The DOI matches its Crossref record; 61 of the 65 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 26 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Addictive use of social networking sites can be explained by the interaction of Internet use expectancies, Internet literacy, and psychopathological symptoms
Open accessAbstract
Background and Aims: Most people use the Internet in a functional way to achieve certain goals and needs. However, there is an increasing number of people who experience negative consequences like loss of control and distress based on an excessive use of the Internet and its specific online applications. Some approaches postulate similarities with behavioral addictions as well as substance dependencies. They differentiate between a generalized and a specific Internet addiction, such as the pathological use of social networking sites (SIA–SNS). Prior studies particularly identified the use of applications, personal characteristics, and psychopathological symptoms as significant predictors for the development and maintenance of this phenomenon. So far, it remains unclear how psychopathological symptoms like depression and social anxiety interact with individual expectancies of Internet use and capabilities of handling the Internet, summarized as Internet literacy. Methods: The current study ( N = 334) investigated the interaction of these components in a structural equation model. Results: The results indicate that the effects of depression and social anxiety on SIA–SNS were mediated by Internet use expectancies and self-regulation. Discussion: Thus, Internet use expectancies seem to be crucial for SIA–SNS, which is in line with prior models. Conclusions: SNS use may be reinforced by experienced gratification and relief from negative feelings. Individual competences in handling the Internet may be preventive for the development of SIA–SNS.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
30 Own result · 16 Not checked yet · 13 Own interpretation · 8 Own method
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Overall, the predictors significantly explained 51.2% of the variance of SIA–SNS.”
§ Addictive use of social networking sites can be explained by the interaction of Internet use expectancies, Internet literacy, and psychopathological symptoms > Results > Structural equation model
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The effect of psychopathological symptoms on SIA–SNS was partially mediated by Internet use expectancies (β = .191, SE = .051, p < .001) and self-regulation (β = .051, SE = .019, p = .007).”
§ Addictive use of social networking sites can be explained by the interaction of Internet use expectancies, Internet literacy, and psychopathological symptoms > Results > Structural equation model
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The Internet literacy sub-dimension self-regulation can decrease the probability of developing an SIA–SNS.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As expected, psychopathological symptoms was a significant positive predictor of SIA–SNS as well as of Internet use expectancies but a negative predictor of self-regulation.”
§ Addictive use of social networking sites can be explained by the interaction of Internet use expectancies, Internet literacy, and psychopathological symptoms > Results > Structural equation model
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The effect of psychopathological symptoms on SIA–SNS was partially mediated by Internet use expectancies (β = .191, SE = .051, p < .001) and self-regulation (β = .051, SE = .019, p = .007).”
§ Addictive use of social networking sites can be explained by the interaction of Internet use expectancies, Internet literacy, and psychopathological symptoms > Results > Structural equation model
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: People with depressive symptoms and social anxiety expect SNS as a possibility to handle negative emotions.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, Internet literacy was not optimally represented by these two manifest variables (self-regulation: β = .466; production and interaction: β = −.459).”
§ Addictive use of social networking sites can be explained by the interaction of Internet use expectancies, Internet literacy, and psychopathological symptoms > Results > Structural equation model
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As expected, psychopathological symptoms was a significant positive predictor of SIA–SNS as well as of Internet use expectancies but a negative predictor of self-regulation.”
§ Addictive use of social networking sites can be explained by the interaction of Internet use expectancies, Internet literacy, and psychopathological symptoms > Results > Structural equation model
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As expected, psychopathological symptoms was a significant positive predictor of SIA–SNS as well as of Internet use expectancies but a negative predictor of self-regulation.”
§ Addictive use of social networking sites can be explained by the interaction of Internet use expectancies, Internet literacy, and psychopathological symptoms > Results > Structural equation model
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Internet use expectancies had a significant positive effect on SIA–SNS.”
§ Addictive use of social networking sites can be explained by the interaction of Internet use expectancies, Internet literacy, and psychopathological symptoms > Results > Structural equation model
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The latent dimensions of SIA–SNS, psychopathology, and Internet use expectancies were well represented by the manifest variables (factor loading from .600 to .854).”
