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Prevalence of healthy sleep duration among adults – United States, 2014
Open accessAbstract
To promote optimal health and well-being, adults aged 18-60 years are recommended to sleep at least 7 hours each night (1). Sleeping <7 hours per night is associated with increased risk for obesity, diabetes, high blood pressure, coronary heart disease, stroke, frequent mental distress, and all-cause mortality (2-4). Insufficient sleep impairs cognitive performance, which can increase the likelihood of motor vehicle and other transportation accidents, industrial accidents, medical errors, and loss of work productivity that could affect the wider community (5). CDC analyzed data from the 2014 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) to determine the prevalence of a healthy sleep duration (≥ 7 hours) among 444,306 adult respondents in all 50 states and the District of Columbia. A total of 65.2% of respondents reported a healthy sleep duration; the age-adjusted prevalence of healthy sleep was lower among non-Hispanic blacks, American Indians/Alaska Natives, Native Hawaiians/Pacific Islanders, and multiracial respondents, compared with non-Hispanic whites, Hispanics, and Asians. State-based estimates of healthy sleep duration prevalence ranged from 56.1% in Hawaii to 71.6% in South Dakota. Geographic clustering of the lowest prevalence of healthy sleep duration was observed in the southeastern United States and in states along the Appalachian Mountains, and the highest prevalence was observed in the Great Plains states. More than one third of U.S. respondents reported typically sleeping <7 hours in a 24-hour period, suggesting an ongoing need for public awareness and public education about sleep health; worksite shift policies that ensure healthy sleep duration for shift workers, particularly medical professionals, emergency response personnel, and transportation industry personnel; and opportunities for health care providers to discuss the importance of healthy sleep duration with patients and address reasons for poor sleep health.
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“Taken together, habitual short sleep duration is highly prevalent in the US population.”
From Sleep: important considerations for the prevention of cardiovascular disease (2016) · cites this paper as [10]
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“adults (aged 18–60) reported typically sleeping less than 7 hours in a 24–hour period (Liu, 2016).”
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“8% of the US population reports sleeping fewer than 7 hours per night.(2) Of importance, short sleep duration has been linked to higher obesity rates, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and hypertension by numerous studies.”
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“The global obesity epidemic has become a major public health concern in recent decades, and there is growing evidence to suggest that disrupted circadian rhythms and sleep disturbances are contributing factors [1,2].”
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“Sleep duration was classified into two categories: (a) < 7 hours, (b) > = 7 hours [29].”
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Circadian rhythm and quality of life in older adults
Stallings, D. T., Lach, H. W., & Lorenz, R. A. (2021) · Applied Nursing Research · doi:10.1016/j.apnr.2021.151457 · Cited by 8
Tian, N., Wheaton, A. G., Zack, M. M., Croft, J. B., & Greenlund, K. J. (2021) · Epilepsy & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2021.108194 · Cited by 8
Self-citationEmilsson, Ö. I., Yasiry, H. A., Theorell‐Haglöw, J., Ljunggren, M. E., & Lindberg, E. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine · doi:10.5664/jcsm.9928 · Cited by 8
Snoozing: an examination of a common method of waking
Mattingly, S. M., Martinez, G. J., Young, J., Cain, M. K., & Striegel, A. (2022) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsac184 · Cited by 8
“The scope of snoozing is expected, due to one in three Americans being chronically sleep-restricted [61], and unexpected, given that sleep scientists and medical doctors consider snoozing as possibly harmful [2–6].”
BackgroundRainer, M. A., Palmer, P. H., & Xie, B. (2022) · Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities · doi:10.1007/s40615-022-01409-0 · Cited by 8
Zhou, R., Zhang, L., Yan, J., Sun, Y., & Jiang, H. (2022) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-022-23148-9 · Cited by 8
“Research has shown that in the general population, insufficient sleep has adverse effects, including heart disease, obesity, and high blood pressure (Gildner et al. 2014; Liu et al. 2016; Spiegel et al. 1999; Thakre et al. 2012).”
BackgroundMethodLi, X., Zhai, Q., Gou, X., Quan, M., Li, Y., Zhang, X., Deng, B., Tian, Y., Wang, Q., & Hou, L. (2022) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-022-03127-4 · Cited by 8
“However, millions of people across the world are sleep-deprived because of sleep-related disorders, lifestyle choices, and so on [1, 2].”
BackgroundKósa, K., Vincze, S., Veres-Balajti, I., & Bába, É. B. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20095650 · Cited by 8
“Less than 7 h per night is considered short sleep duration [8], and, according to recent data, more than a third of adults in the USA are short sleepers [9].”
