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Prevalence of healthy sleep duration among adults – United States, 2014
Open accessAbstract
To promote optimal health and well-being, adults aged 18-60 years are recommended to sleep at least 7 hours each night (1). Sleeping <7 hours per night is associated with increased risk for obesity, diabetes, high blood pressure, coronary heart disease, stroke, frequent mental distress, and all-cause mortality (2-4). Insufficient sleep impairs cognitive performance, which can increase the likelihood of motor vehicle and other transportation accidents, industrial accidents, medical errors, and loss of work productivity that could affect the wider community (5). CDC analyzed data from the 2014 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) to determine the prevalence of a healthy sleep duration (≥ 7 hours) among 444,306 adult respondents in all 50 states and the District of Columbia. A total of 65.2% of respondents reported a healthy sleep duration; the age-adjusted prevalence of healthy sleep was lower among non-Hispanic blacks, American Indians/Alaska Natives, Native Hawaiians/Pacific Islanders, and multiracial respondents, compared with non-Hispanic whites, Hispanics, and Asians. State-based estimates of healthy sleep duration prevalence ranged from 56.1% in Hawaii to 71.6% in South Dakota. Geographic clustering of the lowest prevalence of healthy sleep duration was observed in the southeastern United States and in states along the Appalachian Mountains, and the highest prevalence was observed in the Great Plains states. More than one third of U.S. respondents reported typically sleeping <7 hours in a 24-hour period, suggesting an ongoing need for public awareness and public education about sleep health; worksite shift policies that ensure healthy sleep duration for shift workers, particularly medical professionals, emergency response personnel, and transportation industry personnel; and opportunities for health care providers to discuss the importance of healthy sleep duration with patients and address reasons for poor sleep health.
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“Taken together, habitual short sleep duration is highly prevalent in the US population.”
From Sleep: important considerations for the prevention of cardiovascular disease (2016) · cites this paper as [10]
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Zhao, J., Wu, C., Gao, Y., Hao, M., & Zhang, X. (2025) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-025-22640-4 · Cited by 5
“According to a recent study by the CDC, over one-third of American adults do not sleep sufficiently on a regular basis [19].”
Li, W., Kalan, M. E., Jebai, R., Kondracki, A. J., & Osibogun, O. I. (2025) · Sleep And Breathing · doi:10.1007/s11325-025-03389-x · Cited by 4
“We chose covariates based on established research on sleep duration and included three main aspects: sociodemographic, lifestyle and behavior factors, and self-reported health issues [6, 23, 24].”
Patient Sleep Quality in Acute Inpatient Rehabilitation
Davis, S. M., Mekany, M. A., Kim, J. J., & Han, J. J. (2021) · PM&R · doi:10.1002/pmrj.12550 · Cited by 4
“5 days (3-53) Impairment Group Code diagnosis Amputation 3”
BackgroundPreoperative REM sleep is associated with complication development after colorectal surgery
Kane, W. J., Hassinger, T. E., Chu, D. L., Myers, E. L., Charles, A. N., Hoang, S. C., Friel, C. M., Thiele, R. H., Davis, E. M., & Hedrick, T. L. (2021) · Surgical Endoscopy · doi:10.1007/s00464-021-08541-8 · Cited by 4
“More than one-third of adults in the USA do not receive adequate sleep, and the rate of inadequate sleep among Americans is rising [1, 2].”
The Effects of Exposure to Domestic Violence on Sleep Among Urban Adults
Schober, D. J., Shrestha, S., & Bishop‐Royse, J. (2021) · American Journal of Health Promotion · doi:10.1177/08901171211038474 · Cited by 4
Management of Sleep and Fatigue in Gastrointestinal Patients
Salwen‐Deremer, J. K., & Sun, M. (2022) · Gastroenterology Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.gtc.2022.07.007 · Cited by 4
A feasibility study to understand the components of behavioral sleep extension
Baron, K. G., Trela-Hoskins, S., Duffecy, J. L., & Allen, C. M. (2022) · PEC Innovation · doi:10.1016/j.pecinn.2022.100114 · Cited by 4
“Short sleep duration (defined as sleep <7 h) is associated with obesity, metabolic disease, cardiovascular disease, mood disturbance, and increased mortality [1].”
BackgroundGaston, S. A., Alhasan, D. M., Jones, R. D., Jackson, W. B., Kesner, A. J., Buxton, O. M., & Jackson, C. L. (2023) · Sleep Health · doi:10.1016/j.sleh.2023.06.003 · Cited by 4
A conserved role for frizzled in sleep architecture
Gessner, N. R., Peiravi, M., Zhang, F., Yimam, S., Springer, D., & Harbison, S. T. (2023) · SLEEP Advances · doi:10.1093/sleepadvances/zpad045 · Cited by 4
Barham, M., Bauerle, T., & Eiter, B. M. (2023) · Mining Metallurgy & Exploration · doi:10.1007/s42461-023-00892-1 · Cited by 4
Fentahun, S., Tinsae, T., Rtbey, G., Andualem, F., Kelebie, M. A., Kibralew, G., Nakie, G., Teferi, S., Tadesse, A., Melkam, M., et al. (2024) · Behavioral Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1080/15402002.2024.2367469 · Cited by 6
“B. Cunha et al., 2008; Liu et al., 2016).”