§ Addictive use of social networking sites can be explained by the interaction of Internet use expectancies, Internet literacy, and psychopathological symptoms > Results > Structural equation model
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The first structural equation model, using self-regulation, showed a good model fit. The RMSEA was .070, CFI = .979, TLI = .956, SRMR = .043, χ2 = 26.51, p < .003.”
§ Addictive use of social networking sites can be explained by the interaction of Internet use expectancies, Internet literacy, and psychopathological symptoms > Results > Structural equation model
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Age seemed to be relatively unrelated to the variables in the model.”
§ Addictive use of social networking sites can be explained by the interaction of Internet use expectancies, Internet literacy, and psychopathological symptoms > Discussion
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Internet use expectancies had a positive effect while self-regulation had a negative effect on the severity of SIA–SNS symptoms.”
§ Addictive use of social networking sites can be explained by the interaction of Internet use expectancies, Internet literacy, and psychopathological symptoms > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The second model, using production and interaction, showed no acceptable model fit, RMSEA = .124, CFI = .937, TLI = .869, SRMR = .069, χ2 = 61.15 p < .001.”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“The SEM using production and interaction as mediator revealed no acceptable model fit.”
§ Addictive use of social networking sites can be explained by the interaction of Internet use expectancies, Internet literacy, and psychopathological symptoms > Results > Structural equation model
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Production and interaction as a component of Internet literacy does not seem to have such a mediating effect.”
§ Addictive use of social networking sites can be explained by the interaction of Internet use expectancies, Internet literacy, and psychopathological symptoms > Discussion
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Production and interaction is a component of Internet literacy.
In the paper
“Correlations between age and the other variables were mainly non-significant and had low effects (r < −.195 and r > −.010; Cohen, 1988).”
§ Addictive use of social networking sites can be explained by the interaction of Internet use expectancies, Internet literacy, and psychopathological symptoms > Results > Additional analyses
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cohen, 1988
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Only the correlation between age and s-IAT–SNS craving/social problems was significant (r = −.195, p < .001).”
§ Addictive use of social networking sites can be explained by the interaction of Internet use expectancies, Internet literacy, and psychopathological symptoms > Results > Additional analyses
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Altogether, 51.2% of the variance of SIA–SNS were explained by the used variables: interpersonal sensitivity, depression, positive reinforcement and avoidance expectancies, and self-regulation.”
§ Addictive use of social networking sites can be explained by the interaction of Internet use expectancies, Internet literacy, and psychopathological symptoms > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Especially the avoidance expectancies represented the latent dimension SNS use expectancies shown by the factor loads (Chou, 2000; Chou, Condron & Belland, 2005; LaRose et al., 2001; Muñoz-Rivas, Fernández & Gámez-Guadix, 2010).”
§ Addictive use of social networking sites can be explained by the interaction of Internet use expectancies, Internet literacy, and psychopathological symptoms > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Chou, 2000
- Not checked yetcites Chou, Condron & Belland, 2005
- Not checked yetcites LaRose et al., 2001
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, the correlation analysis showed that the individual estimation of a person’s competence and responsibility in producing new content may enhance the probability of SIA–SNS.”
§ Addictive use of social networking sites can be explained by the interaction of Internet use expectancies, Internet literacy, and psychopathological symptoms > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The partial mediation of psychopathological symptoms to SIA–SNS mediated by self-regulation was also found only for women (β = .073, SE = .025, p = .003).”
§ Addictive use of social networking sites can be explained by the interaction of Internet use expectancies, Internet literacy, and psychopathological symptoms > Results > Additional analyses
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A gender difference in the structure of the SEM was found with respect to self-regulation.”
§ Addictive use of social networking sites can be explained by the interaction of Internet use expectancies, Internet literacy, and psychopathological symptoms > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Overall, the first structural equation model analysis showed no acceptable model fit with the data.”
§ Addictive use of social networking sites can be explained by the interaction of Internet use expectancies, Internet literacy, and psychopathological symptoms > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Internet use expectancies had a positive effect while self-regulation had a negative effect on the severity of SIA–SNS symptoms.”
§ Addictive use of social networking sites can be explained by the interaction of Internet use expectancies, Internet literacy, and psychopathological symptoms > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“However, the preconditions for integrating age in the mediation model were not fulfilled (Baron & Kenny, 1986).”
