The concept of “harm” in Internet gaming disorder
Open accessAbstract
Internet gaming disorder (IGD) is a proposed condition that refers to persistent gaming leading to clinically significant impairment. However, there have been few attempts to study the different types and degrees of harm caused by IGD. This commentary describes some of the negative intrapersonal and interpersonal effects of an extreme time investment in gaming activities in the context of IGD. Future research should examine the way in which IGD harms may occur at different levels and degrees. This may enhance the screening of individuals whose behavior is suspected to meet the definition of the proposed IGD criteria.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
People with internet addictions in all its forms engage in fewer social activities, spend less time with family and friends, and experience less family closeness.
“those with internet addictions in all its forms engage in fewer social activities, spend less time with family and friends, and experience less family closeness”
From Ethics of the Attention Economy: The Problem of Social Media Addiction (2021) · cites this paper as King and Delfabbro (2018)
The paper’s Abstract says that internet gaming disorder can displace social activities, including meeting friends and visiting family. It does not extend that finding to all forms of internet addiction or specifically say that affected people experience less family closeness. No page number is provided in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
American Psychiatric Association (2013) · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596 · Cited by 116,369 · see citing works
Brand, M., Young, K. S., Laier, C., Wölfling, K., & Potenza, M. N. (2016) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.08.033 · Cited by 2,153 · see citing works
Langham, E., Thorne, H. B., Browne, M., Donaldson, P., Rose, J., & Rockloff, M. (2015) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-016-2747-0 · Cited by 680 · see citing works
Schüll, N. D. (2012) · Princeton University Press eBooks · doi:10.1515/9781400834655 · Cited by 602 · see citing works
Dong, G., & Potenza, M. N. (2014) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2014.07.005 · Cited by 559 · see citing works
Internet Gaming Disorder: Investigating the Clinical Relevance of a New Phenomenon
Przybylski, A. K., Weinstein, N., & Murayama, K. (2017) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2016.16020224 · Cited by 372 · see citing works
Männikkö, N., Billieux, J., & Kääriäinen, M. (2015) · Journal of Behavioral Addictions · doi:10.1556/2006.4.2015.040 · Cited by 255 · see citing works
Assessing gambling-related harm in Victoria: a public health perspective
Browne, M., Langham, E., Rawat, V., Greer, N., Li, E., Rose, J., Rockloff, M., Donaldson, P., Thorne, H., Goodwin, B., et al. (2016) · doi:10.11575/prism/9419 · Cited by 246 · see citing works
The Cognitive Psychopathology of Internet Gaming Disorder in Adolescence
King, D. L., & Delfabbro, P. (2016) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-016-0135-y · Cited by 229 · see citing works
Self-citationWithdrawal symptoms in Internet gaming disorder: A systematic review
Kaptsis, D., King, D. L., Delfabbro, P. H., & Gradisar, M. (2016) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2015.11.006 · Cited by 217 · see citing works
Self-citationChuang, Y. (2006) · CyberPsychology & Behavior · doi:10.1089/cpb.2006.9.451 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Risk Factors of Internet Addiction among Internet Users: An Online Questionnaire Survey
Wu, C., Lee, M., Liao, S., & Chang, L. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0137506 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Gaming Increases Craving to Gaming-Related Stimuli in Individuals With Internet Gaming Disorder
Dong, G., Wang, L., Du, X., & Potenza, M. N. (2017) · Biological Psychiatry Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.bpsc.2017.01.002 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Baggio, S., Dupuis, M., Studer, J., Spilka, S., Daeppen, J., Simon, O., Berchtold, A., & Gmel, G. E. (2015) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.13192 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
