Increase in hepatitis A virus infections—United States, 2013–2018.
Open accessAbstract
Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is primarily transmitted fecal-orally after close contact with an infected person (1); it is the most common cause of viral hepatitis worldwide, typically causing acute and self-limited symptoms, although rarely liver failure and death can occur (1). Rates of hepatitis A had declined by approximately 95% during 1996-2011; however, during 2016-2018, CDC received approximately 15,000 reports of HAV infections from U.S. states and territories, indicating a recent increase in transmission (2,3). Since 2017, the vast majority of these reports were related to multiple outbreaks of infections among persons reporting drug use or homelessness (4). In addition, increases of HAV infections have also occurred among men who have sex with men (MSM) and, to a much lesser degree, in association with consumption of imported HAV-contaminated food (5,6). Overall, reports of hepatitis A cases increased 294% during 2016-2018 compared with 2013-2015. During 2016-2018, CDC tested 4,282 specimens, of which 3,877 (91%) had detectable HAV RNA; 565 (15%), 3,255 (84%), and 57 (<1%) of these specimens were genotype IA, IB, or IIIA, respectively. Adherence to the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) recommendations to vaccinate populations at risk can help control the current increases and prevent future outbreaks of hepatitis A in the United States (7).
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HAV infection is primarily transmitted by the fecal-oral route, by either person-to-person contact or through consumption of contaminated food or water.
“HAV infection is primarily transmitted by the fecal-oral route, by either person-to-person contact or through consumption of contaminated food or water (1298).”
From Sexually Transmitted Infections Treatment Guidelines, 2021 (2021) · cites this paper as [1298]
The opening section says HAV is primarily transmitted fecal-orally after close contact with an infected person, and reports infections associated with contaminated food. The Discussion also identifies contaminated food as an exposure route. Our copy does not mention transmission through contaminated water, so that part of the attributed claim is unsupported. (LLM, conf=0.88)
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- Authors
- Foster, M. A., Hofmeister, M. G., Kupronis, B. A., Lin, Y., Xia, G.-L., Yin, S., & Teshale, E.
- Affiliations
- National Center for HIV/AIDS Viral Hepatitis STD and TB Prevention (US)
- Corresponding author
- Foster, Monique A.
- ORCID
- Venue
- MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
- Published
- 2019-05-10
- Volume
- 68
- Issue
- 18
- Pages
- 413-415
- ISSN
- 0149-2195 (ISSN-L)
- 1545-861X
- PMC
- PMC6542191
- OpenAlex
- W2944692805
- Cited by
- 123
- References
- 9
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 25 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 12
- FWCI
- 11.95
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Locations
- MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Hepatology › Hepatitis Viruses Studies and Epidemiology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Viral gastroenteritis research and epidemiology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Hepatitis B Virus Studies
- Keywords
- hepatitis A virus, hepatitis A outbreak, HAV genotypes, drug use, homelessness, men who have sex with men, HAV vaccination, HAV RNA detection, United States
- MeSH terms
- Disease Outbreaks, Hepatitis A, Humans, Population Surveillance, Risk Factors, United States, Incidence, Disease Notification, Hepatitis A virus
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