§ Addictive use of social networking sites can be explained by the interaction of Internet use expectancies, Internet literacy, and psychopathological symptoms > Results > Additional analyses
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Baron & Kenny, 1986
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We analyzed the main SEM described above (with selfregulation as manifest variable) with additional differentiation by gender with the help of mean structure analysis. The fit indices were all acceptable meaning that the models structures were not significantly different between gender. The RMSEA was .097 (CFI = .950, TLI = .920, the SRMR = .058, χ2 = 66.51, p < .001).”
§ Addictive use of social networking sites can be explained by the interaction of Internet use expectancies, Internet literacy, and psychopathological symptoms > Results > Additional analyses
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The results illustrated that psychopathological symptoms like depression and social anxiety (operationalized by the BSI subscale interpersonal sensitivity) affected SIA–SNS directly.”
§ Addictive use of social networking sites can be explained by the interaction of Internet use expectancies, Internet literacy, and psychopathological symptoms > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The BSI interpersonal sensitivity subscale measures social anxiety.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To contrast the different models we consider the BIC. This underlined the best fit for the model using only selfregulation (Figure 2; BIC = 7503.00) when compared with the first proposed SEM (BIC = 8481.86) or the SEM controlling for gender (BIC = 7566.41).”
§ Addictive use of social networking sites can be explained by the interaction of Internet use expectancies, Internet literacy, and psychopathological symptoms > Results > Additional analyses
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“SNS use may be reinforced by experienced gratification and relief from negative feelings.”
§ Addictive use of social networking sites can be explained by the interaction of Internet use expectancies, Internet literacy, and psychopathological symptoms > Abstract > Conclusions
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Users experience online gratification of needs.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The gratification of individual and social needs by SNS can be summarized as expected outcome.
In the paper
“Therefore, the reinforcement of the production and interaction of new content could lead to an excessive use of SNS.”
§ Addictive use of social networking sites can be explained by the interaction of Internet use expectancies, Internet literacy, and psychopathological symptoms > Introduction > The role of Internet literacy as mediator of SIA–SNS
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Davis, 2001
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Internal consistency (Cronbach’s α) of the s-IAT–SNS was good: α = .880 (loss of control/time management α = .841, craving/social problems α = .801).”
§ Addictive use of social networking sites can be explained by the interaction of Internet use expectancies, Internet literacy, and psychopathological symptoms > Methods > Measures and Procedure
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The fit indices were all acceptable meaning that the models structures were not significantly different between gender.”
§ Addictive use of social networking sites can be explained by the interaction of Internet use expectancies, Internet literacy, and psychopathological symptoms > Results > Additional analyses
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Individual competences in handling the Internet may be preventive for the development of SIA–SNS.”
§ Addictive use of social networking sites can be explained by the interaction of Internet use expectancies, Internet literacy, and psychopathological symptoms > Abstract > Conclusions
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The Internet literacy sub-dimension self-regulation can decrease the probability of developing an SIA–SNS.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“SNS allows the escapism from unpleasant situations and negative feelings (Griffiths et al., 2014; Ryan & Xenos, 2011).”
§ Addictive use of social networking sites can be explained by the interaction of Internet use expectancies, Internet literacy, and psychopathological symptoms > Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Griffiths et al., 2014
- Not checked yetcites Ryan & Xenos, 2011
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Overstated expectancies and motivations are instead associated with dysfunctional self-regulation capacities (Griffiths et al., 2014).”
§ Addictive use of social networking sites can be explained by the interaction of Internet use expectancies, Internet literacy, and psychopathological symptoms > Introduction > The role of Internet expectancies as mediator of SIA–SNS
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Griffiths et al., 2014
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Consistent with the theoretical model by Brand, Young et al. (2014) the results illustrate that specific individual predispositions predict cognitive styles related to the Internet use.”
§ Addictive use of social networking sites can be explained by the interaction of Internet use expectancies, Internet literacy, and psychopathological symptoms > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Brand, Young et al., 2014
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“User’s expectancy of the Internet as a helpful tool for reducing negative feelings or for experiencing pleasure increases the probability of developing SIA–SNS.”
