The DOI matches its Crossref record; 9 of the 9 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Pediatric Firearm Injury Mortality Epidemiology
Abstract
Firearm injury is a leading and preventable cause of death for youth in the United States. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention web-based injury statistics query and reporting system was queried to examine changes in firearm injury mortality among youth aged 0 to 19 from 2001 to 2019. This includes assessment of overall mortality rates, mortality rates based on intent and race/ethnicity, and the proportion of deaths due to homicide, suicide, and unintentional shootings among different age groups. Regression analysis was used to identify significant differences in mortality rate over time between Black and White youth. Deaths due to firearm injury were compared with deaths due to motor vehicle traffic collisions. In 2019, firearm injuries surpassed motor vehicle collisions to become the leading cause of death for youth aged 0-19 years in the United States, after excluding deaths due to prematurity and congenital anomalies. Homicide is the most common intent across all age groups, but suicide represents a large proportion of firearm deaths in 10- to 19-year-old youth. In 2019, Black youth had a firearm mortality rate 4.3 times higher than that of White youth and a firearm homicide rate over 14 times higher than that of White youth. For each additional year after 2013, the mortality rate for Black youth increased by 0.55 deaths per 100 000 compared with White youth (time by race interaction effect P < .0001). These data indicate the growing burden of firearm injuries on child mortality and widening racial inequities with Black youth disproportionately affected by firearm violence. This public health crisis demands physician advocacy to reduce these preventable deaths among youth.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“In 2019, firearms became the leading cause of death in American children and adolescents, surpassing motor vehicle accidents”
From A Moving Target: Firearm Deaths, Mental Health, and the Role of Physicians (2024) · cites this paper as [33]
In the citing paper
“demonstrating a marked racial disparity with Black adolescents more than 14 times as likely to be killed by guns than White adolescents [33].”
From A Moving Target: Firearm Deaths, Mental Health, and the Role of Physicians (2024) · cites this paper as [33]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
The Impact of Racism on Child and Adolescent Health
Trent, M., Dooley, D. G., Dougé, J., HEALTH, S. O. A., COUNCIL ON COMMUNITY PEDIATRICS, COMMITTEE ON ADOLESCENCE, Cavanaugh, R. M., Lacroix, A. E., Fanburg, J., Rahmandar, M. H., et al. (2019) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.2019-1765 · Cited by 1,002
The Major Causes of Death in Children and Adolescents in the United States
Cunningham, R. M., Walton, M. A., & Carter, P. M. (2018) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmsr1804754 · Cited by 748
Anglemyer, A., Horvath, T., & Rutherford, G. (2014) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/m13-1301 · Cited by 623
Firearm-Related Injuries Affecting the Pediatric Population
COUNCIL ON INJURY, V., Dowd, M. D., Sege, R. D., Gardner, H. G., Quinlan, K. P., Ewald, M. B., Ebel, B. E., Lichenstein, R., Melzer-Lange, M. D., O’Neil, J., et al. (2012) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.2012-2481 · Cited by 327
Reviews of evidence regarding interventions to increase the use of safety belts
Dinh-Zarr, T. B., Sleet, D. A., Shults, R. A., Zaza, S., Elder, R. W., Nichols, J. L., Thompson, R. S., & Sosin, D. M. (2001) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0749-3797(01)00378-6 · Cited by 312
Grossman, D. C., Reay, D. T., & Baker, S. A. (1999) · Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine · doi:10.1001/archpedi.153.8.875 · Cited by 182
Yes, You Can: Physicians, Patients, and Firearms
Wintemute, G. J., Betz, M. E., & Ranney, M. L. (2016) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/m15-2905 · Cited by 152
State Gun Laws and Pediatric Firearm-Related Mortality
Goyal, M. K., Badolato, G. M., Patel, S. J., Iqbal, S. F., Parikh, K., & McCarter, R. (2019) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.2018-3283 · Cited by 99
Improving the Frequency and Documentation of Gun Safety Counseling in a Resident Primary Care Clinic
Gastineau, K. A. B., Stegall, C. L., Lowrey, L. K., Giourgas, B. K., & Andrews, A. L. (2021) · Academic Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.acap.2020.07.013 · Cited by 33
Self-citation
Research works printed but not linked: 32
- Grinshteyn, 2016, Violent death rates: the US compared with other high-income OECD countries, 2010, Am J Med, 129, 266, 10.1016/j.amjmed.2015.10.025 · DOI · Paper page
- Grinshteyn, 2019, Violent death rates in the US compared to those of the other high-income countries, 2015, Prev Med, 123, 20, 10.1016/j.ypmed.2019.02.026 · DOI
- Fowler, 2017, Childhood firearm injuries in the United States, Pediatrics, 140, e20163486, 10.1542/peds.2016-3486 · DOI · Paper page
- Educational Fund to Stop Gun Violence and Coalition to Stop Gun Violence . A public health crisis decades in the making: a review of 2019 CDC gun mortality data. Available at: http://efsgv.org/2019CDCdata. Accessed October 5, 2021
- Grossman, 2005, Gun storage practices and risk of youth suicide and unintentional firearm injuries, JAMA, 293, 707, 10.1001/jama.293.6.707 · DOI · Paper page
- Parikh, 2017, Pediatric firearm-related injuries in the United States, Hosp Pediatr, 7, 303, 10.1542/hpeds.2016-0146 · DOI
- Rowhani-Rahbar, 2016, Effectiveness of interventions to promote safe firearm storage, Epidemiol Rev, 38, 111
- Bell, 2018, Long-term evaluation of a hospital-based violence intervention program using a regional health information exchange, J Trauma Acute Care Surg, 84, 175, 10.1097/TA.0000000000001671 · DOI