BackgroundCardiovascular health and sleep disturbances in two population-based cohort studies
Häusler, N., Lisan, Q., van Sloten, T. T., Haba‐Rubio, J., Perier, M., Thomas, F., Danchin, N., Guibout, C., Boutouyrie, P., Heinzer, R. C., et al. (2019) · Heart · doi:10.1136/heartjnl-2018-314485 · Cited by 8
Habitual sleep duration predicts caloric and macronutrient intake during sleep deprivation
Satterfield, B. C., & Killgore, W. D. S. (2019) · Sleep Health · doi:10.1016/j.sleh.2019.08.012 · Cited by 8
Classification of Sleep Arousal using Compact CNN
Eldaraa, A. M., Baali, H., Bouzerdoum, A., Belhaouari, S. B., Alam, T., & Rahman, A. S. A. (2020) · IEEE International Conference on Informatics, IoT, and Enabling Technologies (ICIoT) · doi:10.1109/iciot48696.2020.9089621 · Cited by 8
Blunted heart rate recovery to spontaneous nocturnal arousals in short-sleeping adults
Bigalke, J. A., Greenlund, I. M., Nicevski, J. R., Smoot, C. A., Oosterhoff, B. J., John‐Henderson, N. A., & Carter, J. R. (2021) · American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00329.2021 · Cited by 9
Why Don't We Sleep Enough? A Field Experiment Among College Students
Avery, M., Giuntella, O., & Jiao, P. (2022) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w30375 · Cited by 10
Parental and Student Time Use Around the Academic Year
Cowan, B., Jones, T., & Swigert, J. M. (2023) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w31177 · Cited by 8
Parental and Student Time Use Around the Academic Year
Cowan, B., Jones, T. R., & Swigert, J. M. (2024) · Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization · doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2024.04.025 · Cited by 9
Altered neutrophil extracellular traps formation among medical residents with sleep deprivation
Elhasid, R., Baron, S., Fidel, V., Kaganov, K., & Shukrun, R. (2024) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e35470 · Cited by 7
Guo, Y., Jiang, Q., & Zhang, Z. (2024) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2024.10.049 · Cited by 8
Stapel, B., Alvarenga, M. E., & Kahl, K. G. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1490585 · Cited by 8
“Contrarily, data indicate that sleep duration in the general population is comparably shorter, with 35% of adults reporting to sleep less than 6 h/night, and an additional 30% indicating a sleep duration of just 7 h/night (3).”
Gelino, B. W., Stone, B. M., Kahn, G. D., Strickland, J. C., Felton, J. W., Maher, B. S., Yi, R., & Rabinowitz, J. A. (2025) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2025.106239 · Cited by 8
Sleep mHealth Applications and Behavior Change Techniques Evaluation
Lancaster, B. D., Sweenie, R., Noser, A. E., Roberts, C. M., & Ramsey, R. R. (2023) · Behavioral Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1080/15402002.2022.2161548 · Cited by 7
“Approximately 30–35% of the individuals do not achieve an adequate sleep duration per night (Black et al., 2016; Liu et al., 2016).”
Therapist training in treating sleep problems: A survey study of clinical practice
Gumport, N. B., Gasperetti, C. E., Zieve, G. G., & Harvey, A. G. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.23511 · Cited by 8
The association of sleep with physical and mental health among people experiencing homelessness
Huynh, N., Kendzor, D. E., Ra, C. K., Frank-Pearce, S. G., Alexander, A. C., Businelle, M. S., & Samson, D. R. (2023) · Sleep Health · doi:10.1016/j.sleh.2023.10.004 · Cited by 7
Actigraphy-based sleep and muscle sympathetic nerve activity in humans
Bigalke, J. A., Greenlund, I. M., Bigalke, J. R., & Carter, J. R. (2024) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00113.2024 · Cited by 7
Li, W., Kalan, M. E., Kondracki, A. J., Gautam, P., Jebai, R., Erinoso, O. A., & Osibogun, O. I. (2024) · Sleep And Breathing · doi:10.1007/s11325-024-03140-y · Cited by 7
“Covariates were selected based on established literature pertaining to sleep duration [12, 24, 26 ].”
The association of sedentary time with sleep disturbances among the US population, 2005 to 2014
Li, S., Liu, H., Sun, L., Zhang, J., Wang, T., & Wang, J. (2024) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-024-20114-7 · Cited by 7
“More than one third of respondents in the U.S. [13], 40% Canadian adults [14] and 50% working adults in Malaysia [15] reported sleep disturbances based on r self-report.”
BackgroundCARDIA sleep ancillary study: study design and methods
Knutson, K. L., Reid, K. J., Karanth, S., Kim, N., Abbott, S. M., Alexandria, S. J., Harrington, K. A., Thomas, S. J., Lewis, C. E., Schreiner, P. J., et al. (2024) · SLEEP Advances · doi:10.1093/sleepadvances/zpae071 · Cited by 7
“Sleep disturbances affect a large proportion of the US population [1, 2].”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Liu, Y., Wheaton, A. G., Chapman, D. P., Cunningham, T. J., Lu, H., & Croft, J. B.
- Affiliations
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US)
- Corresponding author
- Liu, Yong
- Venue
- MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
- Published
- 2016-02-19
- Volume
- 65
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 137-141
- ISSN
- 0149-2195 (ISSN-L)
- 1545-861X
- OpenAlex
- W2281809314
- Cited by
- 914
- References
- 8
- Citations by year
- 2026: 54 · 2025: 110 · 2024: 114 · 2023: 107 · 2022: 106 · 2021: 109 · 2020: 109 · 2019: 82 · 2018: 62 · 2017: 43 · 2016: 18
- FWCI
- 97.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Keywords
- insufficient sleep, adults, prevalence, racial and ethnic disparities, regional variation, Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, shift work, sleep health, public health education
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Sleep, Sleep Deprivation, Time Factors, United States, Health Behavior, Prevalence, Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, Young Adult
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