12-01
- Volume
- 144
- Issue
- 6
- ISSN
- 0031-4005 (ISSN-L)
- 1098-4275
- PMC
- PMC6889947
- OpenAlex
- W2986510570
- Cited by
- 162
- References
- 36
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 32 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 34 · 2021: 27 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 1
- FWCI
- 27.51
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- PEDIATRICS (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH112760)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Global Health Workforce Issues
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Diversity and Career in Medicine
- Keywords
- child psychiatrists, workforce shortage, access to mental health care, physician density, county-level distribution, sociodemographic factors, income inequality, educational attainment, metropolitan areas
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Career Choice, Child, Child, Preschool, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Humans, Male, Psychiatry, Retrospective Studies, United States, Neurodevelopmental Disorders
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