The impact of forced awakening on morning blood pressure surge
Kim, Y., Howie‐Esquivel, J., Mattos, M. K., Davis, E. M., & Logan, J. G. (2024) · Heart & Lung · doi:10.1016/j.hrtlng.2024.06.011 · Cited by 5
Okeke, F. C., & Ugwuoke, U. T. (2024) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.68538 · Cited by 4
Nielson, S. A., Boyle, J. T., Dautovich, N. D., & Dzierzewski, J. M. (2024) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2024.102032 · Cited by 6
Fan, H., Yu, W., Rong, H., & Geng, X. (2025) · Interactive Journal of Medical Research · doi:10.2196/65075 · Cited by 4
“Our results lent support to the conclusion that adults aged 18 ‐ 60 years were recommended to sleep at least 7 hours each night to foster optimal health and well-being, as suggested in previous studies [8,46].”
Almazan, E. P. (2019) · Clocks & Sleep · doi:10.3390/clockssleep1020019 · Cited by 4
A Web-Based Photo-Alteration Intervention to Promote Sleep: Randomized Controlled Trial
Perucho, I., Vijayakumar, K. M., Talamas, S. N., Chee, M. W., Perrett, D., & Liu, J. C. J. (2019) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/12500 · Cited by 4
“Despite the centrality of sleep, 1 in 3 adults routinely obtain less than the recommended 7 hours of sleep for healthy adults [7,8].”
Hill, C. G., Beymer, M. R., Jarvis, B. P., Smith, J. D., Nichols, J., Mysliwiec, V., Pecko, J. A., & Watkins, E. Y. (2019) · Military Medicine · doi:10.1093/milmed/usz423 · Cited by 4
Kao, T., Kazman, J. B., Cheng, Y.-H., Jeffery, D. D., & Deuster, P. A. (2020) · Annals of Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2020.08.011 · Cited by 4
Dias, J. M., Subu, M. A., Abraham, M. S., & Al‐Yateem, N. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-45009-0_129 · Cited by 4
How Are You Sleeping? Why Nutrition Professionals Should Ask Their Patients About Sleep Habits
Du, C., Tucker, R. M., & Yang, C. (2022) · Journal of the American Nutrition Association · doi:10.1080/07315724.2022.2025547 · Cited by 4
Najafipour, H., Sabahi, A., Khoramipour, K., Shahrokhabadi, M. S., Banivaheb, G., Shadkam, M., & Mirzazadeh, A. (2022) · Iranian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.18502/ijps.v17i3.9723 · Cited by 4
“Whinnery et al. (35) found no significant relationship between education levels and sleep quality in USA that is a country with high employment rate.”
ResultInfluentialSecondary hypertension: evaluation and management
Tandan, N., Lavie, C. J., Stewart, M. H., Milani, R. V., & Ventura, H. O. (2023) · Current Opinion in Cardiology · doi:10.1097/hco.0000000000001059 · Cited by 5
Physical and behavioral characteristics of soldiers acquiring recommended amounts of sleep per night
Grier, T., Benedict, T., Mahlmann, O. M., Goncalves, L., & Jones, B. H. (2023) · Sleep Health · doi:10.1016/j.sleh.2023.03.003 · Cited by 7
Ambulance personnel’s perceptions on their workplace well-being: A descriptive interpretative study
Osmančević, B., Karnjuš, I., & Prosen, M. (2023) · Work · doi:10.3233/wor-230056 · Cited by 4
“Research conducted in the U.S. shows that there is a higher prevalence of poor sleep among ambulance personnel compared to the general population [38].”
Metadata
- Authors
- Liu, Y., Wheaton, A. G., Chapman, D. P., Cunningham, T. J., Lu, H., & Croft, J. B.
- Affiliations
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US)
- Corresponding author
- Liu, Yong
- Venue
- MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
- Published
- 2016-02-19
- Volume
- 65
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 137-141
- ISSN
- 0149-2195 (ISSN-L)
- 1545-861X
- OpenAlex
- W2281809314
- Cited by
- 914
- References
- 8
- Citations by year
- 2026: 54 · 2025: 110 · 2024: 114 · 2023: 107 · 2022: 106 · 2021: 109 · 2020: 109 · 2019: 82 · 2018: 62 · 2017: 43 · 2016: 18
- FWCI
- 97.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Keywords
- insufficient sleep, adults, prevalence, racial and ethnic disparities, regional variation, Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, shift work, sleep health, public health education
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Sleep, Sleep Deprivation, Time Factors, United States, Health Behavior, Prevalence, Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, Young Adult
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