§ Addictive use of social networking sites can be explained by the interaction of Internet use expectancies, Internet literacy, and psychopathological symptoms > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All correlations were low (r’s < .063), the regression model with the random variable as dependent variable was not significant (R2 = .015, p = .886) indicating no substantial influence of outliners (Brand, Laier et al., 2014; Brand, Schiebener, Pertl & Delazer, 2014; Schiebener et al., 2014).”
§ Addictive use of social networking sites can be explained by the interaction of Internet use expectancies, Internet literacy, and psychopathological symptoms > Methods > Statistical analyses
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The effect of underlying psychopathological symptoms on self-regulation indicates that people who feel uncomfortable in social situations or have depressive symptoms have more problems in regulating their SNS use.”
§ Addictive use of social networking sites can be explained by the interaction of Internet use expectancies, Internet literacy, and psychopathological symptoms > Discussion
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Moreover, they have high expectancies with respect to experience gratification of individual needs online.”
§ Addictive use of social networking sites can be explained by the interaction of Internet use expectancies, Internet literacy, and psychopathological symptoms > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, the several models of this study explain the role of different components and underline a central mechanism: Individual characteristics interact with the expectancies to avoid negative feelings respectively to experience pleasure that could result in an SIA.”
§ Addictive use of social networking sites can be explained by the interaction of Internet use expectancies, Internet literacy, and psychopathological symptoms > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Hence, individual experiences with SNS lead to a positive reinforcement of certain needs and also cognitions.”
§ Addictive use of social networking sites can be explained by the interaction of Internet use expectancies, Internet literacy, and psychopathological symptoms > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Hong, Huang, Lin and Chiu (2014) reported that SNS use measured by the time spent on SNS is associated with the development of an addiction.”
§ Addictive use of social networking sites can be explained by the interaction of Internet use expectancies, Internet literacy, and psychopathological symptoms > Introduction > Personal Predispositions of SIA–SNS
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hong, Huang, Lin and Chiu (2014)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Users with higher self-regulation capabilities seem less vulnerable for SIA–SNS.”
§ Addictive use of social networking sites can be explained by the interaction of Internet use expectancies, Internet literacy, and psychopathological symptoms > Discussion
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We suggested that users with psychopathological symptoms have difficulties in handling the Internet functionally.”
§ Addictive use of social networking sites can be explained by the interaction of Internet use expectancies, Internet literacy, and psychopathological symptoms > Discussion
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“It is consistent with findings of Ryan and Xenos (2011), who illustrated that shy or anxious people spend more time on SNS due to escape from reality and to gratify their social needs.”
§ Addictive use of social networking sites can be explained by the interaction of Internet use expectancies, Internet literacy, and psychopathological symptoms > Introduction > Personal Predispositions of SIA–SNS
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ryan and Xenos (2011)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Therefore, it seems that the dimension Internet use expectancies rather represents the aspect of avoiding offline problems than the aspect of gaining positive reinforcement from SNS use.”
§ Addictive use of social networking sites can be explained by the interaction of Internet use expectancies, Internet literacy, and psychopathological symptoms > Discussion
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- The quote only partly states this claim. 2
- It may state two separate claims as one. 10
- Probably not a substantial claim. 13
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The proposed structural equation model showed a relatively weak fit with the data. The RMSEA was .113 (p = .089), CFI = .927, TLI = .864, SRMR = .071. The χ2-test was significant (χ2 = 78.83, p < .001).”
§ Addictive use of social networking sites can be explained by the interaction of Internet use expectancies, Internet literacy, and psychopathological symptoms > Results > Structural equation model
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Moreover, Internet use expectancies as well as self regulation partially mediated the link between psychopathological symptoms and SIA–SNS.”
§ Addictive use of social networking sites can be explained by the interaction of Internet use expectancies, Internet literacy, and psychopathological symptoms > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We found the same relationships between psychopathological symptoms and SIA–SNS respectively Internet use expectancies and self-regulation as well as Internet use expectancies and SIA–SNS.”