King, D. L., Kaptsis, D., Delfabbro, P., & Gradisar, M. (2016) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2016.04.020 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Self-citationMacgregor, D. M. (2000) · Scottish Medical Journal · doi:10.1177/003693300004500507 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Soroush, M., Hancock, M., & Bonns, V. K. (2014) · IEEE Games, Entertainment, Media Conference (GEM) · doi:10.1109/gem.2014.7048099 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Global prevalence of gaming disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Stevens, M. W., Dorstyn, D., Delfabbro, P. H., & King, D. L. (2021) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0004867420962851 · Cited by 863 · see citing works
Self-citationEthics of the Attention Economy: The Problem of Social Media Addiction
Bhargava, V. R., & Velasquez, M. (2021) · Business Ethics Quarterly · doi:10.1017/beq.2020.32 · Cited by 292 · see citing works
“Kraut, Patterson, Lundmark, Kiesler, Mukopadhyay, and Scherlis (1998), Snyder, Li, O’Brien, and Howard (2015), and King and Delfabbro (2018) found that those with internet addictions in all its forms engage in fewer social activities, spend less time with family and friends, and experience less…”
BackgroundMaladaptive player-game relationships in problematic gaming and gaming disorder: A systematic review
King, D. L., Delfabbro, P., Perales, J. C., Deleuze, J., Király, O., Krossbakken, E., & Billieux, J. (2019) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2019.101777 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Self-citationAdolescent Internet Addiction in Hong Kong: Prevalence, Psychosocial Correlates, and Prevention
Chung, T. W. H., Sum, S., & Chan, M. (2019) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2018.12.016 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Ko, C.-H., Lin, H.-C., Lin, P.-C., & Yen, J.-Y. (2020) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0004867419881499 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Nielsen, P., Favez, N., & Rigter, H. (2020) · Current Addiction Reports · doi:10.1007/s40429-020-00320-0 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Dong, G., Zheng, H., Liu, X., Wang, Y., Du, X.-X., & Potenza, M. (2018) · Journal of Behavioral Addictions · doi:10.1556/2006.7.2018.118 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Early-Life Interpersonal and Affective Risk Factors for Pathological Gaming
Bussone, S., Trentini, C., Tambelli, R., & Carola, V. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00423 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Lusar, A. C., Oberst, U. E., Cladellas, R., & Fúster, H. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17176429 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
An Evaluation of Gaming-Related Harms in Relation to Gaming Disorder and Loot Box Involvement
Carey, P., Delfabbro, P., & King, D. L. (2021) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-021-00556-5 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Self-citationInternet gaming as a coping method among schizophrenic patients facing psychological distress
Chang, Y.-H., Chang, K., Hou, W., Lin, C., & Griffiths, M. D. (2020) · Journal of Behavioral Addictions · doi:10.1556/2006.2020.00081 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Ferrari, M., Sabetti, J., McIlwaine, S. V., Fazeli, S., Sadati, S. M. H., Shah, J. L., Archie, S., Boydell, K., Lal, S., Henderson, J. L., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Digital Health · doi:10.3389/fdgth.2022.814248 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Higuchi, S., Nakayama, H., Matsuzaki, T., Mihara, S., & Kitayuguchi, T. (2021) · Journal of Behavioral Addictions · doi:10.1556/2006.2020.00099 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Altered core networks of brain connectivity and personality traits in internet gaming disorder
Chun, J., Park, C.-H., Kim, J.-Y., Choi, J., Cho, H., Jung, D. J., Ahn, K. J., Choi, J., Kim, D., & Choi, I. Y. (2020) · Journal of Behavioral Addictions · doi:10.1556/2006.2020.00014 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Gaming-Gambling Convergence: Trends, Emerging Risks, and Legislative Responses