- Strong, 2016, The effects of health care-based violence intervention programs on injury recidivism and costs: a systematic review, J Trauma Acute Care Surg, 81, 961, 10.1097/TA.0000000000001222 · DOI
- Smith, 2013, Hospital-based violence intervention: risk reduction resources that are essential for success, J Trauma Acute Care Surg, 74, 976, 10.1097/TA.0b013e31828586c9 · DOI
- Cunningham, 2019, Prevention of firearm injuries among children and adolescents: consensus-driven research agenda from the firearm safety among children and teens (FACTS) consortium, JAMA Pediatr, 173, 780, 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2019.1494 · DOI · Paper page
- Cwik, 2021, Lowering the age limit in suicide risk screening: clinical differences and screening form predictive ability, J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 60, 537, 10.1016/j.jaac.2020.11.025 · DOI
- Zaza, 2001, Reviews of evidence regarding interventions to increase use of child safety seats, Am J Prev Med, 21, 31, 10.1016/S0749-3797(01)00377-4 · DOI · Paper page
- Sauber-Schatz, 2014, Vital signs: restraint use and motor vehicle occupant death rates among children aged 0-12 years—United States, 2002-2011, MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 63, 113
- Eichelberger, 2012, Effects of booster seat laws on injury risk among children in crashes, Traffic Inj Prev, 13, 631, 10.1080/15389588.2012.660663 · DOI
- Wolf, 2017, Factors associated with pediatric mortality from motor vehicle crashes in the United States: a state-based analysis, J Pediatr, 187, 295, 10.1016/j.jpeds.2017.04.044 · DOI
- Puttagunta, 2016, What is taught on firearm safety in undergraduate, graduate, and continuing medical education? A review of educational programs, Acad Psychiatry, 40, 821, 10.1007/s40596-016-0490-6 · DOI
- McKay, 2020, Addressing firearm safety counseling: integration of a multidisciplinary workshop in a pediatric residency program, J Grad Med Educ, 12, 591, 10.4300/JGME-D-19-00947.1 · DOI
- Rivara, 2017, Pediatricians, firearms, and the first amendment, JAMA Pediatr, 171, 723, 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2017.1145 · DOI
- Azrael, 2018, Firearm storage in gun-owning households with children: results of a 2015 national survey, J Urban Health, 95, 295, 10.1007/s11524-018-0261-7 · DOI · Paper page
- Li, 1996, Factors associated with the intent of firearm-related injuries in pediatric trauma patients, Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med, 150, 1160, 10.1001/archpedi.1996.02170360050008 · DOI
- Yu, 2020, Illegal firearm availability and violence: neighborhood-level analysis, J Interpers Violence, 35, 3986, 10.1177/0886260517712272 · DOI
- Barkin, 2008, Is office-based counseling about media use, timeouts, and firearm storage effective? Results from a cluster- randomized, controlled trial, Pediatrics, 122, e15, 10.1542/peds.2007-2611 · DOI · Paper page
- Webster, 1992, Firearm injury prevention counseling: a study of pediatricians’ beliefs and practices, Pediatrics, 89, 902, 10.1542/peds.89.5.902 · DOI · Paper page
- Bulger, 2019, Proceedings from the medical summit on firearm injury prevention: a public health approach to reduce death and disability in the US, J Am Coll Surg, 229, 415, 10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2019.05.018 · DOI
- Morral, 2018, The Science of Gun Policy: A Critical Synthesis of Research Evidence on the Effects of Gun Policies in the United States
- Hamilton, 2018, Variability of child access prevention laws and pediatric firearm injuries, J Trauma Acute Care Surg, 84, 613, 10.1097/TA.0000000000001786 · DOI
- Azad, 2020, Child Access Prevention Firearm Laws and Firearm Fatalities Among Children Aged 0 to 14 Years, 1991-2016, JAMA Pediatr, 174, 463, 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2019.6227 · DOI · Paper page
- Kivisto, 2021, Adolescent suicide, household firearm ownership, and the effects of child access prevention laws, J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 60, 1096, 10.1016/j.jaac.2020.08.442 · DOI · Paper page
- Stark, 2017, Funding and publication of research on gun violence and other leading causes of death, JAMA, 317, 84, 10.1001/jama.2016.16215 · DOI
- Gastineau, 2021, Pediatric firearm-related hospital encounters during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, Pediatrics, 148, e2021050223, 10.1542/peds.2021-050223 · DOI
- Barber, 2021, The problem with ICD-coded firearm injuries, JAMA Intern Med, 181, 1132, 10.1001/jamainternmed.2021.0382 · DOI
Cited by
Health care costs of firearm injury hospital visits in the US.
Royan, R., Lundberg, A., Shan, Y., Thomas, A. C., & Stey, A. M. (2025) · JAMA Health Forum · doi:10.1001/jamahealthforum.2025.3299 · Cited by 7
A Moving Target: Firearm Deaths, Mental Health, and the Role of Physicians
Soliman, L., Baines-Waiz, O., Rozel, J. S., Blankenship, K., & Rachal, J. (2024) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-024-01569-2 · Cited by 1
Metadata
- Authors
- Andrews, A. L., Killings, X., Oddo, E. R., Gastineau, K. A. B., & Hink, A. B.
- Venue
- Pediatrics
- Publisher
- American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)
- Published
- 2022-02-28
- Volume
- 149
- Issue
- 3
- ISSN
- 0031-4005
- 1098-4275
- Cited by
- 97
- References
- 9
- Language
- en
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Pediatric Firearm Injury Mortality Epidemiology. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1542/peds.2021-052739
- The paper
- Andrews, A. L., Killings, X., Oddo, E. R., Gastineau, K. A. B., & Hink, A. B. (2022). Pediatric Firearm Injury Mortality Epidemiology. Pediatrics. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2021-052739
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.