§ Addictive use of social networking sites can be explained by the interaction of Internet use expectancies, Internet literacy, and psychopathological symptoms > Results > Additional analyses
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Additionally, the manifest variable positive reinforcement loaded on the latent dimension Internet use expectancies only with a medium effect, while avoidance expectancies loaded on the dimension with a large effect.”
§ Addictive use of social networking sites can be explained by the interaction of Internet use expectancies, Internet literacy, and psychopathological symptoms > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The partial mediation of psychopathological symptoms to SIA–SNS mediated by Internet use expectancies was found for women (β = .195, SE = .060, p = .001), but not for men (β = .137, SE = .079, p = .082).”
§ Addictive use of social networking sites can be explained by the interaction of Internet use expectancies, Internet literacy, and psychopathological symptoms > Results > Additional analyses
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To control for gender we calculated group comparisons with all used variables and found significant differences between male and female participants only for s-IAT–SNS craving/social problems (t(150.42) = −2.92, p = .004).”
§ Addictive use of social networking sites can be explained by the interaction of Internet use expectancies, Internet literacy, and psychopathological symptoms > Results > Additional analyses
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, it seems that these two do not represent a common latent domain, but potentially represent conceptually relatively different aspects of handling the Internet competently.”
§ Addictive use of social networking sites can be explained by the interaction of Internet use expectancies, Internet literacy, and psychopathological symptoms > Results > Structural equation model
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, Internet use expectancies seem to be crucial for SIA–SNS, which is in line with prior models.”
§ Addictive use of social networking sites can be explained by the interaction of Internet use expectancies, Internet literacy, and psychopathological symptoms > Abstract > Discussion
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: People with depressive symptoms and social anxiety expect SNS as a possibility to handle negative emotions.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The subscale depression consists of six items and had a good internal consistency (Cronbach’s a = .808).”
§ Addictive use of social networking sites can be explained by the interaction of Internet use expectancies, Internet literacy, and psychopathological symptoms > Methods > Measures and Procedure
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“It seems that those users feel more comfortable with computers than to interact with people directly in real life (Leung & Lee, 2012).”
§ Addictive use of social networking sites can be explained by the interaction of Internet use expectancies, Internet literacy, and psychopathological symptoms > Introduction > The role of Internet literacy as mediator of SIA–SNS
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Leung & Lee, 2012
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“It is also part of the treatment model proposed by Young (2011) that describes the impact of psychopathological symptoms and social cognition on IA mediated by individual cognitions like Internet use expectancies or coping strategies.”
§ Addictive use of social networking sites can be explained by the interaction of Internet use expectancies, Internet literacy, and psychopathological symptoms > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Young (2011)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Studies postulated that women are in general more active on SNS than men (Chak & Leung, 2004; Moore & McElroy, 2012; Szczegielniak, Palka & Krysta, 2013).”
§ Addictive use of social networking sites can be explained by the interaction of Internet use expectancies, Internet literacy, and psychopathological symptoms > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Chak & Leung, 2004
- Not checked yetcites Moore & McElroy, 2012
- Not checked yetcites Szczegielniak, Palka & Krysta, 2013
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“They found that the ability to deal with information overload and a great knowledge about Internet functions are associated with loss of control and the preference of being online.”
§ Addictive use of social networking sites can be explained by the interaction of Internet use expectancies, Internet literacy, and psychopathological symptoms > Introduction > The role of Internet literacy as mediator of SIA–SNS
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Leung and Lee (2012)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Both scales had a good reliability (Cronbach’s α; positive reinforcement: α = .829, avoidance expectancies: α = .785, overall: α = .843) (Brand, Laier et al., 2014).”
§ Addictive use of social networking sites can be explained by the interaction of Internet use expectancies, Internet literacy, and psychopathological symptoms > Methods > Measures and Procedure
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“These deficits are linked to substance abuse and could be core mechanisms of IA respectively SIA–SNS (Khang et al., 2014; LaRose, Mastro & Eastin, 2001).”
§ Addictive use of social networking sites can be explained by the interaction of Internet use expectancies, Internet literacy, and psychopathological symptoms > Introduction > The role of Internet expectancies as mediator of SIA–SNS
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Khang et al., 2014
- Not checked yetcites LaRose, Mastro & Eastin, 2001
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The subscale interpersonal sensitivity had four items and the internal consistency was acceptable (Cronbach’s a = .773).”