Kolandai‐Matchett, K., & Abbott, M. (2021) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-021-00498-y · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Zeng, N., Wang, M., Zheng, H., Zhang, J., Dong, H., Potenza, M. N., & Dong, G. (2021) · Journal of Behavioral Addictions · doi:10.1556/2006.2021.00015 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Gaming disorder and the COVID-19 pandemic: Treatment demand and service delivery challenges
King, D. L., Achab, S., Higuchi, S., Bowden‐Jones, H., Müller, K. W., Billieux, J., Starčević, V., Saunders, J. B., Tam, P., & Delfabbro, P. (2022) · Journal of Behavioral Addictions · doi:10.1556/2006.2022.00011 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Self-citationProblematic internet use prior to and during the COVID-19 pandemic
Zarco-Alpuente, A., Ciudad-Fernández, V., Ballester‐Arnal, R., Billieux, J., Gil‐Llario, M. D., King, D. L., Montoya‐Castilla, I., García, P. S., & Castro‐Calvo, J. (2021) · Cyberpsychology Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace · doi:10.5817/cp2021-4-1 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Self-citationProblematic risk-taking involving emerging technologies: A stakeholder framework to minimize harms
Swanton, T. B., Blaszczynski, A. P., Forlini, C., Starčević, V., & Gainsbury, S. (2019) · Journal of Behavioral Addictions · doi:10.1556/2006.8.2019.52 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Exploring Internet gaming disorder: an updated perspective of empirical evidence (from 2016 to 2021)
Mestre‐Bach, G., Fernández‐Aranda, F., & Jiménez‐Múrcia, S. (2022) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2022.152319 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Psychological treatments for excessive gaming: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Kim, J., Lee, S., Lee, D., Shim, S. R., Balva, D., Choi, K., Chey, J., Shin, S.-H., & Ahn, W. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-24523-9 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Peng, P., Chen, Z., Ren, S., Hé, Y., Li, J. G., Liao, A., Zhao, L. L., Shao, X., Chen, S. S., He, R., et al. (2025) · Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences · doi:10.1017/s2045796025000046 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Family-based therapy for internet addiction among adolescents and young adults: A meta-analysis
Wang, H., Li, X., Lok, K.-I., Meng, C., Tan, Y., Lee, U. M., Lei, L. S. M., & Chan, N. (2024) · Journal of Behavioral Addictions · doi:10.1556/2006.2024.00015 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Karlsson, J., Broman, N., & Håkansson, A. (2019) · Journal of Addiction · doi:10.1155/2019/1464858 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Park, J. J., Booth, N., Bagot, K. L., & Rodda, S. N. (2020) · Computers in Human Behavior Reports · doi:10.1016/j.chbr.2020.100027 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Stevens, M., Delfabbro, P., & King, D. L. (2021) · The Journal of Primary Prevention · doi:10.1007/s10935-021-00629-0 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Self-citationA framework for indirect elicitation of the public health impact of gambling problems
Browne, M., Rawat, V., Newall, P. W. S., Begg, S. J., Rockloff, M., & Hing, N. (2020) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-020-09813-z · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Boland, W. A., Martin, I. M., & Mason, M. J. (2020) · Journal of Consumer Affairs · doi:10.1111/joca.12324 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Ko, C., Király, O., Demetrovics, Z., Chang, Y.-M., & Yen, J. (2020) · Journal of Behavioral Addictions · doi:10.1556/2006.2020.00058 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Razum, J., Baumgartner, B., & Tkalić, R. G. (2023) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2023.102256 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Razum, J., & Huić, A. (2023) · Behaviour and Information Technology · doi:10.1080/0144929x.2023.2254856 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Harm severity in internet gaming disorder and problem gambling: A comparative study