§ Addictive use of social networking sites can be explained by the interaction of Internet use expectancies, Internet literacy, and psychopathological symptoms > Methods > Measures and Procedure
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In line with the UAG it illustrates that users choose media to gratify individual needs or to experience entertainment or social support.”
§ Addictive use of social networking sites can be explained by the interaction of Internet use expectancies, Internet literacy, and psychopathological symptoms > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites LaRose et al., 2001
- Not checked yetcites Smock et al., 2011
- Not checked yetcites Song et al., 2004
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Furthermore, we also used a newly developed questionnaire to evaluate Internet literacy.”
§ Addictive use of social networking sites can be explained by the interaction of Internet use expectancies, Internet literacy, and psychopathological symptoms > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The internal consistency (Cronbach’s α) was acceptable: production and interaction: α = .741, self-regulation: α = .728.”
§ Addictive use of social networking sites can be explained by the interaction of Internet use expectancies, Internet literacy, and psychopathological symptoms > Methods > Measures and Procedure
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Gender effects were also found for other SIA like cybersex addiction (Griffiths, 2012; Laier, Pekal & Brand, 2014) or online gaming (Brand, Laier et al., 2014; Ko, Yen, Chen, Chen & Yen, 2005).”
§ Addictive use of social networking sites can be explained by the interaction of Internet use expectancies, Internet literacy, and psychopathological symptoms > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Griffiths, 2012
- Not checked yetcites Laier, Pekal & Brand, 2014
- Not checked yetcites Brand, Laier et al., 2014
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We used an online survey to collect the data and had no laboratory or standardized conditions.”
§ Addictive use of social networking sites can be explained by the interaction of Internet use expectancies, Internet literacy, and psychopathological symptoms > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The authors state this as an assumption.
Internet users have certain needs and goals that can be achieved by different Internet applications.
“It is based on the assumption that Internet users have certain needs and goals, which can be achieved by different Internet applications.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Depressive people have less self-control and are socially isolated.
“It is based on the assumption that depressive people have less self-control and are socially isolated (Hong et al., 2014).”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Users experience online gratification of needs.
“A further explanation of the relationship between IA and UAG is based on the assumption that users experience online gratification of needs.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The gratification of individual and social needs by SNS can be summarized as expected outcome.
“Thereby, it is assumed that the gratification of individual and social needs by SNS can be summarized as expected outcome.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
People with depressive symptoms and social anxiety expect SNS as a possibility to handle negative emotions.
“Moreover, we assume that people with depressive symptoms and social anxiety expect SNS as a possibility to handle negative emotions.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The Internet literacy sub-dimension self-regulation can decrease the probability of developing an SIA–SNS.
“We assume that the Internet literacy sub-dimension selfregulation can decrease the probability of developing an SIA–SNS.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The mechanism by which individual experiences with SNS lead to positive reinforcement of needs and cognitions is based on the expectancy to experience gratification and satisfy desires, and these experiences increase the likelihood of SIA–SNS.
“This mechanism is assumed to be based upon the expectancy to experience gratification and to satisfy certain desires and that these experiences increase the likelihood of SIA–SNS (Brand, Young et al., 2014; Robinson & Berridge, 2000, 2003).”
The paper relies on this without support.
The BSI interpersonal sensitivity subscale measures social anxiety.
“psychopathological symptoms like depression and social anxiety (operationalized by the BSI subscale interpersonal sensitivity)”
The paper relies on this without support.
Self-regulation is an aspect of Internet literacy.
“self-regulation as mediator representing an aspect of Internet literacy”
The paper relies on this without support.
Production and interaction is a component of Internet literacy.
“Production and interaction as a component of Internet literacy”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Moreover, positive metacognitions about Internet use have been shown to mediate the relationship between emotional dysregulation and Internet addiction (Casale et al., 2016) as well as the relationship between psychopathological symptoms (depression, social anxiety) and the addictive use of social-networking sites (Wegmann et al., 2015).”