Delfabbro, P., King, D. L., & Carey, P. (2021) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2021.106898 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Self-citationHong, W., Liang, P., Pan, Y., Jin, J. K., Luo, L., Li, Y., Chen, J., Lü, W., Wang, M., Liu, Y., et al. (2023) · Journal of Behavioral Addictions · doi:10.1556/2006.2023.00014 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Peng, P., Chen, Z., Ren, S., Hé, Y., Li, J., Liao, A., Zhao, L., Shao, X., Chen, S., He, R., et al. (2025) · Journal of Behavioral Addictions · doi:10.1556/2006.2025.00054 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Szász-Janocha, C., Magann, M., Gold, H. R., Lindenberg, K., Delfabbro, P., & King, D. L. (2023) · Journal of Behavioral Addictions · doi:10.1556/2006.2023.00003 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Self-citationKing, D. L., Billieux, J., & Delfabbro, P. (2024) · Journal of Behavioral Addictions · doi:10.1556/2006.2023.00079 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Self-citationA descriptive survey of online gaming characteristics and gaming disorder in Ireland
Columb, D., Griffiths, M. D., & OʼGara, C. (2020) · Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/ipm.2020.5 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Peng, P., Chen, Z., Ren, S., Hé, Y., Li, J., Liao, A., Zhao, L., Shao, X., Chen, S., He, R., et al. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.03.029 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Orozco, R., Borges, G. L. G., Caldas‐de‐Almeida, J. M., Gutiérrez–García, R. A., Albor, Y., Pérez, A. L. J., Valdés‐García, K. P., Mansur, P. M. B., Couder, M. A. C. D., Uribe, P. C. H., et al. (2024) · Journal of Addiction Medicine · doi:10.1097/adm.0000000000001331 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Peng, P., Jin, J., Chen, Z., Ren, S., Hé, Y., Li, J., Liao, A., Zhao, L., Shao, X., Chen, S., et al. (2025) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health · doi:10.1186/s13034-025-00889-2 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Yu, F., Li, J., Xu, L., Zheng, X., Fu, M., Li, K., Yao, S., Kendrick, K. M., Montag, C., & Becker, B. (2022) · Journal of Behavioral Addictions · doi:10.1556/2006.2022.00078 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Gambling and Gaming in the United Kingdom during the COVID-19 Lockdown
Close, J., Spicer, S. G., Nicklin, L. L., Lloyd, J., Whalley, B., & Lloyd, H. M. (2022) · COVID · doi:10.3390/covid2020007 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Prevalence and impact of Internet Gaming Disorder: A population-based study
Razum, J., & Tkalić, R. G. (2025) · Cyberpsychology Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace · doi:10.5817/cp2025-1-1 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Internet Gaming Disorder: Prevalence and associated factors among university students
Fraiwan, M., & Almomani, F. (2025) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2025.105690 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Park, J. J., Han, X., Potenza, M. N., & Zhao, Y. (2025) · Journal of Behavioral Addictions · doi:10.1556/2006.2025.00076 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Stevens, M., Radünz, M., Galanis, C. R., Quinney, B. A., Zajac, I. T., Billieux, J., Delfabbro, P., & King, D. L. (2025) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.70192 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citationInternet Gaming Disorder in the DSM-5: Engagement vs. Addiction
Chew, P. K. H., & Au, J. Q. M. (2023) · Journal of Technology in Behavioral Science · doi:10.1007/s41347-023-00364-9 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Mutlu, C., Birinci, T., Şenel, A., Mustafaoğlu, R., Koç, E. B., Karaçetin, G., & Mutlu, E. K. (2023) · Work · doi:10.3233/wor-220652 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
A Behavior Analytic Perspective on Treatment of Problem Gaming and Problem Social Media Use
Hassan, M., & Kyonka, E. G. E. (2021) · The Psychological Record · doi:10.1007/s40732-021-00465-y · Cited by 5 · see citing works
He, J., Zhao, H., Lei, X., Qiu, J., Feng, T., Chen, H., Turel, O., Bechara, A., & He, Q. (2025) · Journal of Behavioral Addictions · doi:10.1556/2006.2025.00063 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
A short update of disordered gaming