From Integrating psychological and neurobiological considerations regarding the development and maintenance of specific Internet-use disorders: An Interaction of Person-Affect-Cognition-Execution (I-PACE) model (2016) · cites this paper as Wegmann et al., 2015
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Empirical research has reported strong relationships between SNS addiction and other forms of technological and behavioral addiction, such as Internet gaming addiction (Andreassen, Billieux, et al., 2016) and Internet addiction (Monacis, de Palo, Griffiths, & Sinatra, 2016; Wegmann, Stodt, & Brand, 2015)”
From Social networking addiction, attachment style, and validation of the Italian version of the Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale (2017) · cites this paper as Wegmann, Stodt, & Brand, 2015
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“This has already been shown in previous studies emphasizing that the effect of a person's core characteristics, such as depression and social anxiety, is partially mediated by specific cognitions such as individual's Internet-use expectancies, coping style and self-regulation abilities (Wegmann and Brand, 2016, Wegmann et al., 2015).”
From Online-specific fear of missing out and internet-use expectancies contribute to symptoms of internet-communication disorder (2017) · cites this paper as Wegmann et al., 2015
In the citing paper
“positive correlations were found between depression and negative social networking interactions, 34,39,40”
From The Relationship Between Online Social Networking and Depression: A Systematic Review of Quantitative Studies (2016) · cites this paper as [40]
Statistics recomputed
Every reported test result, recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom. A result shows as not adding up only once an independent check has confirmed it.
- Consistentt(150.42) = -2.92reported p = .004 · recomputed p = .004
“t(150.42) = −2.92, p = .004”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Addictive use of social networking sites can be explained by the interaction of Internet use expectancies, Internet literacy, and psychopathological symptoms > Results > Structural equation model
“| 7. IUE – avoidance expectancies | 2.36 (1.12) | | | | | | | .102 | .437** | −.111** | −.347** |”
§ Addictive use of social networking sites can be explained by the interaction of Internet use expectancies, Internet literacy, and psychopathological symptoms > Results > Structural equation model
“| 2. s-IAT–SNS 1 (loss of control/time management) | 12.97 (4.78) | | .638** | .412** | .420** | .290** | .402** | .107 | .315** | −.117* | −.345** |”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Addictive use of social networking sites can be explained by the interaction of Internet use expectancies, Internet literacy, and psychopathological symptoms > Results > Structural equation model
“| 1. s-IAT–SNS sum score | 22.52 (7.57) | .932** | .874** | .455** | .484** | .330** | .456** | .122* | .364* | −.137* | −.356** |”
§ Addictive use of social networking sites can be explained by the interaction of Internet use expectancies, Internet literacy, and psychopathological symptoms > Results > Structural equation model
“| 2. s-IAT–SNS 1 (loss of control/time management) | 12.97 (4.78) | | .638** | .412** | .420** | .290** | .402** | .107 | .315** | −.117* | −.345** |”
Citations
Cites
Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999) · Structural Equation Modeling A Multidisciplinary Journal · doi:10.1080/10705519909540118 · Cited by 108,788
Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences
Muller, K. E., & Cohen, J. (1989) · Technometrics · doi:10.2307/1270020 · Cited by 99,603
Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.51.6.1173 · Cited by 91,532
Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences
Cohen, J. (1990) · Computers Environment and Urban Systems · doi:10.1016/0198-9715(90)90050-4 · Cited by 65,417
Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research
Brown, T. A. (2007) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.44-2769 · Cited by 15,621
Schermelleh-Engel, K., Moosbrugger, H., & Müller, H. (2003) · Department of Psychology - University of Koblenz-Landau · doi:10.23668/psycharchives.12784 · Cited by 8,975
A Beginner's Guide to Structural Equation Modeling: Fourth Edition
Schumacker, R. E., & Lomax, R. G. (2015) · doi:10.4324/9781315749105 · Cited by 6,604
A Beginner's Guide to Structural Equation Modeling
Schumacker, R. E., & Lomax, R. G. (2004) · doi:10.4324/9781410610904 · Cited by 6,235
A cognitive-behavioral model of pathological Internet use
Davis, R. A. (2001) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0747-5632(00)00041-8 · Cited by 3,010
Online Social Networking and Addiction—A Review of the Psychological Literature
Kuss, D. J., & Griffiths, M. D. (2011) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph8093528 · Cited by 2,038 · cited 2×
“…Internet use expectancies and Internet literacy in predicting SIA–SNS in adolescents and younger adults, who are reported to be more vulnerable to negative consequences due to their Internet use (Andreassen et al., 2013; Korkeila et al., 2010; Kuss & Griffiths, 2011; Tonioni et al., 2012).”
BackgroundInfluential
Research works printed but not linked: 4
- Baacke D. (1999). Medienkompetenz als zentrales Operationsfeld von Projekten. In Baacke D., Kornblum S. & Lauffer J. (Eds.), Handbuch Medien: Medienkompetenz, Modelle und Projekte (pp. 31– 35). Bonn: Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung.
- Kass R. E. & Raftery A. E. (1995). Bayes factors. Journal of American Statistical Association, 90, 773– 795.
- Muthén L. K. & Muthén B. O. (1998–2011). Mplus user’s guide (Vol. 6). Los Angeles: Muthén & Muthén.
- Weiber R. & Mühlhaus D. (2010). Strukturgleichungsmodellierung. Eine anwendungsorientierte Einführung in die Kausalanalyse mit Hilfe von AMOS, SmartPLS und SPSS. Heidelberg: Springer.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Brand, M., Young, K. S., Laier, C., Wölfling, K., & Potenza, M. N. (2016) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.08.033 · Cited by 2,416
“…Internet use have been shown to mediate the relationship between emotional dysregulation and Internet addiction (Casale et al., 2016) as well as the relationship between psychopathological symptoms (depression, social anxiety) and the addictive use of social-networking sites (Wegmann et al., 2015).”
Self-citationDhir, A., Yossatorn, Y., Kaur, P., & Chen, S. (2018) · International Journal of Information Management · doi:10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2018.01.012 · Cited by 1,033
Problematic social media use: Results from a large-scale nationally representative adolescent sample
Bányai, F., Zsila, Á., Király, O., Maraz, A., Elekes, Z., Griffiths, M. D., Andreassen, C. S., & Demetrovics, Z. (2017) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0169839 · Cited by 984
Oberst, U., Wegmann, E., Stodt, B., Brand, M., & Chamarro, A. (2017) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2016.12.008 · Cited by 894
Self-citationSocial Networking Sites, Depression, and Anxiety: A Systematic Review
Seabrook, E. M., Kern, M. L., & Rickard, N. S. (2016) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/mental.5842 · Cited by 763
“Wegmann et al [121] suggested that depressive symptoms and social anxiety have both a significant direct relationship with SNS-specific addiction and a partially mediated pathway to SNS-specific addiction via 2 cognitive styles: self-regulation and Internet use expectancies.”
Metadata
- Authors
- Wegmann, E., Stodt, B., & Brand, M.
- Affiliations
- University of Duisburg-Essen (DE)
- Erwin L. Hahn Institute for Magnetic Resonance Imaging (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Brand, Matthias
- Venue
- Journal of Behavioral Addictions
- Publisher
- Akademiai Kiado Zrt.
- Published
- 2015-09
- Volume
- 4
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 155-162
- ISSN
- 2062-5871 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4627676
- OpenAlex
- W2154796819
- Semantic Scholar
- b133c541cee79cc58d52574fb2f97a0e47306aae
- Cited by
- 223
- References
- 65
- Citations by year
- 2026: 19 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 29 · 2022: 25 · 2021: 31 · 2020: 28 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 9
- FWCI
- 48.53
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Behavioral Addictions (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Repository of the Academy's Library (Library of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences) (acceptedVersion)
- DuEPublico (University of Duisburg-Essen) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Impact of Technology on Adolescents
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Sexuality, Behavior, and Technology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Gambling Behavior and Treatments
- Keywords
- internet addiction, internet literacy, depression, social anxiety, self-regulation, behavioral addiction, psychiatric symptoms
- MeSH terms
- Literacy, Adolescent, Adult, Anxiety Disorders, Depressive Disorder, Female, Humans, Male, Behavior, Addictive, Internet, Young Adult, Social Networking
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-04, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-04 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