Evren, C. (2020) · Dusunen Adam The Journal of Psychiatry and Neurological Sciences · doi:10.14744/dajpns.2020.00085 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Tkalić, R. G., Razum, J., & Milas, G. (2024) · Behaviour and Information Technology · doi:10.1080/0144929x.2024.2359043 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Amani, M. (2023) · Addiction and Health · doi:10.34172/ahj.2023.1344 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Spritzer, D. T., Machado, W. D. L., Yates, M. B., Király, O., Demetrovics, Z., Billieux, J., King, D. L., Kaliszewska-Czeremska, K., Laconi, S., Passos, I. C., et al. (2023) · Trends in Psychiatry and Psychotherapy · doi:10.47626/2237-6089-2023-0622 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationInternet Gaming Disorder: Depression, Anxiety and Stress among Gamers
Radzi, M. A. M., Subhi, N., & Shaari, A. A. H. (2023) · International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences · doi:10.6007/ijarbss/v13-i12/19787 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Li, S., Du, M., Yi, X., Yang, H., Yang, L., Shao, H., Wu, A. M. S., Mo, P. K. H., Xu, D., Zheng, P., et al. (2025) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2025.108449 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Daily motivational underpinnings and outcomes of adolescent video gaming
Razum, J. (2023) · doi:10.17234/diss.2023.265864 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Rabiei, N., Sadeghi, S., Ranaei, N., & Ghanbari, N. (2025) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-025-02792-z · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Evren, C. (2022) · Studies in neuroscience, psychology and behavioral economics · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-04772-5_2 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Online Gaming, Maladaptive Consumption, and Regulatory Standards and Options
Ringold, D. J., & Cosentino, V. J. (2024) · Palgrave studies in marketing, organizations and society · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-60199-6_2
Yukang, X., & Zhu, L. (2023) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781107165250.034
Interventions for Addictive Behaviors in Cyberspace
Li, W., & Garland, E. L. (2023) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781107165250.039
Radiomics-based feature exploration and auxiliary diagnostic model construction for gaming disorder
Li, Y., Lin, S., Tang, Y., Huang, Q., Liao, Z., Chen, X., Wang, C., Hao, J., Wang, X., Yang, R., et al. (2026) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-026-47980-y
Yesilkaya, C., Ermiş, Ç., Tunçtürk, M., Alarslan, S., CAN, M., Halaç, E., Ağaç, N., Bilgiç, B., Atay, A., Alkaş, G. E., et al. (2026) · Addicta The Turkish Journal on Addictions · doi:10.15805/addicta.2026.508
Liu, C., Xu, X.-F., & Dong, G.-H. (2026) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2026.111932
Network Analysis of Childhood Family Experiences and Internet Gaming Disorder in Chinese Adolescents
Li, S., Wang, C., & Cui, L. (2026) · Computers in Human Behavior Reports · doi:10.1016/j.chbr.2026.101406
Nuske, J., Stevens, M., Hides, L. M., Johnson, D. M., Adair, C., Delfabbro, P., Billieux, J., & King, D. L. (2026) · Journal of Behavioral Addictions · doi:10.1556/2006.2026.00120
Self-citation
- Authors
- King, D. L., & Delfabbro, P. H.
- Affiliations
- The University of Adelaide (AU)
- Corresponding author
- King, Daniel L.
- Venue
- Journal of Behavioral Addictions
- Publisher
- Akademiai Kiado Zrt.
- Published
- 2018-05-15
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 562-564
- ISSN
- 2062-5871 (ISSN-L)
- 2063-5303
- PMC
- PMC6426378
- OpenAlex
- W2804219870
- Cited by
- 67
- References
- 16
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 1
- FWCI
- 15.36
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc
- Locations
- Journal of Behavioral Addictions (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Repository of the Academy's Library (Library of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences) (acceptedVersion)
- Adelaide Research & Scholarship (AR&S) (University of Adelaide) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Impact of Technology on Adolescents
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Gambling Behavior and Treatments
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Sexuality, Behavior, and Technology
- Keywords
- internet gaming disorder, harm, gaming addiction, time investment, interpersonal effects, screening
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Behavior, Addictive, Internet
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review